1, water. Different fruit trees have different requirements on the pH value of water, generally 6.5 ~ 7 is appropriate, and ferrous sulfate can be used to correct it. The temperature difference between water temperature and soil should not exceed 5℃. Watering in the growing season should be carried out before 10 in the morning or after 4 pm. Water it every day on sunny days in summer 1 time. If the soil is dry, water 1 time on the same day. Water 1 time every day in spring and autumn, and water 1 time every 2 ~ 5 days in early spring and late autumn; Control watering in winter.

2. Fertilize. Because there are trees, one day, and thin soil, we should be diligent. Trees with strong fertilizer tolerance, large growth and many fruits should be fertilized more, otherwise they should be fertilized less; No fertilization during dormancy; Fertilize more when the fertilizer content in the pot soil is low or the pot turning time is long, and fertilize less when the fertilizer content in the pot soil is high.

3, in the case of no freezing injury in winter, generally do not overwinter indoors, let it naturally overwinter and sleep outdoors. In order to prevent freezing injury, you can water the soil once before freezing, and then wrap the whole container with straw bags to prevent cold, or you can bury it in a ditch.

First, bonsai production

1. Spring watering can promote the growth of new buds for about one month. When the branches are not lignified, make water to make potted kumquat, that is, dry it. It is appropriate to roll leaves, but wait until the midvein is handed over. If it is severely curled, it will produce defoliation. Then spray water on the leaves for 3-4 times every day from 1 1 to 17 to make the leaves moist, open them and then dehydrate and curl them. After a week, observe the axillary buds of the branches. If the axillary bud expands and becomes a light green round-headed protrusion, it means that it has become a flower bud, and the treatment of urinating and promoting flowers can be ended. After a few days, normal fertilizer and water management can be carried out.

2. Pruning technology: in early March, the potted kumquat was pruned once, all the fruits were pruned, only 4-5 main branches were reserved, and the seeds were picked once when the leaves of 10 germinated, so as to promote the germination of new branches. Branches that grow in summer can become fruiting branches, and branches that grow in autumn should be cut off. After fruiting, the newly grown branches should also be smoothed to avoid competing with the fruits for nutrients. Generally, 2 ~ 3 fruits should be left in one branch, and the flowers and fruits should be thinned appropriately to make the fruits uniform in size.

3. Ring cutting promotes the cutting time of the garland according to the growth potential of kumquat. In summer, sprouted branches grow for about 25 days. Usually cut a circle. After cutting, control the water without rolling the leaves. The leaves turn yellow after half a month, and flower buds will form after 20 days. Ring cutting is only suitable for leafy trees, not leafy trees.

4. Spraying gibberellin 20mg/L or 2.4-D 10mg/L+0.3% urea after perennial plant regulator "Guobao Kumquat" is beneficial to fruit setting. Spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate +40mg/L anticonvulsant at young fruit stage is beneficial to the development of young fruit. 0.3% urea +2.4mg/L-D20mg/L can be sprayed in the strong fruit stage.

5. Fertilizer and water management: water every 2-3 days in spring and autumn, and water every day on sunny days in summer. Topdressing compound fertilizer with nitrogen fertilizer as the main component before germination. Apply nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer after the results, but not too much nitrogen fertilizer. After the results, based on the principle that the soil in the basin is not dry or watered, it should be thoroughly watered, and then' alum fertilizer water' or cake retting fertilizer containing phosphorus and calcium should be poured. In the summer shoot growth period, if the soil moisture is too large, it will cause flowers and fruits to fall. Don't be too dry in the basin. During fruit hanging, if there is too much water, the fruit will also drop.

Second, pot fertilization.

Generally, fertilizer should be applied every 7 ~ 10 days, and the concentration should not exceed 3/ 100. When the bud blooms, we should pay attention to applying sufficient phosphate fertilizer to facilitate fruit setting.

Proper watering should be controlled during flower bud differentiation, only when the upper tender leaves are slightly wilted, so as to control the excessive vegetative growth of plants and promote flower bud differentiation. After the flower bud differentiation is completed, the watering amount should be gradually restored. It is not advisable to water during flowering and fruit setting, and then water normally after the fruit is stable, but no water can be accumulated in the basin to avoid fruit dropping. Because the root system of potted kumquat is inhibited, although there is no shortage of nutrients in the pot, the supply of nutrients to the plant by the root system is still limited, and fruit drop is inevitable. It is better to take the initiative to thin flowers and fruits and save nutrition. How much fruit to leave depends on the specific situation. Generally in the same axil, sometimes 2-8 flower buds are produced, and one can be left; Leave 2 ~ 8 buds per branch, 1 ~ 2 fruits. Picking and pruning the tender branches of kumquat many times a year can form flower buds, which can be used as a heart when the spring shoots grow to 5-6 leaves, and promote the differentiation of flower buds, blossom more and bear more fruits. Prune the spring shoots once before they germinate, so that the sprouted branches are strong and in good shape. Avoid spraying water during flowering to prevent it from raining, and don't spray water on blooming flowers, which is not conducive to pollination and is easy to cause rotten flowers. Avoid lack of light kumquat likes a warm, humid and sunny environment. If it is placed in a place with insufficient sunlight indoors for a long time, the plant will grow weakly, which will affect the differentiation and fruiting of flower buds. It is forbidden to dig out alkaline kumquat and prefer acidic soil. Potted plants in the north can be watered once a week, or topdressing with potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or fertilizing with 200-250 times vinegar water every week, which is beneficial to dark green leaves, lush growth and more fruits.

Third, the management of changing pots

Kumquat, also known as kumquat, is an evergreen shrub of Rutaceae, which is native to Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang and other places in southern China. Kumquat blooms in early summer and matures in late autumn. It is a potted flower that combines flower appreciation and fruit appreciation.

Kumquat is usually changed once every three years. Potted kumquat should be changed before flowering. Knock the plants out of the pot first and cut off the roots with scissors. The size of the new flowerpot depends on the growth of the plant. If you grow well, you should choose a big pot, and the bottom of the pot should be drained with broken pots. After a layer of soil, put a few horseshoes, another layer of soil, and then put plants on the soil. The culture soil should be neutral, rich in humus, loose and fertile, well drained, compacted while filling the soil, and finally watered once and placed in a cool place.

It is best to apply decomposed organic fertilizer to kumquat once when changing pots. In summer, kumquat should be applied with dilute liquid fertilizer two or three times. Apply thin fertilizer every half month after flowers wither, apply some compound fertilizer and add phosphorus and boron fertilizer after fruit is shaped to promote fruit development and enrichment. It is best to apply liquid fertilizer to kumquat, which can be applied every 7 days after leaving the room in spring and before budding (from mid-April to early June), with the flowering period suspended and once every 10 day from the beginning of July to the end of September. It is best to apply kumquat with liquid water mixed with sesame sauce residue and horseshoe slices, which can make the plants grow vigorously, the fruits are large and the colors are bright.

Kumquat likes wet, but is afraid of waterlogging. Water kumquat, from leaving the house in spring to blooming in early summer, every three or four days to keep the soil moist. Summer after the young fruit period is hot, so you can water it once a day. Avoid getting wet in rainy days. If caught in the rain, pour out the water in the basin in time. In autumn, with the decrease of temperature, the transpiration of plants will also decrease, and the number and quantity of watering will also decrease, which can be watered once every four days. When the water quantity is too large, the roots of plants will rot easily; Water can be poured indoors every seven days in winter.

Kumquat likes light, but is afraid of strong light. Too strong light burns leaves easily. In summer, it needs to be kept under a shade shed. Especially at noon, it is necessary to avoid direct glare, so that it can be exposed to the sun before 9 am and after 5 pm. In early autumn, it should block 30% of the light, and in late autumn and winter, it should be placed in a sunny place indoors to fully accept the light. When the temperature is lower than 10℃ in late autumn, it should be moved indoors in time, and the room temperature should be kept at 6- 12℃ in winter. If the temperature is too low, it will be easily damaged by freezing, while if it is too high, it will affect the dormancy of plants, which is not conducive to flowering and fruiting in the coming year. After the Tomb-Sweeping Day in spring, you can properly open the window for ventilation, so that it can gradually adapt to the outdoor temperature, and you can leave the room after the Grain Rain Festival.

Potted maintenance of kumquat

1, growing habits

Kumquat, alias Luofu, Golden Jujube, Long Kumquat, Milk Kumquat, Jujube Orange, etc. , belong to rutaceae and kumquat evergreen shrubs or small trees. Originated in the south of China, it is widely distributed in the provinces south of the Yangtze River Basin. Kumquat is about 1-3 meters high, with many branches and generally no thorns. Leaf blade lanceolate to oblong, 5-9 cm long and 2-3 cm wide, entire or without obvious serrations, bright dark green on the surface, turquoise on the back, with scattered glandular spots; The petiole has narrow wings and joints at the joint with the petiole. Flowering from June to August, single flowers or 2-3 flowers gather in the axils of leaves, which are white and fragrant. The fruit is oblong or ovoid, 2.5-3.5 cm long, golden yellow when it matures in February, fleshy, with thick and smooth skin, many glandular spots and fragrance. Kumquat likes warm, humid and sunny environment, which is cold-resistant, drought-resistant and slightly shade-tolerant. It needs deep, fertile and well-drained acidic sandy loam. Kumquat is propagated by grafting method, with annual orange or lime as rootstock and annual stout spring shoot as scion, which is used in conjunction with cutting, and leaves are cut off and petioles are left.

2. Grafting method

Grafting branches, using cutting method in March-April; Bud grafting is carried out from June to September; Docking is carried out in June, which is often used in potted plants. Transplanting can be carried out in the second year after grafting and before germination, with more soil. Potted kumquat, as long as it is moved indoors in cold weather, can generally survive the winter safely, and the room temperature should not be too high, otherwise it will lead to a decline in growth. Every 1-2 years, go out in spring to change the soil, put it in the shade for half a month after changing the soil, and then cultivate it in the sun. Kumquat should be pruned reasonably in February-March, cutting off dense branches, sparse branches, overlapping branches, drooping branches and diseased branches. Strong branches don't need to be cut, long branches should be started, and old branches should be cut short to update them. After pruning, the branches should be messy and maintain a considerable density in order to form a good round crown. New shoots appear in July and autumn, and the new shoots that are too dense and affect the tree shape should be pulled out in time. Water and fertilizer management should be appropriate. If the leaves are yellow and may be too wet, immediately "withhold water"; If the leaves are dry, they should be replenished with water immediately. In order to achieve the purpose of fruit viewing, it is necessary to appropriately increase the application amount of phosphate fertilizer. In the process of maintenance, we should also pay attention to sun protection. If the flowerpot faces south, it still needs to face south after moving, and the light cannot be disturbed, otherwise the tree will not flourish. The main pests and diseases of kumquat are canker, scab, yellow butterfly, white butterfly, red spider, liriomyza sativae, rust tick, orange aphid and Anoplophora alternata. Should be prevented in time. Kumquat tree is elegant, fragrant and exquisite. They are planted under the windows of the courtyard, or gathered in the bushes of the lawn to add color to the depressed winter. It has a strong resistance to carbon dioxide and can also be used as a plant greening tree species. Kumquat fruits and flowers can regulate qi and relieve depression, remove blood stasis and sober up. Roots used as medicine have the functions of promoting qi circulation, resolving phlegm and resolving hard mass.

3, pruning points

Citrus is the smallest of citrus fruit trees, and its crown is also very small. The crown is round, the branches are thin and dense, and there are many external branches, which are easy to cross and cause the crown periphery to be covered and the inner cavity to be empty. Kumquat/kloc-0 can shoot 3 ~ 4 times a year, and spring shoots and summer shoots are good fruiting mother branches, especially spring shoots. Flowers bloom 2-3 times a year.

Young trees: Young kumquat trees should be lightly cut. Generally, only long branches, dead branches, pest branches and sprouting branches are cut off.

Old branches: After kumquat enters the full fruit stage, the old branches outside the crown can be cut off from the base to restore the tree shape.

Green branches: the new shoots of kumquat are generally not long at full fruit stage, except for long branches. Some grow 2-3 branches of different lengths at the same position at the top. For this kind of branches at the same level, we can use the method of removing the strong and retaining the weak, and delete some of them. Soft branches that have not reached lignification in winter can be cut off from the base.

Legging: How long is the legging branch of kumquat on the main branch, which can exceed 1 meter long and has thorns. Long branches are often exposed in the middle and lower parts, and the top of branches at 1/3 often germinates into broom branches, which not only disturbs the tree shape, but also covers other branches. Long branches should be cut off from the base, except for the part that must be reserved to supplement the crown vacancy, it is best to erase them in time when the buds or branches are young, so as not to consume nutrients.

Results: The fruiting branches of Kumquat are still green and robust because of the developed conduction tissue, and the short branches need not be cut, and the dense and weak branches can be thinned out.

Dead branches: Such branches should taper from the base. Dense transverse branches are thinly cut around the branches, and those with vacancies can be appropriately retracted.

Disease control of kumquat

I. Disease control

1, ulcer disease

(1) harms leaves, branches and fruits, resulting in fruit dropping. At first, there are small yellow spots on the back of leaves, and then it gradually expands into a nearly round shape, with bumps on both sides, rough lignification and cracks in the center, and finally it is taupe-like ulcer with yellow halo around it. In severe cases, it causes defoliation, and the pathogen of ulcer spreads with wind and rain, which is most serious at 20-30℃ and when the climate is humid.

② Preventive measures:

(1) Rational fertilization: prevent new leaves from growing too fast and enhance disease resistance.

(2) Drug control: firstly, 0.25 kg of copper sulfate, 0.5 kg of quicklime and 50 kg of water are used to prepare Bordeaux spray. Second, spray mancozeb 600 times.

(3) 600 times of antibacterial agent (i.e. 12.5 kg water, 20 ml spray). Four, spraying 800 thousand units of medical streptomycin (that is, a small bag of water about 100kg).

2. Anthrax

① Harmful symptoms: Anthracnose is slightly harmful to leaves, branches and fruits, and in severe cases, branches are slightly dried up and fruit is dropped. This kind of injury will lead to the fall of branches and leaves, and in severe cases, the whole plant will dry up. This disease is very common in kumquat base.

② Preventive measures:

(1) Strengthen cultivation management, enhance tree vigor, apply more organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, do a good job of loosening soil and weeding in orange orchards, and maintain moderate humidity and dryness.

(2) Remove diseased leaves and branches.

(3) Use 5% mancozeb 500-800 times. Or spray 600 times. /kloc-spray once a day on 0/0, and take medicine twice in a row.

3, pest control

The adult is 30 mm long, with a wing length of 100 mm, yellow-green, and a wide black longitudinal stripe on the back. There are six wings in front and six in the back. The egg is spherical, with a diameter of 1mm, yellow and white. Larvae feed on new leaves and buds, which is easy to cause kumquat leaves to be scratched or bitten.

Treatment of this insect: Spraying 50% chlorpyrifos 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos 1000 times in the larval stage to kill the pupae outside the branches.