1. Environmental conditions of muscat grape producing areas

1. 1. Selection of producing area The producing area of muscat grape should be an agricultural producing area with good ecological conditions, far away from various pollution sources and sustainable production capacity.

1.2, air quality of producing area. The air quality of pollution-free rose grape producing areas should comply with the provisions of table 1.

1.3, irrigation water quality of farmland in producing area

Irrigation water quality of farmland in muscat grape producing areas should meet the requirements in Table 2.

2. Cultivation techniques of muscat grape.

2. 1, seedling planting

2. 1. 1

Seedling planting time: Grape planting in Daxing area of Beijing adopts spring planting, usually from March to early April. Planting nutrition bag seedlings in early May.

2. 1.2

Rack and planting density: Rose-scented grapes are planted in hedges or sheds. The row spacing of hedge cultivation is 2.5m, and the plant spacing is1~1.5m. The row spacing of shed cultivation is 4m. The plant spacing is 0.8 ~1.0m. ..

2. 1.3

Planting method: planting ditches can be dug in the north-south direction according to the row spacing, and planting ditches can be dug in the east-west direction for shed cultivation. The planting ditch is 80 cm wide and 80 cm deep. The ditch is filled with straw, decomposed organic fertilizer and topsoil. Before planting, soak the roots of seedlings in clear water for 10- 12 hours, and cut off the long, thin and damaged roots. Then soak the roots with ABT rooting powder or NAA NAA NAA NAA NAA solution. Then plant according to the row spacing, and the planting depth shall be based on the level of the roots and necks of the seedlings with the ground. When planting, the roots should be evenly distributed. When the soil is half filled, gently lift the seedlings, then carefully fill the soil, flush with the ground, then be practical and finally irrigate. After water seepage, cover with soil or film.

2.2

Shaping and pruning

2.2. 1 shaping: single vine or less main vine fan-shaped shaping should be adopted for rose grape hedge cultivation, and single main vine should be adopted for shed cultivation.

(1) single vine shaping of hedge frame

There is only one main vine left in each plant. In the year of planting, when the plant grows to about 0.8 meters, the stone is removed to promote the growth of branches. When the plant height reaches 1.6 ~ 1.8 m, the second coring is carried out, and the head is cut off by 0.

4-0.5 meters long, and the incision thickness is more than 8 mm. As a result of the mother branch culture, the incision thickness of the secondary branch is 8 mm. Pruning is still carried out according to this standard in the second year, and it is basically formed in the third year after planting. On the mother branch of the main vine, the spacing of fruiting branches is kept at about 0.2m, and there are 5-7 fruiting branches per plant, and the yield per 667m2 (mu) in the full fruit-bearing period is controlled at 1500- 1750kg.

⑵ Double-vine shaping on the hedge frame: 2 main vines are cultivated per plant, and the method is the same as above. When cutting in winter, the cutting thickness is about 8 mm. In the second year, 2-3 fruiting branches are cultivated on each main vine, and 5-6 branches are left on the extended head.

In the third year, 6-8 fruiting branches are planted per plant, and the fruits are in full bloom in the third year, and the yield per 667m2 (mu) is controlled at 1500- 1750kg.

(3) The shed is shaped with a long stem and with a single long stem; Each plant keeps a main vine as the trunk, and a branch group is cultivated every 20 cm on the trunk to form a dragon claw, which is the main fruiting unit. The yield per 667m2 (mu) should be controlled at around 1750kg.

2.2.2 Pruning 2.2.2. 1 Summer Pruning

(1) Bud smearing: It should be carried out after bud germination in the middle and late April, and pre-buds, weak buds, hidden buds, buds and over-dense buds should be erased.

(2) Fixed branches: When the new shoots are 0.3m long and the inflorescence condition can be clearly distinguished, the branches that are too dense, too many and too thin will be removed according to the plant load requirements.

(3) Picking: It should be carried out about one week before flowering, and the picking intensity is to leave 5-7 leaves above the inflorescence for picking. For heavier fallen flowers and fruits, the picking intensity can be appropriately increased, and only 3-4 leaves are left for picking.

(4) Prompt the vice:

Results After the treatment of shoot tips and secondary branches, all the secondary branches in the ear were removed, and 1-2 leaves were left on the ear for coring, only the top 1-2 secondary branches were left for repeated coring, and the rest were removed. All the attached branches on the vegetative branches have two leaves for coring. Keep only the top 1-2 quadratic quadratic sharp, remove the core repeatedly, and remove the rest.

(5) Sparse inflorescence, pinch spike: before flowering and after inflorescence spreading, pinch off the top of inflorescence 1/5- 1/4, and at the same time remove the secondary panicle, and properly remove some inflorescences that are too dense and too small to make the inflorescence neat and compact.

Pruning Muscat Grapes in 2.2.2.2 in winter adopts mixed pruning of short and medium branches, generally 4-6 buds are cut off from the extended branches and 3-4 buds are cut off from the fruiting branches.

2-3 buds are reserved for each mu, and 3500-3800 fruiting branches are reserved. Update and prune perennial branches and vines in time.

2.2.3

When the fruit grains reach the size of soybean grains, the ear is completed, and the ear is placed on the shelf surface to remove small grains, pests and abnormal grains, so that the ear size is moderate and the fruit grains are evenly distributed.

bagging

Spraying carbendazim or other fungicides on the ear after the ear is cut, and then bagging. Care should be taken to prevent the ear from being damaged when bagging the rose fragrance with special fruit bags for grapes. After bagging, remove the fruit bag before harvest 10 day to promote coloring. Pruning in summer, leaving two ears on each strong branch, only one ear on the medium branch and no ear on the weak branch. The leaf-fruit ratio of the whole plant is kept at about 25: 1.

2.3

Fertilizing pollution-free vineyards mainly use organic fertilizer, with little or no chemical fertilizer, and ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride are strictly prohibited. In the early stage of growth, nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer.

Spraying boron fertilizer at flowering stage, adding phosphorus, potassium, calcium fertilizer and multi-element compound fertilizer at middle and late stage. (See Appendix for common topdressing outside grape roots). In order to prevent the occurrence of ear tank disease, it is necessary to properly control the yield and the application of nitrogen fertilizer, and increase the application of phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and trace fertilizer.

2.3 ... 1 base fertilizer should be harvested immediately after the autumn fruit, and the depth should be 0.3-0.4 at a distance of 0.5m from the planting line.

Bury 3000-4000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer in the fertilizing ditch, and add 100 kg of calcium superphosphate and 50 kg of potassium sulfate. #p# header #e#

top application

(1) Germination accelerating fertilizer:

In the first half of April, fully decomposed organic fertilizer is applied before germination, or urea 15-20kg and diammonium phosphate 30-40kg are applied every 667m2 (mu). If the base fertilizer is sufficient, this fertilization can be omitted.

(2) Flower-forcing fertilizer: Before flowering, apply urea 15-20kg or diammonium phosphate 20-30 every 667m2 (mu).

Kilogram. Spraying 0.3 ~ 0.5% boric acid or borax solution at the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage respectively.

(3) Fruit-promoting fertilizer:

Apply fully decomposed organic fertilizer or urea 15 kg and diammonium phosphate 30-40 kg (mu) during the expansion period of grape berries.

(4) ripening fertilizer:

Spraying fertilizer on the leaves of grape berries before and after coloring, spraying 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution outside the roots every 7 days or 3-4 times, or spraying a variety of compound fertilizers containing phosphorus, potassium and calcium. Spraying 0.5% calcium amino acid or calcium acetate for storage is beneficial to fresh storage.

2.4 Irrigation and drainage

(1) Irrigation: combine germination accelerating fertilizer, strip accelerating fertilizer and fruit promoting fertilizer, fertilize the fruits after harvesting, irrigate them once each, and conduct sufficient winter irrigation before soil freezing. Irrigation should be strictly controlled at flowering stage and one month before fruit ripening to ensure flowering and fruit setting and normal fruit ripening.

⑵ Drainage: The groundwater level in vineyards is usually controlled below 0.8m, and attention should be paid to drainage in rainy season to control the groundwater level below 0.6m.. ..

2.5 Soil management

2.5. 1

Deep ploughing in autumn and winter: after the fruit is harvested every year, deep ploughing is carried out at a distance of 40 ~ 50 cm from the main vine with a depth of 30 ~ 40 cm.

2.5.2

During the growing period, intertillage weeding should be carried out after each irrigation and after rain.

2.5.3 Vineyard Intercropping: Low-stalk crops such as green manure, beans and vegetables can be intercropped between rows of one-year and two-year nurseries. Intercropping between mature orchards is not allowed. You can't interplant tall crops between rows.

3, fruit harvesting and grading

3. 1

Fruit harvesting: After the fruit is fully ripe, determine the appropriate harvesting time according to the different uses of grapes (fresh food, storage, wine making, etc.). ). Grapes are generally harvested from the beginning of September to the beginning of 10 when the fruits are fully mature and the variety characteristics are fully displayed. The harvest time is in the morning and evening, when the temperature is cool. Care should be taken when harvesting to minimize mechanical damage. When harvesting, the diseased and small grains should be cut off, stored in different grades and packaged.

4. Pest control of rose grapes

Rose fragrance has poor disease resistance, so we should attach great importance to the prevention of pests and diseases in cultivation, give priority to prevention, and comprehensively control various pests and physiological diseases as soon as possible.

4. 1, disease diagnosis

Infectious diseases are mainly fungal infections,

The surface of the affected part is covered with mildew spots and powder, and the main symptoms are decay, discoloration, necrosis and wilting.

Sterile nuclei, hyphae, molds and powders in the affected parts of physiological diseases,

The common symptoms are discoloration, wilting, necrosis, weak growth potential and so on.

4.2

Prevention and treatment of several major diseases

4.2. 1, grape downy mildew

Symptoms: It mainly harms leaves. After getting sick, translucent oil-soaked yellow spots appeared on the leaves. Flake off-white toner grow on that back of leaves,

In severe cases, the whole leaf withered and died.

Regularity of onset: generally, the onset begins in June and July, and the onset is the most serious in August and September. Low temperature and rainy weather are more conducive to the occurrence of diseases and spread rapidly.

Chemical control: spray 200 times lime and half a quantity of Bordeaux solution, 600 times Kebao or 800 times Sheng Da M-45(80% wettable powder) every 7- 10 days before onset. At the onset, 400 times solution of Encore, flumorph, cymoxanil manganese zinc or 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc and 600-800% Durex can be sprayed.

Double solution or 25% metalaxyl 500-600 times solution, 300 times ethyl phosphate and other pesticides for treatment.

4.2.2, grape powdery mildew

Symptoms: It will hurt leaves, new buds and fruits. When the leaves are damaged, gray mildew spots appear on the surface, and white powder grows on them; Fruit grains are similar to leaves when damaged,

Wipe off the botrytis cinerea, and there are brown filiform lines on the peel. The damaged fruit is hard and easy to crack, which seriously affects the yield.

Regularity of onset: onset in late June, 8, 9

The incidence of berry ripening is the highest in May.

Chemical control: Spraying 5-degree sulfur mixed solution before germination, spraying 0.2-degree sulfur mixed solution 2-3 times or 15% triadimefon 1500 times, or spraying 50% sulfur suspending agent 200-500 times, and spraying fresh (62.5%).

Wettable powder) 600-800 times.

4.2.3, grape anthracnose

Symptoms: mainly harmful to fruits, early onset,

Brown stripes of water stains appear on the fruit, and the affected parts are sunken, gradually producing small black spots and pink mucus. When the fruit is close to maturity, the disease develops rapidly.

Regularity of onset: Generally, it occurs from late June to early July, approaching maturity, and it is prevalent in hot and rainy weather. Spraying 600 times of Cobb solution, 600-800 times of manganese-zinc anthrax solution or 75% chlorothalonil on fruiting mother branches, vines and young fruits from late May to early June,

800- 1000 times sulfur suspension has good effect.

4.2.4, grape white rot

Symptoms: When the fruit ear is sick, light brown waterlogging spots will first appear on the ear axis or the stalk axis of the fruit, which will spread to the fruit after 3-5 days, making the fruit discolored and soft rot fall off. When the leaves get sick, they first get sick from the water hole at the edge of the leaves, showing a V-shaped lesion, like being scalded by boiling water, and in severe cases, the leaves die.

Regularity of onset: August-September is the peak of onset, and it is serious in rainy years and after hail and strong winds, which can lead to infertility.

Chemical control: the incubation period begins in June, and the key period for control is from flowering to fruit setting to ear sealing. In case of rainstorm and hail, spray immediately after 10 hour. Under normal circumstances, 10- 15 is sprayed once a day, ***3-5 times. 600 times of Kebao, thiram, 1000 times of 50% carbendazim, 1000 times of 70% thiophanate methyl and 800 times of fresh (62.25% wettable powder) can be selected as drugs, and flusilazole or diniconazole should be sprayed in time for treatment at the initial stage of onset. #p# header #e#

4.2.5, grape black pox disease

Symptoms: round red spots appear on young branches, young fruits and young leaves, and then they are spindle-shaped. The diseased spots on the fruit are sunken, which makes the fruit hard, deformed and unable to mature.

Regularity of onset: onset began in early June, and the onset was the heaviest in the first half of July, and the disease developed rapidly when it was rainy.

Chemical control: Spraying 5-degree lime-sulfur mixture before germination after excavation in spring,

Spray Bordeaux solution or Sheng Da M-45 before or after flowering, or spray 800- 1000 times solution of diniconazole, Shigao, Menling and 40% carbendazim or 800 times solution of fresh (62.25% wettable powder) at the early stage of onset.

4.2.6

Water tank disease

Water tank disease is a physiological disease that often occurs on the fragrance of roses, which is mainly manifested in the softening and discoloration of the ear tip, the separation of peel and pulp, and the formation of acid water in the fruit before coloring. The main ways to control Nepenthes diseases are to strengthen management, strictly control the yield per plant, control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the amount of phosphorus, potassium and calcium fertilizer.

4.3

Control of main pests

Grape pests mainly include mites, crustaceans and scarabs.

Control of grape pests. The control of grape diseases and insect pests should be combined with disease control. Pesticides are mainly used to control grape pests.

Several common mites and pests:

4.3. 1

Grape felt disease

Symptoms: Felt disease is caused by a tiny tick invisible to the naked eye, parasitic on the back of leaves. There are many shallow pits with a depth of 1 mm on the back of the damaged leaves, which contain fuzz and turn into a blanket-like brown with the aggravation of the disease.

Occurrence regularity: It can occur from the stage of grape leaf spreading to defoliation, but the incidence rate in the early stage is heavier.

Chemical control: after the grapes are unearthed, spray them 3-5 times during the bud expansion period.

Dose-sulfur mixture, spraying 0.2-0.3 degree sulfur mixture or pyridaben, nisolone and other drugs during the onset period, the control effect is good.

4.3.2

Grape leafhopper and grape leafhopper (alias floating dust) belong to Homoptera, Cicadellidae.

Danger: adults and larvae gather on the back of leaves to suck leaf juice,

It starts from the old leaves at the roots of branches and vines and gradually spreads to the upper leaves. Generally, young leaves are not harmed, and green and white spots appear on the leaves. In severe cases, all leaves lose their green color, leading to early defoliation. It happens every year.

After 3-4 generations, grapes may be harmed during the whole growth period. Adults are in dead leaves,

Weeds overwinter outdoors.

Prevention and control: strengthen management, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, clean up fallen leaves and weeds in the garden after autumn, burn them thoroughly, and reduce the source of overwintering insects.

Pesticide control: spraying contact pesticides in larval stage, such as 4000 times killing and 4000-5000 times killing.

4.3.3

Short beard mite of grape (alias: red spider of grape)

It belongs to Tetranychioidea, Lepidoptera, Lepidoptera.

Harm: Young branches, leaves, fruits and secondary branches are harmed by larvae and adults one after another, and the damaged parts are dark brown patches, and in severe cases, the leaves are scorched and fall off. After the fruit is damaged, the skin is rough and rust-colored, which can occur for 6 generations every year. Female adults congregate in the crevices of the old skin and loose bud scales for the winter. The overwintering female insects in the middle and late April can be damaged until the early June, 165438+ 10, in which July and August are the most harmful.

Prevention and control:

Scrape the old skin: after the grapes are unearthed in spring, scrape the bark to eliminate the overwintering insects.

Chemical control: after the grapes are put on the shelves in spring and before the leaves are unfolded, spray 3-degree stone sulfur mixture, and spray 0.2-0.3-degree stone sulfur mixture during the growing period.

4.3.4. Far East Helmet (alias: Oriental Helmet)

It belongs to Coccoidea, Coccoideae, Coccoideae and Coccoideae.

Harm: Larvae and adults harm branches, leaves and fruits twice a year, and the second-instar larvae overwinter under the cracks of branches and vines, under the old skin and under the cover of bud scales. The activity began in the middle and late March, and it suffered the most in August. 10 began to enter the winter. Colorless mucus is often discharged and attached to leaves and fruits during the victim period, which hinders the photosynthesis and respiration of leaves, and also causes flies to suck and mildew, showing soot-like pollution spots.

It affects the appearance and quality of fruit, and when it is serious, the branches die and the trees are weak.

Prevention and control:

After being unearthed in spring and put on shelves, spraying 5-degree stone sulfur mixture to eliminate overwintering larvae,

Or hand curettage. In early April and June, 0.5 degree stone sulfur mixture was used for prevention and control respectively.

4.3.5 Scarab (alias: Golden Shell Lang, Bronze Shell Lang)

Danger: There are many kinds of this kind of insect, and its feeding habits are miscellaneous. Larvae, collectively known as grubs, eat roots and are the main underground pests at seedling stage. Adults harm buds, leaves, flowers and fruits. Long activity time, large food intake and serious harm. It occurs once a year and overwinters as adults or larvae.

Prevention and control:

(1) Deep ploughing in autumn and shallow ploughing in spring destroyed the wintering place.

(2) artificial culling.

(3) Trapping and killing with black lights and electric lights.

(4) using pesticides to control adult pests in peak season (available

10% kill 4000-5000 times liquid kill)

4.4 Precautions for chemical control of grape diseases and insect pests:

(1) Follow the requirements for safe use of pesticides and the guidelines for rational use of pesticides.

(2)

Reasonable selection of pesticide varieties, so as to suit the remedy to the case.

(3) Pay attention to the spraying period, and make it timely and timely.

(4) Pay attention to the spraying time and temperature, and spray when the wind speed does not exceed Grade 3.

(5)

Pay attention to the alternate use of pesticides, and try to avoid the continuous use of the same pesticide or the same dosage form to avoid drug resistance.

(6) When two or more pesticides are mixed, they should be mixed according to relevant requirements and used immediately.

The mixture should be reasonable. If bubbles, discoloration, precipitation and other phenomena appear, stop the machine immediately. Acidic and alkaline pesticides cannot be mixed.

(7) It is forbidden to use toxic and residual pesticides 60 days before grape harvesting.

five

Bury the soil in case of freezing.

165438+1The winter-cut plants will be properly bundled in the first and middle months of October.

And make a soil pillow at the root of the main vine, then press it down along the direction of the main vine, and take soil 70cm away from the row spacing to cover the plants. The soil layer thickness of the cold-proof mound is not less than 20cm, and the width is 80- 100cm. After burying the soil, fill it with frozen water before freezing.