In recent years, yellow peaches have emerged in big city markets due to their bright appearance, orange flesh, rich nutrition, strong aroma, more sweetness and less acidity, and are more resistant to storage and transportation. The price is three times that of peach. As mentioned above, yellow peaches are still the main peach for processing. Especially in recent years, canned Chinese yellow peaches have become popular in European and American markets. Chicago alone sells more than 30 containers of canned Chinese yellow peaches every year. The planting area of ??yellow peach in my country reached 26,500 hectares in 1987. However, due to the downturn of my country's canning processing industry for quite a period of time, most of the yellow peach trees were destroyed. Currently, there are not many large peach orchards in the fruiting period. Therefore, fresh yellow peach and There is a huge shortage of raw materials for processing.
1. Selection and preparation of nursery land
Both peach seedlings and grafted peach rootstock seedlings are drought-tolerant and not waterlogging-tolerant. Therefore, peach tree nursery sites should generally be It is better to choose cultivated land with higher terrain, flat ground and no water accumulation. In view of the characteristics of continuous spring drought in our province in recent years, the nursery land should be selected in a place with irrigation conditions to prepare for watering the rootstocks during the spring drought; nursery land can also be used in places without water sources, but the sowing rate must be increased accordingly. After the nursery land is selected, autumn plowing should be carried out, and base fertilizer should be applied in combination with the autumn plowing. It is best to use decomposed farmyard manure. You can also apply 50 kilograms of diammonium phosphate per mu (1000 square meters, the same below). When rootstocks are sown in ridges, the height of the ridges should be 3-5 cm lower than the ridges in the corn field to facilitate winter cold protection.
Generally speaking, general cultivated land in non-saline and non-waterlogged lowlands can be used as peach nursery land, but it should be emphasized that the cultivated land that was originally used as peach orchards and poplar nurseries needs to go through 2- After three years of fallow and rotational cultivation, the peach orchard land can be re-established.
2. Cultivation of rootstock seedlings
Hairy cherries, hairy peaches, mountain peaches, etc. can be used as peach tree rootstocks. In the Central Plains, hairy peaches and mountain peaches are generally recommended as rootstocks. The root systems of these two varieties Well-developed (tap-rooted), resistant to barren soil, strong affinity after grafting, and strong tree vigor. It is best to choose hairy cherry as rootstock for the development of Jinxiu yellow peach in our province, because hairy cherry has a shallow root system and no obvious taproot. The fruit tree is dwarfed and easy to pull down for cold protection.
The hairy cherries mature early, and the seeds can be harvested in June. After harvesting, wash the pulp and dry it in the shade for later use. Hairy cherries are best sown in autumn. Soak them for 24 hours before sowing, and then soak them in 0.5% copper sulfate 1000 times for 2 hours. After rinsing, they can be sown.
Spring sowing of hairy cherry seeds requires stratification. The stratification process should start in mid-to-late December at the latest. Mix wet river sand and seeds thoroughly at a ratio of 3:1. The water should not be too large. Hold it in your hands to form a ball. Water can be seen between the fingers without dripping. Let go and touch it. It shall prevail upon dispersal. After mixing, place it in a container and put it in a cellar at a temperature of 2-5 degrees. It can be sown in 130-140 days. It is advisable to sow seeds before April 15 in our province. Seeds treated with stratification are not as drought-resistant as those sown in autumn. In case of severe spring drought, timely irrigation should be carried out to prevent the seeds from drying out and affecting germination.
In recent years, hole sowing has been used to build gardens. That is to say, first determine the row spacing of the orchard, then directly insert 3-5 seeds after the fixed point, and do not move the seedlings after grafting, which can play the role of early seedlings and early fruiting.
Seed rate (ridge sowing): Autumn sown seeds are calculated as 10 kilograms per mu; spring sown seeds are calculated as 7.5-10 kilograms per mu. In particularly arid areas, the seeding rate should exceed 15 kilograms, and in areas with irrigation conditions, 7.5 kilograms of stratified seeds should be sown per mu. This seeding rate can generally guarantee the production of about 15,000 cherry seedlings per mu. If the production of seedlings per mu exceeds 20,000, the seedlings must be thinned appropriately to ensure that the seedlings are strong and can reach the grafting thickness of the year.
Cherry stock seedlings can generally grow to a height of 30 cm in early July. At this time, they need to be topping to facilitate thickening of the stock.
3. Grafting
(1) Collection of scions: There are already a certain number of Jinxiu Yellow Peach in our province. This is a domesticated variety, especially after the 2001 The test of the severe cold in 2003 and the severe drought in 2003 shows that this variety has adapted to the local climate conditions. Therefore, the selection of scions should be based on the province, and orchards with no pests and diseases and good tree vigor should be selected.
(2) Autumn bud grafting of rootstocks of the current year: Autumn bud grafting in our province is preferably carried out from late July to late August. Depending on the number of grafts, grafting should be done later rather than earlier. Grafting can be completed before August 25 .
Grafting start date = August 25 - number of grafts ÷ (number of grafters/day × 1500 trees/person) - number of days affected by rainy days and uncertain factors.
There are two reasons for completing it on August 25th: one is the last peeling period of hairy cherry rootstock; the other is to prevent premature budding and frost damage. It is particularly important to emphasize that the budding part should be as close to the ground as possible so that it can be covered with soil to prevent cold before freezing. Soil covering during the seedling stage can be carried out in early November, and the soil should be turned over with a plow to cover the buds.
(3) Spring grafting of overwintering rootstocks: The scions can be collected and stored in the cellar after the leaves fall in autumn, or they can be collected after the cold-proof soil is removed from the fruit trees in spring. The grafting time is between mid-April and mid-May.
(4) Grafting of buds: buds refer to seedlings that are transplanted after grafting but before the buds grow. Adopt the autumn budding method, and the budding part should be 15-20 cm above the ground so that the buds will not be buried in the soil after transplanting. This grafting method has strong drought resistance and early fruiting due to the high scion position.
4. Plastic surgery in the garden
Remove the cold-proof soil from the bud grafted seedlings in late April of the next year. When the temperature rises to about 10 degrees, untie and cut off the anvils, and topdress with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. , the barren land can be appropriately topdressed with nitrogen fertilizer. After the grafting of the grafted seedlings in spring is completed, fold the rootstock 5 cm above the joint point away from the buds. About 1/3 of the grafted seedlings should be connected to supply nutrients to the new buds and roots. When the grafted buds grow about 5 cm, Cut off the anvil 0.5 cm above the contact point and untie it. The survival rate of spring grafting is relatively low. For those that have not been grafted, the lateral branches of the rootstock can be used for autumn bud grafting to cultivate bud seedlings.
After cutting off the anvil, the root sprouts should be wiped off continuously to promote the rapid growth of peach buds. Peach trees grow vigorously and can differentiate into secondary branches that year. Therefore, reshaping in the garden is beneficial to early formation, promotion of flower bud differentiation, and early fruiting.
The Splendid Yellow Peach in our province needs creeping cultivation and winter cold protection. Its shaping is different from other regions. It should be mainly fan-shaped pruning, which can be made into palm fan shape (left in the picture) or creeping fan shape (in the picture). Or two-wing type (right in the picture) pruning. The general requirement is that the main and side branches should be on a horizontal plane to facilitate cold protection.
I advocate that the Splendid Yellow Peach in our province should be pruned in a creeping fan shape, that is, 3-4 extended branches on a horizontal plane should be kept at a height. During the fruiting period, the middle fruiting branch group is gradually shortened to form a two-winged tree, which can enhance light and improve fruit quality. The palm fan shape is simple to manage and has a large amount of fruit. If it is used as a raw material for deep processing, it is an ideal tree shape. However, this kind of tree shape requires a large amount of soil to prevent cold.
5. Classification of seedlings and fake planting
Peach seedlings grow vigorously, especially when they are extended, so the classification of peach seedlings should not be based on height, but on the basis of root system, Divided according to the ground diameter and the degree of shaping in the garden. Therefore, when starting seedlings, peach seedlings with developed root systems, thick ground diameter, extended branches on a horizontal plane and large openings should be classified as one category; peach seedlings with underdeveloped root systems or split wounds, thin ground diameter, and irregular extended branches should be classified Classified into one category, classified fake planting, classified sales.
The fake planting of peach seedlings is a key technical link. The fake planting of peach seedlings in our province can be completed before mid-November, and the planting in mountainous areas should be completed accordingly. Before starting the seedlings, dig a fake planting trench. The trench is 1 meter wide, 0.5 meters deep, and the length should not exceed 10 meters. If there are many seedlings, you can dig additional fake planting trenches at least 20 centimeters apart. The purpose is to avoid injuries caused by too many fake plantings. hot.
Tie the peach seedlings into a bundle of 20 or 30 trees with straw, tie the grade label, and place them diagonally in the fake planting ditch. The angle with the ground should be small, and fill each row with soil. Cover and temporarily leave the seedlings slightly. When the temperature drops below 0 degrees, cover the seedlings slightly with soil when it thaws at noon and pat them slightly to leave stomata.