Select seeds
President: Late-maturing variety, big and round fruit, deep purple skin, yellow flesh, good meat quality and good transportation resistance, but
plum tree
Pollination trees must be arranged during cultivation.
Odorada: it is an American variety, and its fruit matures in late July. The average fruit weight is 46.2 g, the fruit surface is deep red, the flesh is golden yellow, the quality is excellent, it is insoluble, sweet and delicious, and it is extremely resistant to storage and transportation, with good yield.
Black amber: cultivated in the United States, the fruit ripens in late July. The average fruit weight is 74.6 g, the fruit surface is purple-black, the flesh is light yellow, the texture is hard and tough, the flavor is sweet, the quality is excellent, the stone is separated, the stone is small, and the edible rate is 90%.
Field planting
Preparation of seedlings before planting: No matter whether they are self-raised seedlings or transplanted seedlings, they should be graded according to the quality before planting, so as to ensure that the seedlings are well planted, the roots of seedlings are complete and robust, the buds are full, and there are no quarantine objects and no serious pests and diseases.
Planting density and method: Because the self-pollination rate of plums is low, pollination trees must be considered when planting. The plant spacing varies with topography, soil and variety, and is generally 3-4mx5-6m.
Planting period and method:
(1) Planting date: Autumn sowing in the north is prone to freezing injury and peeling, and spring sowing is generally adopted.
(2) Planting mode: The general diameter of the planting hole is about 1 m and the depth is 0.8-1m.. When digging a planting hole, the topsoil and core soil must be stacked on both sides of the hole for later use. When planting, put plum saplings vertically in the center of the hole, spread out all the roots, and then lift the trunk while filling the soil, so that there is no gap between the roots and the soil and they are closely combined. When backfilling, first fill 20 cm of topsoil, then fill 40-60 cm holes after mixing the core soil and fertilizer, and step on them while filling. The top 40 cm is completely backfilled with topsoil. After backfilling, the soil surface around the planting hole is about 20 cm higher, and water is poured immediately after sowing.
Soil and fertilizer management
Plum trees have strong adaptability to soil, and both acidic soil and alkaline soil can adapt. Generally, the soil layer is deep, and the soil is loose and fertile, which is beneficial to the growth and development of plum trees. Young trees are suitable for intercropping beans and vegetables. In areas with shallow or barren soil layers, it is easy to intercrop Chinese milk vetch and broad beans in autumn, and all of them are ploughed into the soil in the first ten days of April of the following year, forming a deep and fertile soil layer.
Fertilize soil or land
(1) Fruit picking fertilizer: applied in July and August after fruit picking, accounting for 60% of the annual fertilization. Mainly green manure, soil miscellaneous manure and decomposed human and animal manure. The purpose is to restore tree vigor, promote flower bud differentiation and prevent early defoliation.
(2) Pre-flowering fertilizer: it is applied when the buds germinate in spring, accounting for 10% of the annual fertilization. Available nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used to promote flowering and leaf spreading.
(3) Fruit-strengthening fertilizer: it is applied in the hard-core stage of fruit, accounting for 30% of the annual fertilization. Mainly decomposed compost. The purpose is to promote the full expansion of fruit and prepare nutrients for flower bud differentiation.
decrease
plum tree
Plum trees are strong and big. Under natural growth conditions, there are more main branches. Therefore, plastic surgery generally adopts a natural and happy shape. The tree is 2 ~ 3 m high and has 3 ~ 4 main branches. Fix the stem at 50 ~ 60 cm, select 3 ~ 4 new branches with vigorous growth, suitable direction and large included angle as the main branches from the new branches growing under the incision, thin or shorten the remaining vigorous branches, and remove the core in the middle to ensure the vigorous growth of the selected branches. In the winter of 1, the main branch was cut about 60 cm, and the outer buds were selected for cutting to increase the opening of branches. Except for the selected main branch, all the competing branches were thinned. In the spring of the following year, healthy branches with large angle and positive direction were selected from the new shoots sprouting under the incision as the extension branches of the main branch for culture, and the rest branches were properly controlled. During the whole growing season, it is advisable to prune for 2 ~ 3 times, control each branch to grow evenly, and remove competitive branches in time. The moderately growing oblique branches should be kept or lightly cut as far as possible to promote the early formation of flower buds. In winter, the extension branch of the main branch is still cut about 60 cm, and the rest branches are generally cut and thrown lightly according to the space size. In the third year, continue to cultivate the extension branches of the main branch according to the above method, and select 1 side branch 1 side branch outside each main branch, and the distribution of side branches on each side branch should be uniform to avoid overlapping. The angle of the side branch is larger than that of the main branch to ensure the subordinate relationship of the main branch. According to this method, two or three lateral branches are selected on each main branch, and the tree shape can be basically completed in four years.
Pruning on fertile soil, the main branches and secondary branches of the varieties with strong tree potential stand upright and flourish. When the new branch is semi-lignified, it is necessary to take the branch, bend the branch from the base section by section with both hands, and take the slight cracking sound of xylem in the branch as the degree, thus inhibiting the vegetative growth and forming a large number of flower buds. These vigorous 1 year-old main branches or auxiliary main branches can bear fruit in the second year after picking branches, and at the same time, a large number of short fruit branches germinate at the base, which can ensure high yield and bumper harvest year after year.
(1) Cut off 2/5 of the extension branches of the main branch, so that the crown will continue to expand outward;
(2) When budding in early spring, the buds that are too dense outside the crown should be smeared in time, and then pruning in early summer and winter is mainly based on thinning branches and dense branches;
(3) vigorous branches and long fruit branches are not pruned. After a long time of growth, weak branches germinate at the base and evolve into bouquets or short fruit branches;
(4) The tendrils sprouting at the base of the crown should be removed in time;
(5) For the fruiting branch group with weak growth potential for 3-5 years, only the hidden buds at the base are left, and the rest are drained to promote the new shoots to renew this branch group.
Eliminate pests and diseases
Plum trees can be sprayed with fungicides such as carbendazim and bacteria withdrawal to prevent bacterial perforation. The main pest is the white star scarab, which likes to eat fruits with wounds, so special attention should be paid to the prevention and control of the white star scarab. There are three ways to control the Scarab:
plum tree
Sunflower trapping method
In the orchard, 8 ~ 10 sunflowers are planted on one plant in a dispersed way. Using the fragrance of sunflower, the sunflower tray is trapped in a bag every morning and knocked, so that the adults fall into the bag and are killed collectively.
Fruit vinegar trapping and killing method
Using the characteristics of white star scarab like to eat fruit vinegar to trap and kill. The production method of fruit vinegar is: fruit 1 serving, vinegar 1 serving, 2 portions of sugar and 0.5 portion of water. Chop the fruit, mix it with vinegar, sugar and water, cook it into porridge, put it into a wide-mouth bottle (half a bottle is enough), add half a bottle of dichlorvos 500 times, and stir well. In the peak period of Scarab, the orchard hangs 1 bottle every 20 ~ 30m, and the height from the ground is1.2 ~1.5m.. The bottle should be close to the branches, and the dead insects of the white star scarab should be removed every morning.
Insect trapping method
In the orchard, according to the standard of hanging 6-8 beer bottles per mu, hanging beer bottles at a height of about 1.5 meters from the ground, catching two or three live adults of the white star scarab and putting them in beer bottles will lead other adults to fly to the bottles. [2]
Plum belongs to Rosaceae, which is native to the Yangtze River valley and is a kind of plum in China.
One of the earliest cultivated fruit trees. The fruit is round, rectangular or heart-shaped; The peel is yellow, red, crimson or purple, and the fruit surface has fruit powder; The flesh is yellow or purplish red. There is often a special plum fragrance; The nucleus is oval, concave, sticky or detached; Plums are rich in carbohydrates, sweet and sour, and fragrant. In addition to being eaten raw, it can also be processed into preserved plum, or brewed into canned fruit. Dried prunes can be used as medicine, which has the effects of quenching thirst, promoting fluid production, refreshing and helping digestion. Fruit is more resistant to storage and transportation, so it is favored by operators and consumers. Variety selection of 1
Main diseases and their comprehensive prevention and treatment
Major disease
(1) Plum red spot: it harms leaves and fruits. The damaged fruit has orange-red round spots, slightly convex and marginal.
plum tree
I don't know, it finally turned red and black with crimson particles scattered on it. The fruit is deformed, it has already fallen off and can't be eaten.
(2) Perforation: including bacterial perforation and fungal perforation. Both are harmful to leaves, branches and fruits. Fungal perforation can also hurt flower buds.
(3) Leaf Shrinking Disease: The damaged leaves are curled and shriveled, thick and brittle, reddish brown, deformed and withered.
Prevention and cure method
(1) winter pruning combined with garden clearing, centralized burning of dead branches, diseased branches and diseased leaves; (2) Spraying 4-5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture before germination to eliminate the primary infection source; (3) At the end of flowering and when the leaf buds are open, spraying Bordeaux solution for 65438 0 times; (4) Spraying 65% zineb wettable powder 500 times 1 ~ 2 times in May and June.
Main pests and their integrated control
Major disease
(1) geometrid: Female adults and nymph groups are fixed on branches to eat food, which can lead to the death of branches or plants.
(2) Peach weevil: adults eat young fruits, and the fruit surface is riddled with gummosis, causing fruit drop;
(3) Aphids: cause the leaves to be pale or even fall off.
(4) Apriona germari: Larvae gnawed at xylem of branches, resulting in hollow and dead trunk;
plum tree
(5) Pear-eating bees: eating young fruits with larvae,
(6) Pear moth: larvae eat young fruits, causing a large number of fruit drops.
Prevention and cure method
(1) In winter, the orchard is dug deeply, and the pear bee-eating larvae are buried deeply. In the bud stage of plum trees, the unearthed adult pear eater was killed on the soil surface under the crown with 4000 times of 20% bee killing solution;
(2) spraying 1 000 times of 50% cartap emulsion after flowering to control peach weevil and pear fruit borer;
(3) In late May, when the white scale was found to be dispersed and transferred, the aphids were treated with 1 0,000 times of 80% dichlorvos emulsion.
(4) Catch the adults of longicorn beetles at noon in June and July, check the trunk hooks and kill the larvae of longicorn beetles.
6. The suitable harvest period of processed fruits is eight ripe; For raw food, the suitable harvest period is nine ripe; It can be harvested and extended by stages.
Fresh fruit supply period. Avoid all mechanical damage when harvesting fruits.