First of all, I don't know where you are from. The choice of plants varies from place to place. Our (southern) lawns generally choose Manila, Festuca arundinacea, Bermuda, Bermuda (interplanting peaches), and the color blocks generally include safflower, Ligustrum lucidum, water wax, gardenia microphylla, rhododendron, Euonymus japonicus, Euonymus japonicus and so on. , and photinia rubra, Hedyotis diffusa and pyracantha commonly used in recent years. There are also many applications of ground cover plants, such as Hosta. As for big trees, there are too many varieties as long as they are in the right place. According to the ecological habits of plants and the requirements of garden layout, various plants in the garden (trees, shrubs, flowers, lawns and ground cover plants, etc.). ) reasonable configuration, play its garden function and ornamental characteristics. The arrangement of garden plants is an important link in garden planning and design. The configuration of garden plants includes two aspects: on the one hand, the configuration of various plants, considering the selection of plant species, the combination of trees, the composition, color, seasonal phase and garden artistic conception of plane and facade; On the other hand, it is the configuration between garden plants and other garden elements such as rocks, water bodies, buildings and garden roads. 2. The appearance of seasonal plants in different seasons. During the growth of plants all year round, the shapes and colors of leaves, flowers and fruits change with the seasons. When flowering, fruiting or leaf color changes, it has high ornamental value. Garden plants should make full use of their seasonal characteristics. In different climatic zones, the time of plant season is different. Spring in Beijing is later than Hangzhou, and autumn is earlier than Hangzhou. Even in the same area, whether the climate is normal or not often affects the time and color of the season. Low temperature and drought will delay the germination and flowering of vegetation; Red leaves generally need a large temperature difference between day and night to turn red. If the frost period is too early, the leaves will not turn red and fall first, and beautiful autumn colors will not be produced. Factors such as soil, protection and management can also affect seasonal changes, so seasonal changes can be controlled manually. In order to meet the needs of the exhibition, potted plants can even be specially treated to delay the flowering period or make plants with different flowering periods bloom at the same time. The application of plant seasons with high ornamental value and distinctive characteristics in garden plants can give people seasonal inspiration, enhance the sense of seasons and show the unique artistic effect of plants in garden landscape. For example, mountain flowers are blooming in spring, lotus flowers reflect the sun in summer, fruits are everywhere in autumn, and wintersweet is fragrant in winter. As far as the overall landscape of a region or a park is concerned, the garden is required to have four seasons scenery; Some scenic spots often highlight the characteristics of one or two seasons, and there are many ways to plant single plants or several plants in groups. For example, the peach willows in Su Causeway are spring scenery, the wind and lotus of Qu Yuan are summer scenery, the osmanthus flowers in Manjuelong are autumn scenery, and the snow in Gushan is winter scenery. In order to avoid the phenomenon of local drought in the period when the seasonal phase is not obvious, the ornamental period can be prolonged by mixing trees with different flowering periods and adding evergreen trees and herbal flowers. For example, in Wuxi Meiyuan, osmanthus fragrans are planted among plum blossoms, and they are watched in spring and enjoyed in autumn. In winter, you can also see Ye Changqing in Guangxi. In the Peony Garden in Huagang, Hangzhou, the fish are mainly peonies, as well as red maple, boxwood, crape myrtle and pine trees. Peony flowers still maintain a good landscape effect after withering. 3. The lawn is densely planted with perennial short herbs, which is called lawn after artificial pruning, and the long grass area without pruning is called lawn. Herbs used in urban and garden lawns mainly include Zoysia japonica, weeds, Bermuda grass, carpet grass, blunt leaf grass, centipede grass, ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass and so on. Lawns are usually set in front of houses, around large buildings, squares or open spaces for viewing, entertainment or as sports venues. Regular grasslands in ancient western gardens. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, natural lawns began to be widely used in British natural landscape gardens. There are large tracts of grassland in ancient gardens and caves in China, and lawns only exist in modern gardens. There are several ways to classify lawns: according to the combination of plant materials, they are divided into: 1, pure lawns. Lawn made of plant materials. 2. Mixed lawn. Lawn composed of various plant materials. 3. Decorate the lawn. Lawn dominated by perennial short grass or semi-grass, mixed with a small amount of herbal flowers. Lawn can be divided into: 1, leisure lawn. Can be open to people for rest, walking, games and other outdoor activities. Generally, grass seeds with thin leaves, greater toughness and better trampling resistance are selected. 2. Watch the lawn. It's closed You can't engage in recreational activities. Generally, grass seeds with uniform green, long green period, heat resistance and cold resistance are selected. 3. Playground lawn. Choose different grass species according to the requirements of different sports, some should choose grass species with soft leaves, some should choose grass species with tough leaves, and some should choose grass species with developed underground stems. 4. Traffic safety lawn. Mainly located along the land transportation, especially on both sides of expressway, and on the tarmac of the airport. 5. Soil and water conservation slope lawn. Used to prevent soil erosion and dust flying. Mainly choose grass seeds with fast growth, developed roots or creeping. Lawn is mainly used in the following aspects: environmental protection. Lawns and trees in garden green space have the functions of purifying air, preventing heatstroke, absorbing dust and reducing noise, which can protect the environment and maintain ecological balance. Lawn grass is small in size, large in quantity, small in occupied space, fast in growth, strong in adaptability, easy to survive and quick in greening effect. Grass grows close to the ground and plays a significant role in preventing dust flying and soil erosion. Lawn forms ventilation pipes in green space, which can improve the living environment in tropical areas. Garden art. Lawn space is similar to water space and square space, which can broaden and guide the line of sight, increase the depth of field and level, and fully express the beauty of the terrain. Urban construction. Lawn is often used in places where modern cities have low requirements for green space, such as along roads, under high-voltage lines, and where the soil layer is thin above underground facilities. There are four main ways to build a lawn: 1, and sow grass seeds directly. It is usually carried out in spring and autumn. This method is often used in cold grass. 2. Plant grass directly. Usually in spring and summer. This method is widely used in northern China. 3. Propagation with stem segments and branch segments. Usually in summer or rainy season. This method is often used in warm lawns. 4. Spread grass directly. It can be done in warm areas all year round, and this method is used to lay the playground lawn in summer and autumn in northern China. At present, live broadcast is widely used to build lawns. The mixture of grass seeds, viscose and fertilizer can be sprayed on rock slopes by spray sowing, or grass seeds can be germinated on non-woven fabrics in advance to grow into lawn planting belts, and then spread on the ground to form lawns. The advantages of direct seeding method are: less amount of grass seeds, uniform distribution, neat emergence, prevention of weed breeding, and various patterns can be formed without being washed away by water when planted on sloping land. In addition, in the case of soilless or thin soil, seeds or stems and branches are made into grass blocks in advance, or strip-shaped grass blocks are rolled into grass rolls, which can be used for laying lawns indoors and outdoors at any time and immediately formed after laying. At present, lawn construction tends to plant seedlings. The key points of lawn maintenance are: 1, and weeds should be removed continuously in the first year. 2. Trim in time. Prune the grass when it grows to 4- 10 cm high, and the pruning amount should not exceed half of the height of the grass at a time. Lawn is generally 2-5 cm high. 3. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium granular mixed fertilizer should be applied in the growing season. Generally, it is applied after pruning and before sprinkler irrigation. Lawn should not be overused. The use period and maintenance period should be specified, and it should be opened for use in different areas in turn on a regular basis. 5, pay attention to the lawn pest control. Replanting in time to replace the necrotic part. 4. Planting ornamental plants in a certain range of border fields in a whole or semi-whole pattern to show the beauty of the flowers. There are several classification methods: 1, which can be divided into two types according to their shapes: three-dimensional flower beds and plane flower beds. Planar flower beds can be divided into regular, natural and mixed types according to their composition forms. 2. According to the viewing season, it can be divided into spring flower beds, summer flower beds, autumn flower beds and winter flower beds. 3. According to the planting materials, it can be divided into annual and biennial grass flower beds, bulbous flower beds, aquatic flower beds and characteristic flower beds (such as chrysanthemum altar and cuiju flower bed). 4. According to the form of expression, it can be divided into: the flower bed consists of flowers with high center and low edge to show the beauty of flowers; Embroidered flower beds or flower beds with patterns win, generally short-colored plants are the main ones, which are not limited by flowering period, and some short grass flowers with small and dense flowers are properly matched, so the viewing period is particularly long. 5. According to the application mode of flower beds, they can be divided into single flower beds, continuous flower beds and group flower beds. Modern mobile flower beds are composed of many potted flowers, which are suitable for paving the ground and decorating the interior. Design should first consider the landscape theme, location, form, color and other factors from the overall surrounding environment. In the specific design, patterns, flower species or varieties, number of plants, height, spacing between plants, etc. It can be drawn in detail with the ratio of 1:20 to 1: 100, with implementation instructions. Designers must fully understand the theory of garden art and the growth and flowering habits, ecological habits and ornamental characteristics of plant materials. Good design must take into account the continuous flowering from spring to autumn, and make plans for flower transplanting and pattern change in different seasons. Grass flowers for flower beds should be selected with neat plant type, many flowers, neat and long flowering period, bright color, drought resistance, insect resistance and dwarf varieties. Commonly used are snapdragon, daisy, marigold, chrysanthemum, cockscomb, carnation, Petunia, bougainvillea, marigold, pansy and zinnia (see garden plants). Flower beds are mainly used in front of buildings, entrances, squares, roadsides or lawns of natural gardens in formal gardens. The traditional form of ornamental flowers in China is a flower stand, which is tens of centimeters above the ground. Flowers are planted with brick or stone frames and filled with soil in the middle. Sometimes put a short fence around the flower bed, such as peony table and peony fence. The flower bed is a long flower bed with shrubs and flowering herbs planted in a natural way, mainly for viewing from one side. The English word flowerborder has also been translated into flower border or flower diameter. Flower margin can be divided into annual flower margin, perennial flower margin and mixed flower margin according to plant species, and the latter is more. In design, some annual and biennial grass flowers, bulbous flowers or low shrubs after plastic pruning should be planted with perennial flowers as the main flower edge. Generally, the taller species are in the back and the shorter species are in the front. But to avoid rigid high and low queues, occasionally a small number of tall plants can be projected forward slightly to form a natural interest. In order to enhance the color effect, various flowers should be planted in clusters; And pay attention to the coordination between the colors and flowering periods, which requires a natural and harmonious aesthetic feeling as a whole. It is usually set against a hedge, wall or bush. Generally, the width of lace is1-2m. If the ground is wide, it is best to leave 1.2- 1.3 m between the flower edge and the hedge as the isolation zone, so as to prevent the root system from affecting the growth of the flower edge plants and facilitate the maintenance and management of the plants behind the flower edge and the hedge. Because perennial flowers will expand the growth area year by year, at the beginning of planting, we should leave appropriate space among the bushes and plant annual or biennial or bulbous flowers to fill the gap. Perennial flowers can be replanted once every three or four years, or some plants can be replaced every year to facilitate the renewal and rejuvenation of plants. Pay attention to watering on weekdays, remove weeds and dead leaves, and keep the lace beautiful and full of vitality. In early winter, semi-hardy species should be covered with fallen leaves and wormwood to survive the winter safely. 6. Hedgehogs formed by hedgehogs planting trees or shrubs in rows are also called hedges and hedgerows. The main uses of hedges in gardens are: enclosing the site, dividing the space, shielding or guiding the line of sight to the focus of the scenery, as the background of statues, fountains, small garden facilities and so on. And adopt special planting methods to form special scenic spots (such as Fan Park). In modern times, there is also "hedge landscaping", which combines the landscape theme, uses flexible planting methods and plastic pruning skills to form a landscape that fluctuates like a strange stone. China used hedgerows thousands of years ago, and there is a "Folding Willow Garden" in the Book of Songs. Later, hedges were mostly used as the peripheral guardrails of vegetable gardens in houses, but they were not fully utilized in gardens. Hedgehogs are widely used in European gardens, and were often used as the edge of roads and flower beds in the16-17th century. 17- 18 century, sculpture hedges prevailed, and the top or tail of hedges were processed into the shape of birds and animals; Evergreen plants such as boxwood are often trimmed into low hedges, which are arranged in various geometric shapes in the whole gardens of emperors and manor owners. Since the beginning of the 20th century, hedgehogs have been widely used in newly-built parks and urban green spaces in China. Hedgehogs can be divided into short hedgerows (below 0.5m), medium hedgerows (0.5- 1.5m) and high hedgerows (above 1.5m) according to their height. The main function of hedge is to enclose the garden and play a decorative role; The purpose of high fences is to divide different spaces and shield the scenery. Using a high fence to form a closed perspective line is far more vivid than using a wall or the like. As the background of statues, fountains and art facilities, high fences can create a beautiful atmosphere. Hedgehogs can be divided into single row and double row according to planting methods. In China gardens, double rows are generally used to get quick results. Some gardeners advocate single row on the grounds that single row is beneficial to the balanced growth of plants, while double row is not only unfavorable to balanced growth, but also expensive and easy to breed weeds. Hedgehogs can be divided into natural type and integral type according to the maintenance and management methods. The former usually only needs a small amount of pruning to adjust the growth potential, while the latter needs regular pruning to maintain the shape and appearance. In the same scenic spot, natural hedges and whole hedges can form completely different landscapes, so we must make good use of them. Hedgehogs can be divided into hedgerows, colored leaf hedgerows, flower hedgerows, fruit hedgerows and thorn hedgerows according to plant species and ornamental characteristics, and must be carefully selected and planned according to landscape themes and environmental conditions. For example, both hedges are conifers, and some leaves have the texture of golden velvet, giving people a peaceful, gentle and comfortable feeling; Some leaves are dark green in color and hard in texture, forming a serious and quiet atmosphere; There are many kinds of evergreen broad-leaved trees, each with different functions. Another example is the flower hedge, which is not only different in color and flowering period, but also different in size, shape and fragrance, forming different scenery with different emotional appeal; As for fruit hedges, apart from their different sizes, shapes and colors, they can also attract different kinds of birds. As a hedge tree species, it must have the habits of strong germination, strong branching, strong callus, strong pruning resistance, strong shade resistance and less pests and diseases. The planting method of hedgerows is to dig deep in the planned planting area, apply base fertilizer, and then plant them separately according to the expected height and type of hedgerows, with the spacing of about 20, 40 and 80 cm. After planting, fully irrigate and trim in time. The principle of maintenance and pruning is: for the whole hedge, the lower branches and leaves should be exposed to sunlight as much as possible to avoid withering due to excessive shading, so the lower part of the crown should be wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and it is usually better to adopt a regular trapezoid or steamed bread shape. For natural hedgerows, corresponding measures must be taken to adjust the tree potential, renew and rejuvenate according to the habits of different tree species and local climate. 7. Climbing is a form of greening, and climbing plants are used to decorate buildings. Climbing greening not only beautifies the environment, but also improves the environmental quality by increasing the leaf area and green visibility, shielding the sun, lowering the temperature and adsorbing dust. Climbing greening has the following characteristics: 1, with various uses. Climbing greening is a decorative art in which climbing plants cling to buildings, and the form of greening can change with the shape of buildings. Climbing plants can be used to green walls, balconies and roofs, decorate lampposts, fences, pavilions, corridors, flower stands, entrances and exits, and also cover buildings with poor landscape. 2. Small floor space. Climbing plants occupy little land because they are attached to buildings. In cities with large population, high building density and insufficient green space, it can especially reflect the superiority of climbing greening. 3, reproduction is easy. Climbing plants have the advantages of convenient reproduction, fast growth, low cost and simple management. Herbaceous climbing plants planted in the same year will bring benefits in the same year. Woody climbers usually reproduce by cutting and layering, which is easy to take root, and some can reproduce several times a year. Selection of Climbing Plants Climbing plants have climbing organs. Such as lentils, morning glory, passion fruit, honeysuckle, wisteria and so on. Having a curved stem; Parthenocissus tricuspidata and Parthenocissus quinquefolia have suckers; Grapes, loofah and so on have tendrils; Ficus pumila and ivy have aerial roots; Aucklandia root, wild rose, etc. Having crooked vines or prickly thorns. Climbing greening can be arranged according to the adsorption or climbing ability of climbing plants, such as plants with suction cups or aerial roots, which have strong adsorption and are suitable for wall greening coverage; Plants with bent stems, tendrils or thorns have strong climbing ability and are suitable for greening and decoration of flower stands, balconies and fences. You can also choose plant species according to local conditions according to the ecological habits of climbing plants. Parthenocissus tricuspidata, honeysuckle, wisteria, Parthenocissus quinquefolia and Vitis amurensis with strong cold tolerance are suitable for cultivation in northern China. In the south of China, in addition to the above plants, we can also choose ivy, luoshi, Lingxiao, Ficus pumila, Youjuteng, Radix Aucklandiae and so on. Lingxiao, wisteria, grapes, etc. In the west, it should be planted on sunny and dignified buildings; Shade-tolerant ivy and ivy should be planted in the shade of buildings. 8. Ancient trees refer to old trees that have grown for more than a hundred years; Famous trees refer to trees that have social influence and are famous in the world, and the age of trees is often more than 100 years. The old trees that have been growing for more than 100 years have entered a slow growth stage, and the diameter of the trunk has become very slow, giving people a weather-beaten and vibrant sense of Gu Zhuo. Most of the long-lived trees in the world are conifers, oak trees, fir trees, banyan trees, locust trees, ginkgo trees and so on. Famous trees are famous for their peculiar posture and high ornamental value, such as the "welcoming pine" in Huangshan, China; Or it is famous for historical events, such as the Han cypress in Dai Temple on Mount Tai, which was planted by Liu Che, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, during meditation. Or it is famous for its anecdotes. For example, the cypress planted by the Yellow Emperor in Xuanyuan Temple in Huangling, Shaanxi Province, with a height of nearly 20 meters and a circumference of 10 meter, is the largest cypress tree in China, which is said to have been planted by the legendary ancestor of the Chinese nation, Xuanyuan Huangdi. For example, the "Hundred Cavaliers Chestnut Tree" on Mount Etna in Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea is said to have sheltered an ancient king, queen and their Hundred Cavaliers with its huge and dense shade. The ginkgo tree in Tanzhe Temple in Beijing (called "Imperial Tree") is said to have been planted in Liao Dynasty, with a height of more than 30 meters and a diameter of 4 meters. Significance of protecting ancient and famous trees: 1, ancient and famous trees are the witness of history. Many ancient and famous trees have experienced the change of dynasties, the joys and sorrows of the people and the vicissitudes of the world, which can be used to write explanations and popularize historical knowledge. 2. Ancient and famous trees add luster to culture and art. They are the subject of poems and paintings by literati in past dynasties, often accompanied by beautiful legends and wonderful stories. 3. Old and famous trees are also beautiful places of interest, such as "Wolong Pine" in Beijing Jietai Temple. If hard-core branches take off in the black dragon, it will give people beautiful enjoyment. 4. Ancient trees are important materials for studying natural history, and their complex ring structure includes the changing history of paleohydrology, paleogeography and paleovegetation. 5. Ancient trees have special significance for studying tree physiology. People can't study the physiological process of longevity trees from birth to death by tracing, but ancient trees of different ages can coexist, and the order of tree growth and development can be expressed as a spatial arrangement in time, which is beneficial to scientific research. ⑥ Ancient trees have great reference value for tree species planning. In view of the important value of ancient and famous trees, many countries have carried out research work on protection and rejuvenation. First, organize professionals or set up ancient and famous tree lovers' associations to conduct search and investigation, register at different levels and prepare cards for filing. Second, take various protective measures, such as setting lightning rods to prevent lightning strikes; Loosening soil, watering and fertilizing in time to prevent and control pests and diseases; Fortress with tree holes to avoid spreading and expanding; If the tree leans and the branches droop, support it with a bracket. The third is to rescue and rejuvenate endangered ancient and famous trees, such as changing the soil at the roots, burying tree strips on the ground and spreading trapezoidal bricks or turf with large top and small bottom to increase ventilation, so as to rejuvenate a group of declining pines and cypresses. References: