Planting techniques of annual citrus
1, planting density 120 ~ 150 plants/mu.
Step 2 apply fertilizer
2. 1, young tree
Apply fertilizer several times before and after each germination. Young oranges increase pure nitrogen 100g/ plant every year, that is, 100g/ plant in the first year and 200g/ plant in the second year. According to the NPK 1-0.5-0.8 ratio. The ratio of N in organic fertilizer to chemical fertilizer is 4:6. That is, 1 year, urea 125g, calcium superphosphate 300g, potassium sulfate or potassium chloride 150g, peanut fertilizer 650g and peanut bran 100g were applied to each plant. 1kg peanut bran = 4kg chicken manure or 10kg pig manure; Double in the second year.
2.2, the result tree
Determine the fertilization index according to the base fertilizer and fruit hanging amount. According to the increase of 1 year, the pure nitrogen of base fertilizer increased to100g/plant, and reached 500g/plant of five-year-old orange trees, with a basic yield of 2000kg/mu. If the yield is higher than the basic yield, the amount of fertilizer should be increased according to pure nitrogen 100g/ yield-increasing fruit 1000kg. N:P:K= 1:0.3:0.7. The ratio of organic fertilizer to chemical fertilizer is 4:6.
2.2. 1. Fertilization period and quantity
After-harvest fertilizer was applied again in June+10, 5438, accounting for 30% of the whole year.
Light application in March, accounting for 15% of the whole year.
Supplementary fertilization or in vitro fertilization in May-June.
Re-application in July, accounting for 35% of the whole year.
Light application in September, accounting for 15% of the whole year.
1 1 month, mainly P and K fertilizers, depending on the tree conditions.
Fertilization method
In the first and second years, shallow annular ditches were applied around the tree disk. After the third year, the furrow with a depth of 10 cm ~ 20 cm was dug outside the tree tray in the drip irrigation line for fertilization, and the soil was returned after application.
Ferment organic liquid fertilizer with milk and soybean milk: 1kg expired milk powder or soybean powder: 1kg brown sugar: 20kg tap water, add 10g EM strain, ferment for about 10 days, then add 1kg urea, 0.5kg magnesium sulfate and 0.2kg borax. Foliar spraying uses 200 ~ 300 times of liquid. Organic fertilizer such as wet soybean skin powder or chicken manure can be sprayed by sprayer for composting and fermentation.
2.2.3 Top dressing outside the root
At each development stage of new shoot leaves, combined with pest control, topdressing outside the roots is carried out. It should be carried out in the evening and cloudy days, and it can be sprayed around noon on sunny days in winter with low temperature. Spraying wet leaves should be the main method of topdressing outside roots.
2.2.4, correct a large number of normal and trace element deficiency.
Results Magnesium sulfate was applied to orange orchards every year (25g/ plant) and in March. Spraying 0.5% magnesium sulfate solution 1 ~ 2 times on the leaves.
When spring shoots germinate to bud stage, spray 0.2% borax solution 1 ~ 2 times. Or apply 25 grams of borax to each soil. Before and after the autumn shoots turn green, spray 0.2% ~ 0.3% zinc sulfate and the same amount of lime 1 time on the crown every 7 days, and spray twice continuously.
3 pruning:
Is the summer cut 10d and the autumn shoot still on? 15d, mainly short cut, supplemented by thinning branches, mainly short cut, falling flowers, falling branches, drooping branches and so on. And the cutting diameter should be 0.4 cm ~ 0.6 cm. Sparse overlapping branches, shadow branches, etc.
Pruning in winter should be carried out after fruit picking, and the principles of sparse but not sparse, weak but not strong should be mastered, and dead branches, diseased branches, too dense branches, cross branches, drooping branches and aging branches should be pruned. Cutting diameter of 0.4 cm ~ 0.6 cm is suitable for cone branches, oblique branches and long branches with no empty effect in the middle and upper part of truncated crown.
Step 3 tip
Young trees are mainly cultivated with plastic crowns. Generally, bamboo shoots are released three times a year. If the management conditions are good, bamboo shoots can be released four times. The next autumn bamboo shoot cultivation is the fruiting mother branch.
4. Promote flowers:
2-4-year-old orange trees, especially orange orchards with deep and fertile paddy soil, high groundwater level and lush orange trees, are cut around the trunk in the middle of 1 1 week, reaching the xylem, making the orange leaves slightly red. At the end of 1 1, common orange orchards are watered to promote flowers, so that the leaves of orange leaves are slightly curled and turned red. At the mature stage of autumn shoots, 0.6% ternary compound fertilizer was sprayed on the leaves twice.
5, fruit protection:
If there are few flowers and fruits, cut off the trunk or big branches at flowering stage; If there are many flowers and fruits, girdle the trunk or some big branches with few fruits according to the fruit setting before the second physiological fruit drop after flowering.
6. Pest management
According to previous observations and references in local variety experimental parks, anthracnose, scab, canker and fruit fly are more harmful, so prevention and control should be strengthened in cultivation management.
Anthracnose: Spraying at leaf opening and flowering stage in spring. Sheng Da M-45, metalaxyl M manganese zinc and Baitai were selected.
Scab disease: spraying pesticides before the second physiological fruit drop period, and selecting pesticides can be combined with anthracnose control. Before and after the second physiological fruit drop period, if there is a lot of rainfall, it can be combined with the prevention and treatment of sand skin diseases, and Ai Miao and Shi Gao can be selected.
Canker: 72% agricultural streptomycin WP 200mg/L 10g/50L, 80% mancozeb WP 200mg/L100g/50L, 50% thiram WP 400mg/L20g/50L, etc. Selected for prevention and control.
Soot disease: strengthen orchard management, especially pruning, in order to facilitate ventilation and light transmission and enhance tree potential; Strengthen the prevention and control of pests such as aphids, psyllids, whiteflies and scale insects. Spray the crown with 200 times high-fat film or 800 times 40% dimethoate EC and 600 times 50% carbendazim powder twice every 10 day, and the effect is very good.
Drosophila: Orchard hangs yellow boards. Spraying pesticides, beta-cypermethrin, Feng Dao powder, etc. Be chosen.
Step 7 sweeten
The acid content of orange fruit is higher and the taste is more suitable for northerners. Through fertilization, complete cultivation and other technical measures, the proportion of citric acid in fruit juice should be reduced, and the sweetness of taste should be improved to adapt to the sweetness characteristics of local consumers.
Nitrogen application rate: about 500g/ plant is beneficial to improve the quality of Longmen citrus, potassium application rate is 350g/ plant, and calcium application rate is increased: when the spring rain comes in February every year, shell ash or lime 65,438+0-2 kg/plant is applied in the whole garden until the soil pH is 6.5-7.
Magnesium addition: at each new shoot stage, organic liquid fertilizer is combined with spraying or EM fermentation, and 0.2-0.5% magnesium sulfate is added.
Add organic fertilizer fermented by EM, and spray EM fermented soybean bran liquid fertilizer once in spring and autumn. Spraying EM fermented soybean milk+brown sugar+magnesium sulfate foliar fertilizer solution in autumn shoot leaf spreading stage.
8. Keep the trees fresh and extend the supply period of fresh fruit to around Tomb-Sweeping Day; Strive for "May Day" and fresh fruit for the market. Refer to the fresh-keeping technology of banana orange.
Management methods of soil, fertilizer and water for annual citrus
soil management
It is necessary to dig holes and solidify soil, prohibit planting tall plants such as corn and wheat in the garden, and do a good job in rational intercropping and intertillage weeding in the orchard.
Fertilizer and water management
1 fertilization principle: to fully meet the demand of blood orange for various nutrient elements, it is advocated to apply more organic fertilizers and reasonably apply inorganic fertilizers and formula fertilizers. According to the results of leaf analysis, orchard soil analysis and blood orange phenology, fertilization is guided.
Fertilization method: mainly soil fertilization combined with foliar fertilization. The methods of annular furrow application, strip furrow application, hole application and soil surface fertilization were adopted.
Fertilization for young trees: apply fertilizer frequently and thinly, with nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as the auxiliary fertilizer. Apply fertilizer 5-6 times in spring, summer and autumn at the germination stage, and apply 0.4 kg of ammonium carbonate or 0.2 kg of urea each time in March, May, June, July, September and 65438+February. 1-3 young trees should be applied with pure nitrogen 100-400g every year, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1.0: 0.4-0.5: 1.0. Adult trees should be fertilized four times, that is, germination accelerating fertilizer, fruit protection fertilizer, fruit strengthening fertilizer and fruit picking fertilizer. Generally, the amount of fertilizer applied is 2-3 kg of chemical fertilizer and one load of manure. Fruit-keeping fertilizer 1-2 kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer 1 kg chemical fertilizer; Strong fruit fertilizer 1-2 kg chemical fertilizer 1-2 kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; The base fertilizer of fruit picking fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, and the plants are applied with 50- 100 kg of organic fertilizer and 2 kg of chemical fertilizer 1-2 kg.
Moisture: Irrigation when soil is dry, and drainage when water accumulates. Plastic trimming 1, principle. Adjust measures to local conditions, prune trees, properly raise and lower them, and ventilate and transmit light to achieve three-dimensional effect.
Plastic natural happy modeling. The trunk is 20-40cm high, and 3-4 main branches are scattered on the trunk. The branching angle of the main branch is 30-50 degrees, and 2-3 auxiliary main branches are left on each main branch. Generally, after the third main branch is formed, the central trunk of this kind is cut off and twisted to one side to form a fruiting branch group.
Trim.
1 young trees: mainly light cutting. After selecting the extension branches of the class center and the main branches and the extension branches of the auxiliary main branches, moderate or even severe pruning is carried out, and the growth balance among the main branches is adjusted according to the pruning degree and the direction of cutting buds. In addition to properly thinning the over-dense branches, the inner branches and weaker branches in the middle and lower part of the crown should generally be retained.
2. Early fruiting period: continue to select short cutting to deal with all levels of trunk extension branches, erase summer shoots, and promote strong autumn shoots. In autumn, measures such as ring cutting, root cutting and water control are taken to promote the flowering of Wangshu.
Full-fruiting period: timely retract the fruiting branches, falling branches and declining branches, and cut off the shading branches, dead branches and pest branches.