(1) diamond and graphite: c
(2) Mercury, mercury: mercury
(3) quicklime and calcium oxide: calcium oxide
(4) Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide): CO2
(5) hydrochloric acid: aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid.
(6) sulfuric acid: H2SO3 3
(8) slaked lime and slaked lime: calcium hydroxide
(9) Caustic soda, Caustic soda and Caustic soda: NaOH
(10) soda (also known as soda): Na2CO3
(1 1) sodium bicarbonate (also called baking soda): NaHCO3
(12) gallstone alum, blue alum, copper sulfate crystal: CuSO4? 5H2O
(13) Copper rust and malachite: Cu2(OH)2CO3 (substances that decompose to form three oxides)
(14) Methanol: CH3OH is toxic, causing blindness and death.
(15) alcohol, ethanol: C2H5OH
(16) Ch3cooh acetate (ch 3c oo- acetate ion)
(17) ammonia: NH3 (basic gas)
(18) ammonia water, ammonia monohydrate: NH3? H2O (a common alkali, which has the commonness of alkali and contains no metal ions).
Second, the color and state of common substances
1, white solid: MgO, P2O5, CaO, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, KClO3, KCl, Na2CO3, NaCl and anhydrous CuSO4；; Iron and magnesium are silvery white (mercury is silvery white liquid)
2. Black solid: graphite, carbon powder, iron powder, CuO, MnO2, Fe3O4▲KMnO4 are purple-black.
3. Red solids: Cu, Fe2O3, HgO, red phosphorus ▲ Sulfur: pale yellow ▲ Cu2(OH)2CO3 is green.
4. Color of solution: Any solution containing Cu2+ is blue; Any solution containing Fe2+ is light green; Any solution containing Fe3+ is brownish yellow, and other solutions are generally colorless. (Potassium permanganate solution is purple)
5. Precipitation (that is, salt and alkali are insoluble in water): ① Salt: white: CaCO3, BaCO3 (soluble in acid); AgCl, BaSO4 (also insoluble in dilute HNO3), etc. ② Alkali: blue: Cu(OH)2, reddish brown: Fe(OH)3, white: the rest of the alkali.
6.( 1) Gases with irritating gases: NH3, SO2 and HCl (all colorless).
(2) Colorless and odorless gases: O2, H2, N2, CO2, CH4 and CO (highly toxic).
▲ Note: Liquid with pungent smell: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid. Alcohol is a liquid with special fragrance.
7. Toxic, gas: CO, liquid: CH3OH, solid: NaNO2 CuSO4 (can be used as a bactericide, mixed with hydrated lime to make a blue viscous substance-Bordeaux liquid).
Third, the solubility of substances.
1, salt solubility
Substances containing potassium, sodium, nitrate and ammonium are all soluble in water.
Only AgCl is insoluble in water, and the rest is soluble in water.
Only BaSO4 is insoluble in water, others are soluble in water.
Only K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4) CO32- are soluble in water, while others are insoluble in water.
2. Solubility of alkali
Alkalis soluble in water include barium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and ammonia water, while other alkalis are insoluble in water. Fe(OH)3 is red-brown precipitate, Cu(OH)2 is blue precipitate, and other insoluble bases are white. (including Fe(OH)2) Note: AgCl and BaSO4 in sediments are insoluble in dilute nitric acid.
Other precipitates can be dissolved in the acid. Such as: mg (oh) 2co3 baco3 ag2co3, etc.
3. Acids and acidic oxides are mostly soluble in water, while (acidic oxide+water → acid) basic oxides are mostly insoluble in water and partially soluble: barium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide and sodium oxide (basic oxide+water → alkali).
Fourth, chemistry is the most.
1. The most abundant metal element in the earth's crust is aluminum.
2. Oxygen is the most abundant nonmetallic element in the earth's crust.
The most abundant substance in the air is nitrogen.
The hardest substance in nature is diamond.
5. The simplest organic matter is methane.
6. The most active metal in the metal activity sequence table is potassium.
7. The oxide with the smallest relative molecular mass is water.
8. Under the same conditions, the gas with the lowest density is hydrogen.
9. The most conductive metal is silver.
10, and the atom with the smallest relative atomic mass is hydrogen.
1 1, and the metal with the smallest melting point is mercury.
12, the most abundant element in human body is oxygen.
13, the element that constitutes the most kinds of compounds is carbon.
14, the most widely used metal in daily life is iron.
15, China first used natural gas;
16. The largest coal base in China is: Shanxi Province;
17, China was the first to use wet copper smelting (discovered in the Western Han Dynasty [Liu An's Huainan Wanbi Shu "Zeng Qing De Tiehua Copper"] and applied in the Song Dynasty);
18, the earliest discovery of electrons was Thomson of Britain;
19 The first conclusion that air is composed of N2 and O2 was made by lavoisier, a Frenchman.
Five, the "three" in junior high school chemistry
1. The three kinds of particles that make up matter are molecules, atoms and ions.
2. Three reductants commonly used to reduce copper oxide: hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon.
3. As a fuel, hydrogen has three advantages: rich resources and high calorific value, and the product after combustion is water that does not pollute the environment.
There are generally three kinds of particles that make up atoms: protons, neutrons and electrons.
There are only three kinds of ferrous metals: iron, manganese and chromium.
6. Elements that make up a substance can be divided into three categories: (1) metallic elements, (2) nonmetallic elements and (3) rare gas elements.
7. There are three kinds of iron oxides, and their chemical formulas are (1)FeO, (2)Fe2O3 and (3) Fe3O4.
9. The chemical equation has three meanings: (1) indicates what substances participate in the reaction and what substances are generated as a result; (2) The particle number ratio of molecules or atoms between reactants and products; (3) Represents the mass ratio of each reactant and product. Chemical equations have two principles: based on objective facts; Follow the law of conservation of mass.
12. There are three kinds of iron ore commonly used in ironmaking: (1) hematite (mainly Fe2O3); (2) Magnetite (Fe3O4); (3) siderite (FeCO3).
14. The three reaction conditions that are often related to temperature are: ignition, heating and high temperature.
16. There are generally three methods to collect gas: drainage, upward evacuation and downward evacuation.
17, three main causes of water pollution: (1) waste residue, waste gas and waste water in industrial production; (2) Discharging domestic sewage at will; (3) Pesticides and fertilizers used in agricultural production flow into rivers with rainwater.
20.CO2 can put out fires for three reasons: it can't burn, it can't help combustion, and its density is higher than that of air.
2 1, simple substances can be divided into three categories: metallic simple substances; Non-metallic simple substance; Simple substance of rare gas.
22. The three most important fossil fuels in the world today are coal, oil and natural gas.
23. The three black oxides that should be remembered are copper oxide, manganese dioxide and ferroferric oxide.
24. Hydrogen and carbon have three similar chemical properties: stability at room temperature, flammability and reducibility.
25. There are three times of light blue in the textbook: (1) liquid oxygen is light blue (2) sulfur burns in the air with a weak light blue flame (3) hydrogen burns in the air with a light blue flame.
26. Three blue colors related to copper: (1) copper sulfate crystal; (2) copper hydroxide precipitation; (3) copper sulfate solution.
27. The filtration operation has "triple inclination": (1) The lower end of the funnel is close to the inner wall of the beaker; (2) the end of the glass rod gently leans against the third layer of filter paper; (3) The edge of the beaker containing the liquid to be filtered is close to the glass frame for drainage.
28. Three major gas pollutants: SO2, CO and NO2.
29. The flame of alcohol lamp is divided into three parts: external flame, internal flame and flame core, of which the external flame has the highest temperature.
30. There are three noes in taking and using drugs: (1) Don't touch drugs with your hands; (2) Don't put your nose to the mouth of the container to smell the smell of gas; (3) Do not taste medicine.
3 1. Three ancient chemical processes: papermaking, gunpowder manufacturing and porcelain firing.
32. Industrial three wastes: waste water, waste residue and waste gas.
34. Three kinds of instruments that can be directly heated: test tube, crucible, evaporating dish (and burning spoon).
35. The three atoms explained by the conservation of mass remain the same: the species remains the same, the quantity remains the same, and the mass remains the same.
36. Mixing with air ignites three potentially explosive gases: H2, carbon monoxide and methane (virtually any combustible gas and dust).
39. Three prohibitions on the use of alcohol lamps: lighting, lighting with alcohol, and blowing mouth.
4 1, the first three elements with the most content in biological cells: O, C and H.
42. Three equations in atoms: nuclear charge number = proton number = extranuclear electron number = atomic number.
Six, chemical formula
1, basic reaction type:
Combinatorial reaction: multivariable-decomposition reaction: multivariable
Displacement reaction: one-to-one displacement reaction: exchange ions
2. The valence of common elements:
Monovalent sodium, potassium, hydrogen, silver chloride, divalent calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc oxide, trivalent aluminum and tetravalent silicon; 23 iron, 35 nitrogen and phosphorus.
3, the steps of making oxygen in the laboratory:
"Tea (stop), tea (bag), tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea,
Check the air tightness of the equipment "package" the medicine and connect the equipment.
The "fixed" test tube is fixed on the "point" of the iron frame, and the alcohol lamp is lit and heated.
"Collect" the collected gas and "leave" the conduit away from the water surface.
Turn off the alcohol lamp and stop heating.
4. Experimental steps of reducing copper oxide with CO:
"One pass, two points, three extinctions, four stops and five treatments"
"One pass" is filled with hydrogen first, and after "two points", the alcohol lamp is lit for heating;
After the "three-stop" experiment is completed, the alcohol lamp should be turned off first, and then the hydrogen gas should be stopped at room temperature after the "four stops". "Five treatments" to control tail gas and prevent carbon monoxide from polluting the environment.
5, the experimental phenomenon of electrolytic water:
"oxygen is positive hydrogen and negative, and hydrogen is dioxygen": the anode releases oxygen and the cathode releases hydrogen; The volume ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is 1: 2.
6. Elements that make up the earth's crust: (oxygen, silicon, aluminum)
7. Relationship between outermost atoms and ions and valence formation:
"Yang loss is positive, Yin gain is negative, and the value remains unchanged": the outermost layer of atoms loses electrons to form cations, and the valence of elements is positive; The outermost layer of atoms gains electrons to form anions, and the valence of elements is negative; Number of electrons gained or lost = number of charges = valence.
8, chemical experiment basic operation formula:
Solids need spoons or paper slots, one free, two vertical and three elastic; It is best to use a block or tweezers, one horizontal and two vertical.
The liquid should be put in a flask, labeled by hand, and then poured out. The reading should be flat with the section, with the head down low and the head down high.
The dropper drips with a pinch head, and the vertical suspension is pollution-free, uneven and in good position. Don't forget to clean it after use.
The balance of the tray should be flat and the screw should be centered; Put things left and right, and clamp the tweezers first big and then small;
The test paper should be cut down first, and the glass rod is immersed in liquid for the best test effect. Wet the test paper first, and then stick it on a stick to dry.
The outer flame of the heating wine lamp is two-thirds of the boundary. Sulfuric acid is stirred in water and injected slowly to prevent boiling and splashing.
In the experiment, the air tightness is checked first, and the cups and bottles are heated through the net. After drainage and gas collection, remove the conduit first, and then move the lamp.
9, metal activity sequence:
The order of metal activity from strong to weak is: K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb (H) Cu Hg Ag Pt Au (described in turn) K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb (hydrogen) Cu Hg Ag Pt Au.
10, "cross method" to write the formula of chemical formula:
"Positive price left negative price right, cross subtraction, write right to test right and wrong."
1 1, filtering operation formula:
The funnel angle of the glass rod and filter paper of the beaker of the bucket frame is the same; Let stand before filtering, don't forget to tilt three times and two times.
12, the law in the experiment:
(1) When solid is heated to produce gas, potassium permanganate oxygen generator (solid-solid heating type) is selected;
The device for preparing O2 from hydrogen peroxide (solid-liquid unheated type) is used to prepare gas by solid-liquid reaction without heating.
(2) When heating the test tube solid, it should be preheated first, and the test tube mouth is slightly inclined downward.
(3) Any generated gas that is insoluble in water (does not react with water) can be collected by drainage.
Any gas with higher density than air can be collected by exhausting upwards.
Any gas less dense than air can be collected by downward exhaust.
(4) When doing gas experiment, first check the air tightness of the device. The rubber plug 1~2ml should be exposed on the catheter, and an iron clip should be clamped at the distance from the nozzle 1/3.
⑤ When making gas with a long-necked funnel, the nozzle at the end of the long-necked funnel should be inserted under the liquid surface.
⑥ When igniting combustible gas, you must first check its purity.
⑦ When doing experiments with toxic gases, the tail gas must be finally treated.
⑧ When reducing metal oxides with reducing gas, "one pass, two points, three extinguishes and four stops" must be achieved.
13, reaction law:
Displacement reaction:
Before (1) elemental metal+acid → salt+hydrogen: h, non-oxidizing acid
(2) Simple metal+salt (solution) → another metal+another salt: before and after, the salt needs to be dissolved, but K, Ca and Na are not feasible.
(3) metal oxide+charcoal or hydrogen → metal+carbon dioxide or water
Double decomposition reaction:
Double exchange, constant price, gas, water, precipitation.
15, catalyst: one change and two unchanged (a substance whose chemical properties and quality are unchanged by changing the reaction rate of a substance is a catalyst).
Oxidant and reductant: oxygen is reduced and deprived (the substance that takes oxygen is reductant, and the substance that loses oxygen is oxidant).
16. Impurity removal connector of gas washing cylinder: long inlet and short outlet.
Connection between drainage and gas collection and washing tank: short in and long out.
Connection between exhaust gas gathering and gas washing cylinder: low density means short inlet and outlet, while high density means long inlet and outlet.
17, experimental impurity removal principle: remove other things first, and then remove water vapor.
Experimental inspection principle: water first, then water.