Brief introduction of blueberry
Blueberry, scientific name blueberry, also known as blueberry? American blueberries? It is a new fruit tree variety with high economic value and broad development prospects. The fruit is blue or red, and its size varies with varieties. Generally, the weight of a single fruit is 0.5 ~ 2.5g Its flesh is delicate, its seeds are small, it is sweet and sour, and its aroma is refreshing and pleasant. Among them, the big fruit type is a good fresh food. In the American market, 70% of blueberry fruits are sold as fresh fruits. In addition to conventional sugar, acid and vitamin C, its fruit is also rich in vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin B, SOD, arbutin, anthocyanin, protein, fat and other rare special components in other fruits, as well as rich in trace elements such as potassium, iron, zinc and manganese. According to recent research, blueberry fruit has unique effects such as preventing brain aging, enhancing heart function, improving vision and fighting cancer. Therefore, FAO listed it as one of the five healthy foods for human beings. It is precisely because of the unique flavor and nutritional and health care value of blueberry that its fruits and products are popular all over the world, which is in short supply and expensive in the international market. In the main producing areas of the United States, the bulk purchase price of fresh fruit is 2.0 ~ 2.5 USD/kg, and the retail price of fresh fruit in the market reaches 10 USD/kg. In Japan, as a high-grade fruit, fresh blueberries are supplied to the market, and only 20% of the rich people consume them. Although Japan has 400 hectares of cultivation area, it is still far from meeting the market demand. Imports a lot from the United States every year,1800 tons in 997, 1998 15 00 tons,13000 tons in 999. Japan's import price from the United States to the port is as high as 6 ~ 8 USD/kg, and the market retail price is 10 ~ 15 USD/kg. The international market price of blueberry juice concentrate is 30,000 ~ 40,000 USD/ton, which is 30 ~ 40 times that of apple juice concentrate (65,438+0,000 USD/ton). 1998 ~ 2000, the export price of wild blueberry frozen fruit purchased by China's foreign trade department from Changbai Mountain and Daxing 'anling reached 2000 USD/ton ... Blueberry fruit is a good processing raw material, which can be made into jam, candied fruit, candy, ice cream, etc. The most processed product is juice drinks. In the United States, blueberries are often processed into compound drinks with other fruits, such as blueberry orange juice, blueberry grape juice, blueberry apple juice and so on. ?
Many blueberry varieties have strong cold resistance, such as the dwarf blueberry variety group? Girl? And then what? Svik. Can resist the low temperature of -40℃. Another outstanding feature of blueberry is its strong acidity and moist soil. Therefore, it has great development potential in large acid swamps in alpine mountainous areas, Changbai Mountain and Daxing 'anling Mountains. Blueberry fruit trees are distributed from temperate zone to cold zone. After nearly a hundred years of breeding work, excellent varieties adapted to various climatic conditions in tropical, temperate and cold regions have been selected. Different kinds of introduction and trial planting can be used all over China. ?
The cultivation history of blueberry fruit trees is less than a century, which first started in the United States. 1906，f？ v？ Kerviel first started wild seed selection, and 1937 selected 15 varieties for commercial planting. At present, blueberry has become the main fruit tree variety in the United States. By the 1980s, more than 100 fine varieties adapted to local climatic conditions had been cultivated, forming major economic producing areas in Maine, Georgia, Florida, New Jersey, Michigan, Minnesota and Oregon, with a total area of 1? 90,000 hectares, with an output of 200,000 tons. After the United States, countries all over the world compete for introduction and cultivation. According to their own climate characteristics and resource advantages, countries have carried out research and cultivation of blueberries with their own characteristics. Holland, Canada, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Italy, Finland, Britain, Poland, Romania, Australia, Bulgaria, New Zealand and Japan have successively entered commercial cultivation. ?
Blueberry planting started late in China. In the early 1980s, Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province collected wild resources to process fruit wine and drinks. Blueberry wine produced by Shanzhen Winery in Antu County, Jilin Province won the Silver Award of the Ministry of Agriculture, and the products are very popular in the market. However, due to the unstable supply of wild fruit raw materials, the fruit wine market declined and failed to form a stable industry. Some forestry departments domesticated wild Vaccinium uliginosum on the basis of collecting wild resources, but it is difficult to popularize it in production because of its low yield and output value and poor cultivation benefit. In order to solve this problem, Jilin Agricultural University took the lead in introducing and cultivating blueberries in China on 1983. By 1997, more than 70 excellent varieties of cold-resistant and high-yield blueberries were introduced from the United States, Canada, Finland and Germany, including six types: rabbit eye blueberry, high bush blueberry, semi-high bush blueberry, short bush blueberry, red bean blueberry and cranberry. 1989, five blueberry introduction and cultivation bases were established in Changbai Mountain after solving the problem of industrial seedling raising technology of blueberry tissue culture and propagation. 1995 preliminarily screened out four excellent blueberry varieties suitable for cultivation in Changbai Mountain area and began to be popularized in production. Some basic cultivation techniques, seedling raising and soil management were also studied. Although these studies are mainly aimed at cold areas, they can also be used for reference in the introduction and cultivation of Vaccinium myrtillus in other parts of China. In the research of rabbit-eye blueberry, Nanjing Institute of Botany introduced 12 fine variety from America in 1988, and planted it in Nanjing and Lishui. After 10 years of research, it is proved that rabbit-eye blueberry is suitable for planting in red soil areas in southern China.
Daily management methods of blueberries
1, timely loosen blueberry orchard:
Because blueberry roots are shallow, slender and have no root hairs, it requires loose soil and good ventilation.
It can be cleared from early spring to August, and it is not conducive to winter after autumn. Clear tillage is usually used to plant Vaccinium myrtillus in sandy loam. The suitable cleaning depth is 5 ~ 10 cm, which is easy to damage the root system.
The method of covering soil can also be used, which is widely used in blueberry production. It has many functions, such as increasing soil organic matter, improving soil structure, adjusting and maintaining soil moisture, reducing soil pH value, controlling weeds and so on. Covering the soil with 5 ~ 10 cm sawdust can increase the yield by 30% and the weight of single fruit by 50% in three years. Crop straws such as leaves and straws can also be used, but the effect is not as good as sawdust.
2. Weeding in blueberry orchard:
Weeding is a very important part of blueberry orchard management, which can increase the yield by more than 1 times. Chemical herbicides are widely used in blueberry production. This is because the cost of manual weeding is high, and it is easy to damage the roots, especially for the planting of dwarf blueberries. Because the roots are strung together, the whole orchard will be connected after a few years, and it is impossible to weed manually. Herbicides commonly used in blueberry orchards are diuron, simazine, chlorpheniramine, 2,6 dichlorobenzene, glyphosate and paraquat.
3, blueberry fertilization method:
The effect of applying NPK compound fertilizer to blueberry is better than that of applying chemical fertilizer alone. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is1:1:1. Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate is superior to nitrate nitrogen fertilizer; Blueberries are sensitive to chlorine. Do not use chlorine-containing fertilizers such as ammonium chloride and potassium chloride.
Sorghum and rabbit eye blueberry can be ditched, and the suitable depth is10 ~15 cm; Dense blueberries are planted in the garden and connected together, mainly by sowing. Fertilization should be carried out before germination in early spring, or 1 time at berry maturity.
Excessive fertilization can easily damage blueberry trees and even kill the whole tree. Therefore, the determination of fertilization amount should be very cautious, and it must be based on soil fertility and tree nutrition.
Planting management method of blueberry
1 Preparation before blueberry planting
1. 1 Garden selection.
Appropriate garden conditions should be selected before blueberry planting. The standard is that the slope of the garden should not exceed 10? , greater than 15? When to build a 2m wide terrace; The soil should contain 8% ~ 10% organic matter (at least not less than 5%), the pH value is 3.8 ~ 5.5, it is loose, has good ventilation and drainage performance, and is moist without water accumulation. Try to choose an environment with no shade and plenty of sunshine, and try to choose the middle and lower part of the sunny slope in mountainous areas. The best site types are barren hills and low-yield Pinus massoniana woodland, followed by sloping land for returning farmland.
1.2 soil preparation.
Before planting, soil preparation must be done, and the specification of soil preparation (planting hole) is: 1.0m (length)? 1.0m (width)? 0.5m (deep), the specifications can be appropriately reduced when planting semi-high cluster blueberries and short cluster blueberries, and the rabbit eye blueberries can be increased to 330 plants per mu. After digging the planting hole, the soil taken out will be mixed with ground pine bark and peat (or humus soil under the pine forest) and then filled into the hole. Backfill soil should be 20 ~ 30cm higher than the ground, and appropriate amount of sulfur powder can be added when soil acidity is insufficient.
1.3 soil improvement.
Blueberries like acidic soil, and the pH value of the soil is required to be 4.3 ~ 4.8 for northern high-bush blueberries and 4.3 ~ 5.3 for rabbit-eye blueberries. If the soil PH value is high, it is necessary to reduce the soil PH value to improve the soil. Peat is widely used for regulation in Northeast China, and the pH value of peat in Wanda Mountain area is mostly above 5.0. Therefore, it is necessary to add 1 kg sulfur powder to each cubic meter of peat in advance to reduce the pH value of peat to below 4.0, and then mix it evenly into the holes when planting. The pH value of soil in Jidong County is between 6.0 and 7.5. It needs to be adjusted with sulfur powder 3 to 4 months before planting. When digging planting holes, acid peat, 20g potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, 20g soil bactericide and quantitative sulfur powder with equal volume should be added to part of the excavated original soil, which should be backfilled after being evenly stirred. After improvement, blueberry cultivation can be popularized.
Variety selection of 1.4.
Cross pollination is one of the important factors to improve blueberry yield and fruit size. In production, we should consider building a multi-variety garden, in which at least two varieties are configured to pollinate each other to improve yield and quality. In the north, we must choose excellent varieties with strong cold resistance, such as Meideng, Beicun, Hokuriku and Beilan, which can resist the low temperature of MINUS 40℃. Generally, the ratio of pollinated trees is (2 ~ 3): 1, that is, 2 ~ 3 rows of main varieties and/kloc-0 rows of pollinated varieties. [1] If conditions permit, bees can also be released for auxiliary pollination.
2 Planting techniques
2. 1 colonial time.
Blueberries are planted in three seasons: spring, autumn and winter, but they are usually planted in spring in northern China, and are prone to freezing injury in autumn due to improper management in winter. Spring planting is usually from March to April, before the seedlings germinate. Potted seedlings can also be planted after germination, but the roots can not be damaged when planting. Due to the special situation of convenient irrigation and dry autumn in Jidong County, it can also be planted properly in autumn.
2.2 Planting density.
In China, the planting density of blueberries depends on varieties, land conditions, management patterns and climate differences between north and south. In foreign countries, the actual planting density often depends on the degree of mechanization; Generally speaking, the high clump blueberry is (1.0 ~ 1.5) m? (2.0 ~ 3.0) m is appropriate; Rabbit eye blueberry often chooses 1.5m? (2~2.5) meters; Choose (0.6 ~ 1.2) m for semi-high cluster blueberry? Two million.
2.3 Colonization.
Generally, high-quality seedlings with developed rooting system, strong branches and seedling height of more than 30cm are selected for planting in the north, and the survival rate of such seedlings is high. When raising seedlings, a pit with a depth of 1 5-25cm and an amplitude of 20-30cm should be dug in the planting hole or the planting bed, and some wet acidic peat soil or pre-prepared planting soil should be filled in the pit, then the seedlings should be planted, and the roots should be laid, so that the added mixed peat soil can surround the roots, and the seedlings should be gently lifted up1time to fully combine the roots with the planting soil. Three hands, two steps, one seedling? .
2.4 surface coverage.
After planting, local materials are taken nearby, and the surface of the planting hole is covered with a layer of organic matter such as straw, humus, bark and sawdust. Ground mulching has the functions of regulating ground temperature, preventing evaporation of surface water, maintaining soil moisture and promoting root growth. The covering thickness is about 10cm and should not be less than 5cm.
3 Post-colonial management
3. 1 initial pruning.
Prune immediately after planting. Because the root system was damaged during transplantation. In order to keep the growth balance between the aboveground part and the underground part, it is necessary to inhibit the growth and development of the aboveground part. The pruning amount is 1/3 ~ 1/2 of the original branch, and the annual weak branch with poor development should be cut off from the base. All the buds should be picked.
3.2 fertilization.
Blueberries are sensitive to chemical fertilizers and the demand is very low. When the soil acidity is satisfied, only a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer is generally needed, and it can also be applied according to the symptoms of leaf or element deficiency.
1) Fertilization type. The effect of NPK compound fertilizer is better than that of single fertilizer, and the ratio of NPK fertilizer is 1: 1: 1. Blueberry is a tree species that likes ammonium nitrogen. When applying nitrogen fertilizer, it is better to apply ammonium nitrogen fertilizer such as urea and ammonium sulfate, and nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is prohibited. Blueberries are sensitive to chlorine. Do not use chlorine-containing fertilizers such as ammonium chloride and potassium chloride.
2) Fertilization method and period. Sorghum and rabbit eye blueberry can be ditched, and the suitable depth is 10 ~ 15 cm. Loose soil is everywhere; The fertilization depth of relative cohesive soil is10 ~ 20 cm; It can also be used as an auxiliary fertilization method by spraying fertilizers containing certain elements on the leaves. Fertilize three times a year. The application time of 1 is before germination in early spring, and then it is applied every 30~45 days for three times in a row.
3) Fertilization amount. Blueberry is a plant with poor nutrition. Excessive or improper fertilization will damage the root system and lead to plant death. All must be carefully fertilized according to soil fertility and tree nutrition. Generally, the amount of fertilizer applied in the first 1 year after sowing is 10g/ plant, and 20-30g/ plant in the second year. 40 ~ 50g/ plant in the third year and 80 ~ 100g/ plant after five years.
3.3 Water management.
Blueberries have shallow roots and like to be wet. The newly-built blueberry orchard should be irrigated in time to improve the survival rate of planting, and irrigation is also one of the important factors to increase production. Pay attention to water source and water quality in blueberry irrigation. Deep well water usually has high PH value and high content of sodium and calcium. Long-term use will affect the growth and yield of blueberries. During irrigation, the PH value can be adjusted to about 4.5~5.5 with dilute sulfuric acid before irrigation, but acidic water should be irrigated every three times. Generally, drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation are used, which have long water supply time and high water utilization rate, and will not cause drought or excessive water supply.
3.4 weeding.
Weeding in blueberry orchard is an important part of orchard management, and the yield of orchard weeding is more than 1 times than that of no weeding. Because the root system of blueberry is shallow, soil cultivation is easy to damage the root system, especially the roots of dwarf blueberry run around, and the whole orchard is connected together, so it is impossible to carry out manual weeding, and the cost of manual weeding is high. Therefore, chemical weeding is widely used in blueberry cultivation. When spraying herbicide, lower the nozzle and spray it on the ground to avoid spraying it on trees.
3.5 Lighting and tending and pruning.
About 1/2 of the overground parts of high-cluster blueberries should be pruned in the first year of planting, and hardly pruned in the second and third years after planting. In the fourth year after planting, cut off vigorous branches, control tree height, cut off dense fruiting branches, and keep 50% of flower buds of the whole plant to ensure good tree vigor and fruit quality. The first three years of rabbit-eye blueberry are the same as those of high-bush blueberry, but when the tree grows vigorously, the strong branches should be cut short and pruned, not the fruiting branches deliberately, but the dense base branches should be cut off. The period of plastic pruning can be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning, and the pruning degree is mainly in winter, supplemented by summer.
3.6 Bird damage control.
The common pests of blueberry mainly include leaf-eating moth, dry-eating longicorn beetle, beetle larva (grub) and so on. The main diseases are leaf chlorosis, leaf blight, fruit rot, etc., and the onset period mostly begins when the temperature rises in March and April every year; Bird feeding is also very harmful to blueberries. Artificial control includes: 165438+ 10, pruning diseased branches and insect branches in late October, eliminating weeds and overwintering pests and diseases; In February 65438, the soil was turned over 20 cm deep to eliminate the overwintering pests in the soil; The best way to prevent birds is to set up a bird net in the mature period of blueberry fruit, and it is best to set up a bird net in the whole garden. In addition, scarecrows, electric bird repellers and firecrackers can also be used to repel birds. Chemical control: Diseases include fungal diseases (stem ulcer and branch blight) and viral diseases (scorch, leaf spot and mosaic). Mancozeb is sprayed at intervals in early spring and before flowering, and the interval between each application is 10 ~ 15 days. Insect pest control can be sprayed with thiophosphate broad-spectrum insecticides in early spring. Blueberries are edible fruit trees, so the dosage of pesticides should be reduced as much as possible, and the selection of biological pesticides and pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue should be advocated, and they should be used alternately scientifically and reasonably. 20 days before fruit ripening to the end of fruit picking.