In the past 20 years, my country has promoted improved spindle-shaped, free-spindle and fine spindle-shaped tree shapes in short-stock, wide-row densely planted orchards. However, these three tree shapes are technically difficult and time-consuming and labor-intensive to shape. , high production costs. The tall spindle-shaped tree has a simple structure, simplifies shaping and pruning, saves labor and labor, and is easy to promote and apply.

(1) Suitable for density and tree shape advantages

The tree shape shaping and pruning method of high spindle-shaped apple trees is suitable for orchards with a planting density of 100 to 180 trees per mu.

The entire tree is in a tall and thin spindle shape, with strong fruiting ability. Small main branches are spirally distributed along the central trunk. There are no large main branches. The light is sufficient, the light energy utilization rate is high, and the lighting conditions inside the crown are good. Excellent; the fruiting branches are directly left on the small main branches without leaving the fruiting branch group. The fruits inside and outside the crown are neatly sized and of consistent fruit quality, and the high-quality fruit rate is extremely high.

(2) Tree structure characteristics

The overall tree shape is in the shape of a tall and thin spindle, and the crown is small and tall after forming. Among them, the average crown width of the upper and lower parts of the tree crown is 2 meters, the tree height is 3.5 to 4.0 meters, and the main trunk is 0.8 to 0.9 meters high. There are 30 to 50 spirally arranged small main branches on the central leading trunk, and the fruiting branches are directly attached to the small main branches. On the branches (long, medium and short branches are distributed on the fruiting branches), the average length of the small main branches is 1 meter, the average angle with the central trunk is 115°, and the upper and lower distance between the small main branches on the same side is 0.25 meters. Among them, the small main branches in the lower part of the crown are 1.2 meters long, and the angle between them and the central trunk is 100°-110°; the small main branches in the middle part of the crown are 1.0 meters long, and the angle between them and the central trunk is 110°-120°; The small main branches are 0.8 meters long, and the angle with the central trunk is 120°~130°. The ratio of the thickness of the central leading trunk to the base of the main branch at the same location is (5-7):1. After forming, the tall spindle-shaped apple trees will have 800 to 900 branches per tree in autumn, and the ratio of long, medium and short branches is 1:1:8.

(3) Plastic pruning technology

①Drying and pruning in the first year: If 2-year-old seedlings are used, dry them at the full buds before germination after planting, and then use Use wooden poles or bamboo poles to straighten the seedlings so that they grow straight; when the length of the side branches is 25 to 30 centimeters, the angle between them and the central stem is 90° to 110°.

If you use 3-year-old seedlings, do not set the stem or lightly tip the stem when planting, and remove branches with a length of more than 50 cm on the trunk; also use wooden poles or bamboo poles to straighten the seedlings to make them grow straight.

The sprouting branches between the seedling stems from the ground to 80 cm are thinned out, and the above ones are retained. Branches with a distance less than 25 cm from top to bottom on the same side are thinned out.

During winter pruning, thin out the strong new shoots sprouting from the central trunk. When thinning out, leave short stakes of 1 cm to allow the whorl buds to promote weak branches, and retain weak branches within 30 cm in length.

②Pruning in the second year: In the spring of the second year, carve buds or apply chemicals (Zhizhibao or Hairizin) on the insufficient branches of the central trunk to promote branching. In the early stage of leaf expansion, Cut off the terminal buds of the remaining branches to slow down the growth of the branches.

The sprouting branches that sprout from the seedling stem between the ground and 80 cm should be thinned out, and the new branches with a distance of less than 20 cm from the top to the bottom on the same side should be thinned out. When flowering branches appear, all inflorescences should be thinned out and the fruit base should be retained. The branch angles are adjusted according to the requirements of different parts of the crown.

When pruning in winter, thin out the strong new shoots from the central trunk that year. When thinning out, leave short stakes of 1 cm to allow the buds to promote the growth of weak branches. Keep the shoots within 50 cm on the middle trunk. Weak branches.

③Pruning in the third year: The spring and summer pruning in the third year is the same as in the second year. The angle of the branches should be emphasized. The angles of the branches should be pulled according to the requirements of different parts of the crown.

When pruning in winter, thin out the strong new shoots from the current year on the main trunk. When thinning out, leave short stakes of 1 cm, and retain the small main branches with a length of less than 50 cm on the central trunk; Keep a distance of 25 cm between the small main branches on the side.

④Pruning in the 4th year: Pruning in the spring and summer of the 4th year is the same as in the 3rd year, but flowers and fruits need to be thinned on flowering plants in spring, and the yield per mu is controlled at 500 to 1,000 kilograms.

When pruning in winter, keep the small main branches from the central trunk and keep a distance of 25 cm between the small main branches on the same side.

⑤ Renewal and pruning after forming: As the tree ages, remove the overly long branches growing on the central trunk. Among them, those with a thickness exceeding 3 cm must be removed in time. Small main branches in the lower part of the crown that are longer than 1.2 meters must also be thinned out, and branches that are not at an angle of 100° to 110° with the central trunk must be adjusted; small main branches in the middle of the crown that are longer than 1.0 meters must also be removed For thinning, branches should be adjusted if the angle between the central trunk and the central trunk is not between 110° and 120°; small main branches in the upper part of the crown that are longer than 0.8 meters must also be thinned out, and when the angle between the central trunk and the central trunk is not between 120° and 120°, the branches should be thinned out. 130° needs to be adjusted by pulling the branches.

Ensure that the small main branches that are 5 to 6 years old are rotated year by year. Excessive branches on the central trunk are removed in time, and the growing and drooping fruiting branches on the main branches are retracted, and the rejuvenated fruiting branches are renewed to ensure the fruiting branches. Rotate once every 4 to 5 years; in order to ensure branch renewal, small stakes of 1 cm should be left when removing large branches in the middle and lower parts of the central trunk to promote preparation of branches. However, remove the upper branches without leaving piles to prevent excessive growth of branches.

(4) Precautions

① The pruning method for tall spindle-shaped trees is simple. Except for the central trunk, which is lightly shortened every winter, other branches are not headed. Just pull the branches. When the thickness of the branches exceeds 3 cm, they are promptly thinned out, and new branches only need to be cultivated, and the method of rotation while cultivating is used for renewal and rejuvenation.

②After forming, rotate the weak branches at the top of the central trunk every year, keep the weak branches at the top of the middle trunk as the head, and maintain 4% to 5% of the upright branches at the top of the crown.

③ The tree shape pruning of tall spindle-shaped apple trees requires that the tree height after pruning in the first year should be 2 to 2.5 meters; in the second year after pruning, the tree height should be 2.8 to 3.3 meters; in the fourth year After annual pruning, the tree height is 3.5 to 4.0 meters, with 30 to 50 small main branches left. The fruit tree enters the early fruiting period; in the 7th to 8th year, the fruit tree enters the full fruiting period.

④ 15 days before budding from mid-March to early April, carve a bud every 3 to 5 buds on the central stem; every year, carve buds on both sides of the annual small main branch every 3 to 5 buds. Five buds can be used to carve one bud, but the back and lower back buds cannot be carved. Even the lower back and back buds that grow naturally must be thinned out or their growth controlled.

⑤ Reasonable intercropping and strengthening fertilizer and water management and comprehensive pest and disease control are particularly important. Because high spindles form quickly and bear fruit early, intercropping is not recommended in orchards after planting. If intercropping is required, low-stem crops can be intercropped within 1 to 2 years, and intercropping is not allowed after 3 years. Dwarf-stocked orchards with dense plantings have higher requirements for fertilizer and water, so water should be watered in time before and after fertilization on the water surface. After a large number of fruits are produced in short-stock or tall spindle-shaped orchards, the tree body is prone to premature aging. It is necessary to apply more organic and inorganic compound fertilizers such as Mumeitulijia Haowei and Dasanyuan, plus Rongchang silicon calcium magnesium potassium fertilizer and Lande soil conditioner. etc. to enhance tree vigor and prevent premature aging. High spindle-shaped orchards have better lighting conditions, and spraying management is more convenient. Attention should be paid to comprehensive pest control, protecting leaves, and reducing the damage of branch ring disease and rot. Pesticides such as Kangbao), Nongkang 120, Tianda 2116, and foliar fertilizers should be used alternately.