English name: Mumeplant Japanese apricot
Alias: Chun Mei, dried plum, red plum, green plum, green plum, etc.
Family name: Rosaceae
Morphological characteristics: the plant height is about 10m, the trunk is brownish purple, and there are many longitudinal lines. Branchlets are green. Leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate, margin serrate. 65438+ 0 ~ 2 flowers per node, sessile or short-stalked, the original species is pale pink or white, and the cultivated varieties are purple, red and colored spots to yellowish colors, which bloom in early spring. Plum blossoms can be divided into departments, classes and types. Such as real plum, apricot, cherry plum, etc. Plum blossom is a small deciduous tree, with grayish brown trunk, slender green hairless branchlets, oval or round leaves, fine teeth on the leaf margin, and flower buds planted in the axils of long branches, with 1-2 flowers per node, fragrant, 5 petals, white to water red, double petals. The drupe is nearly spherical, with suture, yellow or green, pilose and sour, and the pulp is not easy to separate from the drupe, and the fruit matures in June and July. (See Figure 2- 1)
There are many varieties of plum blossoms, and there are more than 30 varieties at present. According to the branches and growth posture, the varieties can be divided into, right-angled plum, Zhao and Longyoumei. According to the pattern, it can be divided into palace powder, red plum, Zhao, green calyx, scarlet, jade butterfly and other types. Among them, palace powder is the most common, with pink flowers and dense and thick flowers; Jade butterfly-shaped flowers are purple and white; Green calyx flowers are white and fragrant, especially "money green calyx".
Origin and Habit: Plum blossom originated in the southwest of China, and wild plum first evolved into ornamental plum, which is a branch of plum blossom. China wild plum has four sub-centers, namely, eastern Sichuan and western Hubei mountainous areas; Southeast Hubei, northeast Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang mountainous areas; Guangdong and Guangxi, southern Jiangxi mountainous areas and Fujian and Taipei areas. This is a deciduous tree. Meixi has a warm climate, and its flowering period is particularly sensitive to climate change. Meixi has a high air humidity, but it avoids heavy rain during flowering. Plum blossoms can grow well in areas where the annual rainfall is above 1000mm, and the requirements for soil are not strict and relatively poor. Active tree species, like sunshine and good ventilation. It is a long-lived tree species. The flowering period in the Yangtze River basin is from February to March. Wild plums are distributed in high altitude areas such as Sichuan, Hubei and Guangxi. Plum blossoms cultivated in the south of the Yellow River can safely overwinter in the open air, and hybrid plum blossoms have successfully overwintered in the open air in Beijing. Plum blossoms like a warm and slightly humid climate, slightly tolerant of shade and not afraid of cold. The soil is light soil and sandy soil, which is rich in humus and easy to grow on medium clay loam. Chengdu, Sichuan, is famous for plum blossoms since ancient times. Song Dynasty poet Lu You's poem "Flowers in Yongmei" said: "I went to the west of the city and got drunk for plum blossoms. Twenty Li Xiang, Qingyang Palace to Huanhuaxi ".
Propagation and cultivation: grafting is commonly used in propagation, and the rootstocks are mostly plum, peach, apricot, apricot and apricot. Plum blossoms should be cultivated in the open space on sunny or semi-sunny slopes with a spacing of 3 ~ 5m. Usually in the growing period, that is, from autumn to early winter, fertilizer is applied three times, such as cake fertilizer compost, manure and so on. Apply quick-acting fertilizer before budding; After the new shoots stop growing (from the end of June to the beginning of July), appropriate water control and fertilization are applied to promote flower bud differentiation.
Plum blossoms are suitable for bonsai cultivation. Put the plants that have been cultivated in the ground for several years in a flowerpot. Pot soil should be soft, loose and fertile, and it should be trimmed before and after planting.
Common diseases include perforation, anthracnose, powdery mildew, dead branch gummosis, dry rot gummosis and so on.
Application: in gardens, green spaces, courtyards and scenic spots, it can be planted alone, in clusters, in groups, etc. It can also be planted naturally in front of houses, on slopes, between rocks and on roadsides. If evergreen trees or dark buildings are used as the background, the beauty of plum blossoms can be set off. Such as pine, bamboo and plum, with pine as the background, bamboo as the guest scene and plum as the main scene. In ancient times, it was emphasized that "plum blossoms around the house" and "going upstairs to see plum blossoms" were all for the best viewing effect. In addition, plum blossoms can be arranged into Meiling, Mei Feng, Meiyuan, Meixi, Meijing and Meiwu.
Related story: According to legend, when Cho Se Ung visited Luo Fu in Sui Dynasty, he dreamed of drinking with a simple-looking woman at night. The woman is fragrant, and there is a young man in green, singing and dancing. At dawn, Cho Se Ung woke up and found himself sleeping under a big plum tree, and the kingfisher was singing. The girl in the dream is a plum tree and the boy in green is a kingfisher. At this time, the moon has set and the stars in the sky are crooked. Cho Se Ung was lonely and melancholy, and was later used as an allusion to plum blossoms.
Mei Pu said that there is a kind of plum in Shaoxing and Xing Wu, which is called Taimei: "The moss must hang down between branches, or several inches long, and the wind can play the moss."
According to the legend of Wulin, there are two kinds of moss: one is very thick and has many flowers; A kind of moss is like a filament, more than a foot long.
English name FLOS· mei
Source This product is the dried bud of plum blossom (Sieb). )Sieb。 et Zucc。 Rosaceae. Pick it before flowering in early spring and dry it at low temperature in time.
Characteristics this product is spherical, with a diameter of 3 ~ 6 mm and a short stem. Bracts several layers, scaly, brown. Calyx 5, grayish green or brownish red. Petals 5 or many, yellowish white or pale pink. Stamens are numerous; Pistil 1, ovary densely puberulent. Lightweight. The smell is fragrant and the taste is slightly bitter and astringent.
The taste is slightly sour, astringent and flat. Liver, stomach and lung meridians entered.
Its main functions are relieving depression, regulating middle energizer, resolving phlegm and detoxicating. For depression, upset, liver and stomach gas pain, plum blossom gas scrofula.
Usage and dosage 3 ~ 5g.
Store in a cool and dry place to prevent mildew and moth.
Excerpt from China Pharmacopoeia
[Cultivation techniques]
Propagation: Plum blossom propagation is mainly based on grafting and layering, and can also be cut and sown.
(1) Grafting: Cutting is the main method, and budding and butt joint can also be used. Rootstocks include li miao, peach, plum and apricot.
When spring buds are about to germinate, it is advisable to take them before and after the rain festival. Peaches and apricots for one or two years are used as rootstocks. The advantage of using peaches as rootstocks is fast growth, but the disadvantage is short life. In order to solve this contradiction, make the interface close to the ground, cultivate the surviving soil and promote the rooting of the scion.
Bud grafting: August, grafting with the buds of the branches of that year, adopting the methods of T-bud grafting and shield bud grafting. Generally, it does not germinate that year, but germinates the next spring. After pulling leaves, the roots should be cut off in time and the roots and buds should be wiped at any time.
(2) Cutting: After flowering in the autumnal equinox or early spring, cut the annual stout branches with the length of 10- 15cm into cutting. The survival rate is generally low, only 20-80%. Among them, Gongfenmei is easy to survive, followed by green sepal plum and cinnabar plum.
(3) layering: select healthy 1-3-year-old branches from February to March, dig a deep ditch next to the mother plant, cut three knives at the bend of the branches, then cover the soil, press bricks on them to take root, and cut them from the mother plant, or adopt high-pressure method.
(4) Sowing: After the fruit is ripe, collect it and spread it indoors to make it fully mature. The washed seeds are dried for later use, and autumn sowing is ideal, which can avoid the stratification process. If you must sow in spring, you should pile up the seeds with wet sand and take them out in early spring.
Management: The cultivation methods and management of plum blossom include the following aspects.
(1) Open-field cultivation: Open-field cultivation should avoid water accumulation, without watering. Too wet is easy to make its leaves fall early. Fertilize once a year before flowering, and more water and fertilizer are needed to release leaves after flowering. Fertilize water 1-2 times a month. Before flower bud formation in May-June, water should be properly controlled to promote flower bud formation. Fertilize 1-2 times after autumn to promote flower bud hypertrophy; Prune dead branches and twigs before flowering every year; Cut flowers can be obtained by pruning and shaping at the initial flowering stage; It is best to shape plum trees into a natural and gratifying shape, and the pruning is mainly based on thinning, so as not to cause the main branches to be too long and affect the next year's flowering. After flowering, leave 2-3 buds at the base of branches to promote the development of new branches, strengthen management at ordinary times, pay attention to watering, weeding and pest control.
(2) Cut flower cultivation: plant the mother plant in pieces, with the row spacing of 3m×3m, and leave the trunk 30cm high. Apply more chemical fertilizer, and then cut it properly to promote branching. The production of cut plum flowers can be carried out in a low greenhouse, saving energy, so in today's energy crisis era, woody cut plum flowers are a development direction.
(3) Potting: When the pot was put out years ago, base fertilizer was added to the bottom of the pot, and then the soil was transplanted into a human pot, and the pot soil was kept semi-dry and semi-wet. When the roots grow in the pot, change the pot and chop the roots to death. If you want to blossom ahead of time, you can move the catalytic temperature in early winter and spray water on the branches frequently to avoid dryness. This will make you blossom early in the Spring Festival, but it will have an impact on the vitality of the tree. Therefore, after the flowers wither, they should be cultivated in the field to restore the vitality of the trees before going to the pot.
There are many pests in plum blossom, but aphids are the main pests, so it is necessary to spray dichlorvos 100 times in time. Family flowers can be prevented by adding 100 times of smoke water and proper amount of washing powder, and dimethoate emulsion should not be sprayed.
[use]
Plum blossom is pure and elegant, and it is an important ornamental flower in winter and spring. Can be planted in pieces, can also be used as bonsai, cut flowers, beautify the courtyard and other environments.
Plums can be eaten raw to quench thirst, and can also be made into candied fruit such as preserved plum and dried plum, plum sauce and sauce.
Fruit medicine has antipyretic, antitussive, anthelmintic and dysentery relieving effects; Flower root medicine can promote blood circulation and detoxify, benefit the lungs and resolve phlegm.
In addition, fruits and bark can also be used to make dyes; The trunk is an important material for handicraft carving because of its excellent material and delicate texture.
Zaomei
plum
East wind is west wind,
The leaves in the middle of Qunmushan are empty.
Only plum blossoms can't be blown out,
Or new white and new red.
Red Plum
Su Shi
Every year, I believe in red berries,
The river hangs down and wants to open.
Take care of your feelings, Yiling,
Straight roots send spring.
Zaomei
liu zongyuan
Early plum trees reflect Chu Tianbi.
The north wind is floating in Ye Xiang, and the frost is white.
I want to fold it and send it thousands of miles away, but there is no way to answer the question.
Seeing that the cold winter is about to wither, what can be used to comfort the thoughts of distant friends?
Shan Yuan Xiao Mei (Linbu)
Flowers withered, unique plum blossoms swept out against the wind, and the scenery of the small park was beautiful.
"Mottled shadows hang obliquely on the clear shallow water, and their fragrance spreads peacefully in the moonlight dusk."
Frost birds want to see first, and pink butterflies like to know each other.
Fortunately, there are micro songs to compare, and you don't need to be good at the golden urn.
Meihua (Jiang)
Plum tree in front of Bai Yutang,
At present, several flowers suddenly bloom.
Several entrances were severely closed,
How can spring come in?
Xue Mei
Song? Lu Meipo
Xue Mei will not surrender for the sake of spring,
Comment on the poet's contribution fee.
The snow in May is three points white,
Snow loses plum fragrance.
Chinese plum
Wang Anshi
There are some plums in the corner.
Ling cold drives alone.
Distant knowledge is not snow,
Because of the faint fragrance.
[explanation]
There are some plum blossoms in the corner, blooming alone in the cold. Why do you know from a distance that Bai Meihua is not snow? That's because there is a faint plum blossom fragrance.
[Appreciation]
Among the poems about plum blossoms sung by the ancients, one is quite famous, that is, Xiaomei in the Garden in the Mountains written by Lin Bu, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty before the author. In particular, the poem "The shadows are shallow and the fragrance floats at dusk" is known as Yongmei's swan song. Lin Bu, a man who has never been an official, married or had children, lives alone on the hillside of an isolated mountain near the West Lake, growing plums and raising cranes, and lives in a simple house. Therefore, when he wrote Yongmei's poems, he could only express his lofty thought of being divorced from social reality. The author's poems are different. He skillfully borrowed Lin Bu's poems, but he was able to bring forth the new. Look at the plum blossoms he wrote. They are as white as snow. They grow in the corner without inferiority, and they exude a fragrance from a distance. The poet described the purity and beauty of plum blossom with snow by appreciating its noble character of not being afraid of cold, and pointed out that plum blossom has a "dark fragrance" more than snow, which shows the great charm of a strong and noble personality. In the extremely complicated and difficult situation of the Northern Song Dynasty, the author actively reformed, but failed to get support. His lonely mentality and difficult situation naturally have something in common with Meihua. This little poem has profound implications, and the sentences are simple and natural, without any traces of carving.