There is no distinction between local medical treatment and medical education in Tang Dynasty. The state government has established medical doctors, teaching assistants and students. While studying with doctors and teaching assistants, students must also practice extensively, and each of them will go to the local community for treatment. Teaching assistants, like doctors, should be responsible for medical treatment in the state capital. There are special textbooks for local medicine in Tang Dynasty, including medical classics, medical theories, prescriptions, acupuncture, pulse diagnosis and so on.
Collecting and storing herbs is also the responsibility of national medicine. In counties and counties, Gongsun Cao and Sigong joined the army and were responsible for collecting medicines and making medicines. Medicines produced by various prefectures and counties can be collected at any time to treat people. Gongcao has two uses for collecting herbs: one is tribute, and the other is for personal use. In addition to collecting herbs, we should also make a large number of drugs to treat typhoid fever, seasonal gas and other infectious diseases and distribute them to the public as needed. In addition to manufacturing, state drugs are purchased by the city. The book "10" unearthed in Turpan records that the Tang government bought medicine from Jiang, a pedestrian, with 235 horses, two feet four. This part of miscellaneous drugs may be the drugs stored in Xizhou to treat infectious diseases.
2. The central government's medical assistance to local governments In the Tang Dynasty, the central government often sent medical personnel to various places for free clinics in case of emergency. After ten years of Zhenguan, he fell ill in Guanzhong and Hedong and ordered the doctor to treat him with drugs. Book of Old Tang Dynasty 19 1 Biography of Xu Yinzong in Ji Fang: When the bones in Guanzhong are steamed, they will die and infect each other. Those who are ineffective by various doctors, Yin Zong will be cured every time.
The emperor also often prescribed prescriptions to the people in the form of imperial edicts. For example, during the Kaiyuan period, he wrote an imperial edict: I wrote a wide prescription to save people from diseases. It has been promulgated for a long time, and the plan has been circulated for a long time. I am still worried about being poor at home, but I can't write and I don't know. If medical treatment is not timely, it is better to forget compassion on my deathbed. The county magistrate should write down the important people in Guangyao prescription on the big page and point out the way to the village square. Or entrust an interview to do activities, without making mistakes. On February 13th, 12th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong, five volumes of Zhenyuan Guangcubic written by parents were awarded to the state capital. The emperor regarded the dissemination of medical knowledge as a top priority and personally ordered the county magistrate and the interviewer to supervise the matter. The emperor knows the sufferings of the people and values the people's livelihood, which can be seen.
3. Charity medical institutions also set up welfare hospitals in the Tang Dynasty, such as scare homes and nursing homes for the sad field. The buried People's Square is a hospital for isolating leprosy patients, which was set up by a monastery. According to the record in Volume 25 of Biography of Monks, Tang Zhiyan lived in Shicheng Burial House after 17 years of Zhenguan, and absorbed all his words. This shows that patients can be cared for and treated locally.
The establishment of Sad Field Rehabilitation Workshop is also related to Buddhism. The workshop was originally set up by a temple, but since Zhou Changan, it has been well known by envoys. In the twenty-second year of Kaiyuan, beggars in Beijing were cut off and given by officials for profit. The hospital became a government-run hospital. Although the hospital is run by the state, monks and nuns are still in charge. After the extinction of Buddhism in Huichang, Tang Muzong for five years, monks and nuns became secularized, and the sick workshops were neglected. Li Deyu suggested that both of them should be given to Temple Field to save the economy. The state capital covers seven hectares to ten hectares. Each set up a life-saving activity to fill porridge. Fill a certain farmland with porridge for the sick house, pay for it, and choose a person to be responsible.
Sad field nursing home was originally a charity run by Buddhist monks and nuns, with hospitals, adoption homes and relief departments. Its organization is very large, divided into counties. Its purpose is to help the poor and serve the public. Wu Zongshi abolished Buddhism and secularized monks and nuns. At that time, Sad Field nursing home was chosen to be responsible for guarding and renamed as nursing home. And literate Sect acceded to the throne and returned to Buddha. After that, naturally, I still manage monks and nuns. Its source of funds is mainly supported by the government, including the official collection of profits from Beijing and distribution to Temple Field. The Sadr Field Hospital in Beijing covers an area of 10 hectare in abel tamata and 7 hectares in the United States. Followed by private donations, as well as T-shirts and silk rice given by counties. Xian Tong eight years, Zong Yi recovered, and give a lot. Collection of Imperial Letters of Tang Dynasty (10): According to the number of yuan, each hospital has its own principal and interest, and it is entrusted with secretariat of history, record of joining the army, investigation of county magistrate, and specialization of Taoist monks, and it is changed once every three years. In case of wind, blood and rain, patients should not beg, that is, they will starve to death by taking rice from local shops as porridge. If the disease can be cured, it will be cured by the city medicine. The silk rice used will be stored by the household, and the application will be made quickly, so that the recovered things will be buffered to support the company. When I got here, I recorded all the information of my county, which is listed at the gate of the county, which is the main road outside the village in the city. T-shirts and silk rice given by prefectures and counties are afraid of being cheated by officials, but they still entrust the secretariat and county magistrate to try to promulgate them, which is not harmful. After giving a T-shirt, analyze it and listen to it, so as to help the illness quickly. Tell me what I mean.
It can be seen that the nursing home for the sad field in the Tang Dynasty is a very large charity, which is located in counties all over the country and is also responsible for taking care of the poor. Compared with today's charities, it is still not inferior.
Dunhuang documents recorded the situation of the ward in Dunhuang County in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tianbao period in 2626, the accounting records of Dunhuang County revealed some information about the sick houses in Dunhuang County in the Tang Dynasty. The quotation is as follows: See you one month before the hospital contract, and the total principal and interest is 132720. See you one month before the contract, and the total amount of miscellaneous drugs is 952. See you one month before the contract, the total amount of things is 944, one bite, one bucket, one bucket, one basin, five buckets, one basin, two cans, three locks, one bite, one shovel, one mud, one foot, four feet with one hand, one hand, one towel, two white carpets, five seats, five collars, three plates, one side, one side. According to the documents, the hospital has a principal profit of 130.072 yuan, of which 100 yuan, 30.072 yuan, and 950 kg of miscellaneous drugs.
Four-legged beds and eight-legged beds listed in the document "2626 Hospital Doctors" should be designed for people of different ages. Four-legged beds should be used by infants and eight-legged beds should be used by middle-aged, young or old people. It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, there were people of different ages in the state and county workhouses.
The economic sources of the wards in Dunhuang County in Tang Dynasty were slightly different. First, the hospital, as the yamen of Dunhuang County, should be provided with food and sundries by the government. For example, the Book of the New Tang Dynasty has forty-nine chapters, in which there are four officials: Zuoyou Jinwuwei and Gongzhong Patrol. Beacon towers, roads and aquatic plants must obey the instructions of imperial envoys if they want to do great things. Curtains, so I think, for the patient's room. Second, the hospital used official money to lend money to generate profits, which was an important source of income for Dunhuang County Hospital in Tang Dynasty. Bo 2626 document The total assets of Chinese medicine hospital are 130 and 72p, of which the capital is 130 and the profit is 72p, which also shows that the hospital is really putting money on living to save itself.
Just like medicine, the hospitals in Dunhuang County in Tang Dynasty were government-run departments. In order to treat patients, hospitals need to be equipped with medical personnel, and Dunhuang happens to have a school specializing in training medical talents. It can be inferred that there should be several doctors from Dunhuang Medical College in the Tang Dynasty hospital. At present, there are about 30 kinds of medical prescriptions in Dunhuang literature, which involve the treatment of diseases such as internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and five senses. Some of them should be related to the ward.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were many Buddhist temples and sick workshops in Zhongzhou area. The book "Tai Ping Guang Ji", volume 95, "Quotations from Master Hong" contains: In Shaanxi, Hong took lectures as his profession, and there were often hundreds of disciples. In the city of Shaanxi, Longguang Temple was built on the vacant land, and a sick room was also built, which often kept hundreds of patients. The temple is extremely beautiful, suddenly far and near, like a cloud. I asked the master to talk about it, listened to it and said: This is really not for labor, but there are hundreds of patients in the sick workshop, waiting for their lives and often begging for food. If you continue to preach today, the world will be involved in a few years and months to prevent patients from starving to death.
Prove that there are Buddhist hospitals in Zhongzhou area. Moreover, there are hundreds of people in the hospital, and their economic source depends entirely on the temple, and the daily affairs are presided over by the Zen master.
Monks are often proficient in medicine, and Master Tan Run is a doctor. Master Tan Run is also a native of Luoyang in Biography of Monks Seeking Dharma in the Western Regions of Datang. Be good at magic and learn from metaphysics. Explore the law and play with medical knowledge. Good tolerance, extremely careful inspection. Look around at Jiang Biao, shaking for the things in his arms. There is a stone carving that records the deeds of Buddhist monks and doctors. Its epitaph is Da Desgu, a Zen master in the late Tang Dynasty: Shi taboo □□, the word □ Zhu surnamed Song, also from Luoyang. He became a monk at the age of twenty and was born in Xihua Buddhist Temple. Teacher □ Cong Nian is smart, □ Feng Min □ Qiu Dila, ten years old and five years old, □□ Shi Zuning male, who lives in Lan Ruo, a thousand townships. Better to recite Confucian books than stone calligraphy, especially to treat the living. After his death, the teacher described his behavior and carried it out in the city to show his virtue. The teacher's filial piety is also. As soon as the teacher entered the temple, the Buddhist temple was exposed and the meditation room collapsed. The teacher is determined to repair it. He is poor and has no money to use. He resigned himself, went through hardships, raised funds one by one, and rebuilt the camp. There are three bells and drums and more than ten rooms. Before and after the Buddhist temple, it is resplendent and magnificent, new and new, and all teachers. Disciple tasted it and said: If you enter an empty door, you must ask for it. For example, the Diamond Sutra says that everything is dharma, like a dream, like dew, like electricity, so look at it this way. If you can understand it from now on, why not dust it? Teachers hold scriptures all day long, cultivate their roots, attack their chanting, are good at calligraphy and painting, and are proficient in medical ethics, so their voices are far and near, and scholars admire them for a time. In other words, Lin Shuzhong Palace □□ Shi Lianyun: It is a Buddha to take medicine and live people's hearts, and it is like a god to stick a pen to make flowers. Meng gave it to teacher Taizun and said, Mother-in-law's name is a national player. Ma Chun Fu Mingfu presented a fragrant sandalwood and orange to the teacher's auditorium. She Xiangju assigned pharmacists to teachers, and the gentry in the city set obstacles for teachers. How to prepare for the master's virtue? There is no contact person in Germany, so Ann can give it a push. The so-called self-returning without seeking a name is a teacher. This teacher was born on July 24, the year of Emperor Gaozong's Xin Chou, and died on March 22, the second year of his present residence, at the age of 72. Today, I want to build a tower in the east of Fuxian Temple and in the first district of Budi. The answer is Ming: Wei's wit and wisdom. King Kong prajnaparamita, tacitly. Kindness and ingenuity are beneficial to people and heaven. Myanmar is immediate, and it is a sage before Shu. Diligence and self-help, more than 60 years. The Zen forest is neatly trimmed and resplendent. Three hearts are in harmony, and four hearts are not connected. Deng Hui repeatedly strokes, the moon is always round. The same stone will last forever.
□ Lian □ Man is a fool's words and bends the book □ Songshan Taining Shaman □ Seal Datang's three-year-old Cai Haiyan, Hai Run, Haizhu, Disciples □ Chun, Ming, Zhan □ Disciples □ Death, Silent Photo, Death □ Published Stone □ 4. In addition to official doctors, there are many private doctors in the local area. During the Tang Dynasty, poor people in rural areas could study medicine and practice medicine in rural areas. Biography of the Old Tang Dynasty: Xu Tan, a native of Yuzhou, is in his teens. His father went to the mountains to collect herbs, and was loved by wild animals. He just shouted to beat him with a stick, and all the animals ran away, and his father got all of them. Biography of Ji Fang in Old Tang Dynasty: Zhen Quan, from Fugou, Xuzhou. Taste the mother's illness, and talk to the younger brother to specialize in medicine, and get its purpose. Zhenguan eleven years, right one hundred and thirty years old. Emperor Taizong was very lucky. His family paid attention to his diet and visited his medicinal properties. He was given some clothes because he was awarded a doctor in Chao San. Write a volume of Pulse Meridian, Acupuncture Prescription and Tang Ming Body Map. His brother Li Yan also became a famous doctor in the Tang Dynasty.
The medical staff of the central and local medical institutions in the Tang Dynasty were often recruited from people with excellent medical skills. On March 15th, 12th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong, he said:' At the beginning of Zhenguan, every state set up doctors of medicine, and Kaiyuan also set up teaching assistants to try out medical skills and affirm the method of patrolling. I have a company to make up for it. Although I have a staff, I am not proficient in art and can hardly use it. It's really my worry. Appoint me to choose. From now on, there should be a shortage of doctors of medicine in the United States, so it is best to invite people with a long history to visit and choose their own tests. "Those who are good at art and have a good reputation are well-known and have been born in style, so the official department does not have to choose books." Many famous doctors in the Tang Dynasty came from the people. The brothers Zhen Quan and Zhen Liyan mentioned above entered the official career by people's doctors. Deng Siqi was also a folk doctor in the Tang Dynasty. Tang Yao Hui Volume 82: In September of Zhenyuan, a mountain of Si Qi offered clematis grass, which went out of Shangzhou to cure many diseases. In the ban on testing, it did have an effect, and it was ordered to attach a materia medica to Cheng Yi. Old Tang scroll 19 1 Ji Fang Zhang Wenzhong biography: Zhang Wenzhong, a native of Luoyang, Luozhou. Less with fellow countryman Li Ganzong and Jing Zhaoren Wei Cicang, and is famous for his medical skills. Wen Zhong, and then serve the doctor at the beginning of the day. Sun Simiao, a famous doctor in Tang Dynasty, was originally a Taoist priest and a famous folk doctor. Ji Fang Biography of Old Tang Dynasty and Tang Yao Hui's Medical Skills both describe Sun Simiao's superb medical skills. In the fourth year of Qing Dynasty, the court named Sun Simiao Chengwulang, who was directly in charge of the pharmacy.
Folk doctors can also pass the physical examination. Tang's "Medical Skills" is recorded in Volume 82, which was made on February 5th of the first year. From now on, people with medical skills will be punished by the Ming Dynasty classics. On the tenth day of the first month of the third year, Uncle Wang Zou, the chief historian of You Jinwu, said: Please choose someone with the same medical skills. From now on, every doctor has tried ten methods of medical classics: the second method of materia medica, the second method of pulse condition, the tenth method of plain question, the first method of treatise on febrile diseases by Zhang Zhongjing, and the second method of miscellaneous classics. Pass more than seven. Stay, put it down. Please contact the Food and Drug Administration, and the Department of Music and Taiji. Medicine became another way of being an official besides Ming Jing, Jin Shi, Fa Ming and Shu Ming, which promoted the popularization and development of medicine and medical education in the Tang Dynasty.
Although the Tang government devoted itself to the construction of local medical and health undertakings, due to the limitation of historical conditions, it was quite difficult for rural people in Tang Dynasty to treat diseases. People often turn to the gods and pray for blessing to destroy them. However, rural medical and health construction has also played a positive role in people's social assistance, which is worthy of recognition.