Practice summary is a comprehensive and systematic general inspection, analysis, research, analysis of achievements, shortcomings, experience and so on. The following is a summary of 20 17 fruit tree cultivation practice I compiled for you. I hope it helps you!
20 17 Summary of Fruit Tree Cultivation Practice I. Objectives and Requirements
1. Identify the characteristics of main fruit trees from plant morphology, and lay a foundation for beginners in fruit tree cultivation.
2. Initially cultivate students' ability to know tree species.
Second, materials.
1. The selection of fruit trees depends on the specific circumstances of the herbarium, and should be listed in advance, indicating the names of families, genera and species. The main fruit trees are: apple, pear, grape, peach, apricot, plum, almond, jujube, walnut, strawberry, hawthorn, pomegranate and fig.
2. Specimens Wax leaf specimens and soaking specimens of branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of various fruits.
Third, the experimental content
1. Apple belongs to Malus of Rosaceae. Deciduous trees The trunk is smooth, grayish brown, and the new tip is hairy. Leaves germinate into equilateral triangles and cling to branches. The flower buds are conical, most of them are terminal and have axillary flower buds. Buds are all fluff. The leaves are ovoid or ovoid, with obtuse serrations at the leaf margin, hairy when young, fluffy when old, fluffy petiole and large lanceolate stipules at the base. Buds are mixed buds. Umbrella raceme, 5-7 flowers per inflorescence, 15-20 stamens per flower, 5-lobed style, lower ovary. The fruit is big, round, oblate, oval or conical, with red, yellow and green types. The fruit peduncle is thick and short, persistent calyx, peduncle depressed, calyx depressed. There are sometimes five protrusions at the top of the fruit, and the flesh is milky white, milky yellow or yellow-green.
2. Pyrus. ) belongs to Rosaceae. Deciduous trees The trunk of young trees is smooth, and the bark of big trees is cracked and peeled off longitudinally. Branches bend in waves. The new hair is slightly fluffy, reddish brown or nearly red, with white lenticels and protrusions. Leaf buds are slender, free and downy. Flower buds are mixed buds, conical, reddish brown, mostly born at the top of branches. Big trees have many short fruit branches and axillary buds. The leaves are ovoid and leathery, the old leaves are hairless and shiny, the tip is long and sharp, and the leaf margin has needle-like serrations or the whole margin. The flower buds are mixed buds and corymbose inflorescences, with 5-9 flowers per inflorescence, 20-30 stamens per inflorescence, 5-lobed style and lower ovary. The fruit is large, obovate, spherical, oblate or oblong, mostly yellow, with obvious fruit points, long pedicels and some fleshy base, mostly sessile depression, calyx depression, persistent calyx or falling calyx. The meat is milky white or milky yellow.
3. European grapes. Belongs to Vitaceae. Deciduous vines. The epidermis of old vines often cracks and peels longitudinally. The new buds are slender, the nodes are enlarged, and there are leaves and buds on the nodes, and the tendrils or spikes are opposite. Buds are inserted between leaf axils. The leaves are palmately cleft, with cuticle on the surface, smooth or fine hairs on the back, long petiole and coarse serrations on the leaf margin. Buds are mixed buds and panicles with 200- 1500 flowers. Pedicel short. Sepals are very small, showing five membranous pieces. The hat-shaped corolla has 5-6 stamens. Ears are spherical, cylindrical and conical. The fruit is round, oval, oval, rectangular or chicken-shaped. There are white, red, yellow green and purple. The flesh is soft and juicy. The seeds are hard and small, waxy, and have a long mouth (beak).
4. peaches. Dried peaches ) belongs to Prunus of Rosaceae. Small deciduous trees. The trunk is smooth and grayish brown, and the bark of the old tree has transverse cracks. The new buds are smooth, branched, blue-green or reddish brown. A node can bear 1-4 buds. Leaf buds and flower buds can be planted on a node at the same time. The leaf buds are slender, and the flower buds are large and conical, all of which are axillary flower buds. There are leaves and buds at the top of the branches. The leaves are long lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate. Petiole is short, and there are round or oval glands at the base of stalk. Flower bud is pure flower bud, single flower, short pedicel, pink petals and 20 stamens. Fruits are mostly round, oblate or conical, with fluff on the surface, protruding, depressed or flat fruit tops, and sutures. The flesh is milky yellow, yellow or white, bright red near the core and juicy.
5. Apricot (Apricot. = caburgaris Lam, Armenia. ) belongs to Prunus of Rosaceae. Deciduous trees The trunk is dark brown with irregular longitudinal cracks. The new buds are smooth and hairless, reddish brown or deep purple. Buds are small, solitary leaf buds are mostly at the base and top of branches, solitary flower buds are mostly at the upper part of branches, and many buds are mostly in the middle of branches. The leaves are broadly ovoid and the back is smooth and hairless. The petiole is slightly purple, and the leaf margin has blunt serrations. Flowers solitary, pink or white, with 20 stamens. The fruit is round, oblong or oblate, golden yellow with purple halo or purple spots on the front. The fruit stalk is very short, the fruit surface is fluffy, and the flesh is yellow, orange or light yellow.
6. Plum belongs to Rosaceae. Small deciduous trees. The new shoots are reddish brown, smooth and hairless, and the biennial branches are yellowish brown. Buds are smaller. The top of the new shoot is a leaf bud, and there are many buds between the leaf axils. Leaf buds and flower buds coexist, or flower buds coexist. The leaves are ovoid, obovate, sharp at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, serrate at the leaf margin, glossy and hairless, with fluff on the back. Flower buds are pure flower buds, and each flower bud has 2-3 flowers, many of which are clustered and small and white. The fruit is round or rectangular, with a slightly sharp top and a yellow, red, crimson or purple peel. The fruit stalk is short, the stalk is deep and the suture line is obvious. The fruit powder is thick, the fruit surface is smooth and hairless, and the flesh is yellow or purple.
7. Zizyphus jujuba. It belongs to Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae. Deciduous or evergreen trees, or small trees. The trunk and old branches are grayish brown with longitudinal cracks. The new shoots are smooth and hairless, with needles on them and many curved branches, which can be divided into three types: jujube head, jujube stock and jujube hanging. The bud is very small and inserted between the top of the branch and the axil of the leaf. The leaves are long and oval, the base is broad and oblique, smooth and hairless, and the leaf margin is wavy. The flower buds are mixed buds, which form jujube hanging after germination, and there are incomplete cymes between the axils of jujube hanging leaves. These flowers are small and yellow. Flowers and other 5 pieces, green. Petals 5 spoon-shaped, concave, yellow, alternate with calyx. There is a disk with nectaries on it. 5 stamens, opposite to petals. Pistil stigma 2-lobed. The fruit is oblong or round, dark red.
8. Hawthorn is also called Hawthorn. It belongs to Crataegus of Rosaceae. Small deciduous trees, glabrous branchlets, spineless or short spines. Leaves broadly ovate, palmately 5-9-lobed, lobes with sharp and irregular serrations. The surface of the leaves is dark green and shiny, and the back of the leaves is light green. Veins are villous. Stipules are large and serrated. These flowers are umbels and villous. Sepals and petals are 5, stamens are 20, and flowers are white. The fruit is spherical, bright red and has bright spots.
9. Almond belongs to Prunus of Rosaceae. Deciduous trees The trunk is gray and the branchlets are smooth. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, with tiny serrations on the edges. Petiole has glands. Flowers 1-2 are clustered, pink or nearly white. The fruit is oval, smooth and easy to crack.
10. Punica granatum L. belongs to the genus Pomegranate. Small deciduous trees or shrubs. The branches are thin and soft. Leaves opposite, stipules absent, entire. One or more flowers gather at the top of the branch. 5-7 calyx and petals. Fireworks are red. Stamens are arranged in layers. The pistil consists of 5-7 cells. Ovary is inferior. The fruit is spherical, yellowish brown or turquoise, with many seeds.
1 1. Ficus belongs to Ficus of Moraceae. Small deciduous trees. The bark is smooth and gray. Petiole is long, leaves are large, the surface is rough, dark green, and there are rust-colored fine hairs on the back of leaves, carved 3-7. Dioecious, buried in cryptocephalus. The fruit is oblate, spherical or pear-shaped, green, yellow, red or deep purple.
13. Pistacia belongs to the genus Coptidis of Lacqueraceae. Deciduous trees The bark is rough, grayish brown, the branchlets are grayish white, the new branches are smooth and reddish brown, and the branching angle is large. The leaves are odd pinnate compound leaves with 3-5 leaflets and a few simple leaves. Leaflets are oval, leathery, light green and shiny. Dioecious. The male inflorescence is a wide compound panicle with 720-7800 florets. The female inflorescence is a sparse panicle with 142-975 florets. The fruit is oval, sharp at the top, yellow-white or white. After ripening, the exocarp is cracked and the endocarp is smooth and hard.
Summary of 20 17 fruit tree cultivation practice 2 Our practice is mainly to let students master the pruning methods and techniques of evergreen and deciduous fruit trees, understand and master the methods of flower and fruit regulation, and lay a solid foundation for the study and work of horticultural fruit trees in the future. We must practice in schools, farms and orchards. The main content of practice is the winter pruning of fruit trees and the adjustment of flower drums. Winter pruning is pruning from defoliation to dormancy before germination in the second year. The suitable pruning time is from late winter to early spring before vegetative growth. At this time, a large number of nutrient branches and flower buds stored in branches and roots are effectively utilized. The fruit trees in this internship are peaches, plums, pears, loquats and grapes. Pruning of Peach Trees in Winter According to the characteristics of peach trees' growth and fruiting, pruning of peach trees can be divided into four different periods: young tree period, early fruit period, full fruit period and aging period. Young trees are mainly shaped, and the pruning period is a combination of summer pruning and winter pruning, with summer pruning as the main task, and the main task is to cultivate main branches and side branches. The first fruiting period is to continue to adjust the subordinate relationship of branches at all levels on the basis of shaping young trees, pick strong new shoots in time, promote the growth of branches, cultivate various types of fruiting branches and improve early yield. The main task of pruning in full fruit stage is to keep the tree vigorous and adjust the balance of main and lateral branches; Pay attention to the selection and cultivation of regenerated branches, select and retain the base branches of main branches, so that the crown can retain more fruiting parts; The extended branches of trunk branches at all levels should be cut again appropriately to delay the outward movement of load-bearing parts as much as possible; The "over-dense branches" on the periphery of the crown can be properly thinned out to maintain good ventilation and light transmission conditions, prolong the fruiting life and improve economic benefits. The main task of pruning during senescence is to renew weak backbone branches and promote the emergence of strong new shoots and fruiting branches; Selecting, retaining and cultivating tendrils with suitable growth positions for renewing the aged main branches; At the same time, attention should be paid to renewing the fruiting branches in the inner cavity of the rejuvenated crown, delaying the aging period and maintaining the economic yield. When the economic value is lost, the whole garden should be updated in time.
When pruning vines in winter, in order to ensure that each main vine can be equipped with fruiting mother branches at a certain distance, unnecessary or unusable branches should be completely cut off from the base. When pruning in winter, it is customary to shorten the mature new branches of 1 year. Cut the branches and vines to the required length, which is mainly determined by the pruning needs and the quality of mature new shoots. Pruning length is generally: short tip, leaving 3-5 knots; Middle tip, leaving 5-7 knots; Long tip, leaving 8- 10 knots. Generally, new branches with mature and strong growth potential can be appropriately cut; The growth potential is weak, the maturity is not good, and the thin ones can be kept short; Varieties with low bearing strength at the base of branches and vines should be trimmed with medium and long shoots; Where the branches and vines are sparse, you can stay for a long time in order to make full use of the space; Two-branch regeneration usually consists of a fruiting mother branch and a preparatory branch on a branch group. Results The mother branch was kept long, and the long and middle branches were pruned. The next branch was used as a preparatory branch to cut 2-3 buds, which was repeated every year. This method is reliable and suitable for varieties with weak branching ability.
When pruning pear trees in winter, the cultivation of trunk branches should pay attention to its layering, subjectivity, openness, balance and firmness, so as to keep the trees ventilated, high quality, high yield and long life. Young trees should follow the principle of "less thinning and more retention, cutting first and then releasing, cutting to promote branches and releasing to promote flowers" when cultivating branches. Pruning of the big branch group should follow the principle of "round fruiting, combination of breeding and shrinking, strengthening breeding and shrinking new ones". Usually once every two days, once every two days, once every four days and once every five days. The principle of going or staying is to stay on it, stay weak and stay strong, and stay in the bud. Young trees are generally trimmed by gently cutting and slowly releasing long branches, leveling upright and strong branches, retaining short and middle branches, and making full use of the extracted branches to expand the crown. In addition to thinning some branches that are too dense, thinning is generally not carried out.
Loquat trees have twice thinned flowers and ears, and once thinned young fruits. Except the inflorescence at the top of the panicle, 3~4 spikelets are generally left in the stout fruiting branches, and 1~2 spikelets are left in the medium ones. The top ear will bloom first, and after removal, the remaining flowers can be guaranteed to bloom at the same time, which is convenient for later management. About 2 weeks after the first pruning, the second pruning should be carried out when the cutting mouth of the flower spike forms callus. It is necessary to control the number of fruiting branches, generally maintaining 60% to 70% of the flower yield, so the delicate fruiting branches should be removed before thinning. Leave 3~5 flowers in each spikelet inflorescence, and try to misplace the direction and position of the flowers.
In winter fruit tree pruning, we should judge and prune according to the growth characteristics of fruit trees in different physiological cycles. At the same time, comprehensive pruning should be carried out according to different parts of fruit trees and different cultivation schemes, and we should not rush into it. In this teaching practice, I have basically mastered the methods of pruning different fruit trees in winter, but it is far from enough. I haven't been fully consolidated and practiced in other seasons. I believe that through my continuous efforts and enterprising, I will be able to master the pruning methods of most fruit trees in the south.
;