Planting golden mango is not strict with soil layer, but because the soil layer planted is acidic, thin and barren, soil erosion is serious, and the ability of locking water and fixing soil is poor, it is necessary to dig holes and apply sufficient fertilizer. Reclaim the planting belt according to the isoline, dig a transplanting ditch with a depth of 80 cm and a width of 60-80 cm in the middle, and determine the transplanting point according to the plant spacing of 5 meters. Each transplanting hole is divided into 3-4 layers and buried with 25 kg of wheat straw, one layer of grass and one layer of soil, and the top is buried with 1 kg of peanut bran, 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 15 kg of compost pig manure, and the golden mango is fully mixed. It is best to choose green seedlings with culture soil. When planting, the branches should be coiled with plastic film to reduce water loss, and there should be enough root water when transplanting to ensure survival. If you are afraid of the first frost, planting in spring (March-May) is more suitable. ?
Flower thinning and fruit thinning golden mango has a large amount of flowers and complex characteristics. Of course, the fruit setting rate is low under growth and development. The methods to improve the fruit setting rate should be picking and topping. The way is to cut off the 1/3 of the inflorescence when it is sunny in the morning and the dew is dry. When the small fruit reaches the size of the back thumb, cut off the deformed fruit and remove the unnecessary fruit, leaving only one healthy fruit in each inflorescence. Spraying 2,4-D5mg/L+500 times auxin outside roots to protect fruits.
Prune and trim young trees, after transplanting, topping and pruning are carried out at the trunk 50-60 cm, and branches are pushed to form 3-4 thick and evenly distributed technical backbone branches. When the technical backbone branches are 30-40 cm long, topping is carried out to promote secondary branches, leaving 3-4 branches, and so on, so that the trunk can be quickly generated, and the fruit tree can be pruned after picking.
The management method of liquid fertilizer is to carry out scientific research according to different crown diameters and plant types for flood control, drought resistance, moisture retention and water replenishment. When young trees are mainly nitrogen, the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is diligent and thin. Fertilize every tree once every half month, and spray 0.05-0.15kg urea solution or 0.05-0.15kg compound fertilizer and light manure water. Fruit trees are generally fertilized in four stages.
Step 1: Choose a ripe mango, which is very important. Although the fruit is no longer delicious, it can ensure the complete growth and rich nutrition of the flat peach pit, which is related to whether the mango seeds can finally germinate and heal. Then, cut off all the mangoes with a knife, leaving the seeds.
Step 2: Cut the seed shell with a knife, that is, cut a small gap on the side, then forcibly divide it into two pieces and soak the germ seeds in water.
Step 3: Prepare standardized planting culture soil in the flowerpot, and then semi-bury the seeds in the soil.
Step 4: bury the mango seeds with one end of the germ, which is beneficial to the germination of the seeds and can also protect the germ from being bitten by small ants or snails. After planting, put the potted flower pot in a warm, humid, cold and sunny place, and pay attention to keep the soil layer moist.
Step 5: Under the appropriate standard of normal temperature and environmental humidity, you need to observe mango seeds five or six days after planting, and you can see that the seeds germinate at the top and grow up day by day.
Seedling raising of mango
In the past, grafted seedlings were often used to raise seedlings, that is, seedlings were obtained immediately according to seeds. This method is relatively simple, and the flowering and fruiting period is late (it takes 5-7 years to enter the flowering and fruiting period). This method is generally not used for production except for the propagation of garden seedlings.
Land selection
The seedling base should avoid mango orchards and there are no old mango trees around, so as to reduce the spread of pests and cultivate disease-free green seedlings. At the same time, it should be strategically located and convenient for irrigation. Seedling base should adopt sunny sunny and gentle slope. When the groundwater is less than one meter, it is easy to gather strong cold air in the depression, causing the first frost, and the drainage pipeline is difficult and prone to waterlogging, so it is not suitable for use.
Mango seedling base is not suitable for long-term continuous cropping, otherwise the cultivated land in the seedling base will be reduced and the disease will be more serious, which is not conducive to the growth and development of the main stem.
seed treatment
Mango seeds are not storable, let alone dried. After the seeds are taken out of the fruit, they should be planted later to avoid endangering the emergence rate. The longer the seeds are taken out of the fruit, the lower the emergence rate. If you need long-distance transportation, you'd better choose fruit storage and transportation.
Because of the thick seed shell, mango seeds are difficult and uneven to germinate, so it is necessary to remove the endocarp of the seed shell and germinate evenly. After the endocarp is removed, it can be placed next to the sand bed to accelerate germination and then moved into the seedling stage. It can also be planted immediately in the street seedling stage according to the specification of 15cm× 20cm.
Fertilizer and water management
After tube transplantation, the soil layer should be kept moist. In dry days, it is necessary to spray water 1 ~ 2 times a day until the seedlings resume growth, and the frequency of spraying water gradually decreases. When the main stem gradually shoots out, dilute manure or 1% urea solution can be applied. Fertilizer should be applied twice per 1 branch to promote the rapid growth and development of seedlings. In order to avoid soil degradation, it is necessary to turn over the soil and weed frequently, and cover the border with soil organic matter (such as wheat straw, mountain grass or cake fertilizer).
Seedling grafting
When the rootstock is cultivated to a diameter of 1. 1.2 cm (off the ground 1.5 cm), the grafting method can be carried out.
Temperature and humidity are one of the key factors to determine the survival of grafting. When the temperature is lower than 20℃, the growth of green seedlings becomes weak, and the survival rate of grafting decreases with the decrease of temperature, or it cannot survive. If the environmental humidity is too high, it is easy to cause diseases and insect pests, leading to the death of bud grafting or the greening of rootstocks, endangering the seedling rate.
Split method
Rootstocks of all sizes can be selected in this way. Cut the upper end of the rootstock 25 ~ 30cm away from the road surface, cut a socket with a length of1.5 ~ 2cm in the middle, then cut the bud grafting into wedges with the same cross sections on both sides and insert it into the rootstock wedge. Key points (at least one side point) of the cambium of bud grafting and rootstock, and then tie them tightly with plastic film. This method is firm and has a high survival rate.
Cutting method
The size of rootstocks can be developed. In the grafting method, the upper end of the rootstock should be cut off first, and it should be cut vertically between the phloem and the root of the cross section, which is about 1.5cm long. Bud grafting can be single bud or multi-bud. One side is cut into a cross section slightly longer than the rootstock, and it is cut into a 45-degree angle below the corresponding side. Then, the two cross sections of the rhizome are closely connected to make the cambium tip. If the rootstocks are different in size, one side of the cambered layer is pointed and finally wrapped with plastic film. This method is simple and feasible, and the survival rate is high.
Fertilizer and water management
After budding, keep the soil layer moist and spray water appropriately. After budding, the quick-acting organic fertilizer should be applied thinly, and it should be applied every time new buds are drawn in the future, so as to prevent stem borers from damaging new buds.
Seedlings outside the nursery
The quality of leaving the nursery is directly related to the survival of transplanting and the growth and development of fruit trees. For seedlings with pests and immature new shoots, seedling raising should be postponed.
Time to leave the nursery: The time to leave the nursery depends on the planting time. Mango planting has two stages, spring planting and autumn planting, so green seedlings are also divided into two planting periods: spring planting and autumn planting. Spring leaves the nursery from mid-March to mid-May. At this time, the temperature of the nursery is slowly warming up, and there is more precipitation, which not only saves the sprinkling work, but also meets the requirements of the growth and development of green seedlings, so transplanting is mostly carried out in spring. Autumn (August-September) planting, because of the dry temperature and strong sunshine, the survival rate is slightly lower than that in spring. Choose to plant after typhoon rain.
Specification of nursery seedlings: Green seedlings should meet the auxiliary specifications and models, grow vigorously, reach a certain height-width ratio and thickness, and the grafting method heals well without serious diseases, especially inspection and quarantine diseases.
Variety layout
The selection of mango varieties is directly related to the success or failure of mango commodity economy. When selecting, we should not only fully consider the quality of fresh fruit and its marketability in the sales market, but also consider whether the selected varieties can adapt to the local soil conditions and whether the yield can be obtained smoothly after planting. At the same time, the combination of early, middle and late maturing varieties should also be considered.
Fertilization and irrigation and drainage
After pruning, the roots of fruit trees are not developed enough, so it is necessary to apply a little fertilizer and eat more. To put it bluntly, it is "thin fertilizer topdressing" to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and the destruction of nutrients. Fertilizer can be applied 6 ~ 8 times a year, and the fertilizer is mainly quick-acting liquid fertilizer. In areas with ultra-low temperature hazards, fertilization should be gradually stopped in June165438+1October to prevent the occurrence of shoots and dangerous summer shoots.
soil management
The rhizome of mango belongs to mycorrhiza, which depends on and promotes each other with rhizosphere bacteria, and rhizosphere bacteria must have more soil organic matter and transparent soil to grow and develop well.
The key function is to quickly repair the plant type after fruit picking, and promote the autumn shoots to be strong and become the fruiting branches in the next year as soon as possible.
It can be used in mid-June from 5438+065438+ 10, which promotes the rapid maturity of early winter buds and is beneficial to flower bud differentiation.
Mango has different regulations on water content in different stages of pregnancy, and the key period of water content is the fruit flowering and autumn shoot germination.
Moderate pruning
Mango is a pruning-resistant peach tree. Pruning methods and compressive strength of mango trees should be different according to varieties, crown width, plant type, relative planting density, soil conditions and harmonious management ability. For example, by pruning, the loose tree shape of Gui Xiang mango can be driven compactly, so that the gathered branches of purple mango can be effectively flexed and stretched. Pruning of mango trees can be divided into spring pruning and autumn pruning according to time.
Spring pruning
In order to better adjust the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive system growth and development, be conducive to balanced production, and improve the quality of fresh fruit, we should control the number of flower spikes, thinning flowers from heading to flowering, and thinning too many flower spikes. Generally, 70% of the ear is enough, and the other 30% should be used to sprout spring shoots to ensure a certain growth rate of nutrients. If the ear is too long, some small branches and leaves should be thinned, and 1/2 ~ 2/3 flowers are enough.
Autumn pruning
Autumn pruning of mangoes is generally carried out after fruit picking, which is also called post-harvest pruning. This pruning can promote the germination of autumn shoots. After fruit picking, it is stipulated that autumn shoots should be cultivated at least twice, and the last autumn shoot germination should not be later than165438+1mid-October. Therefore, autumn pruning should be carried out in late August and early September. Physical or organic chemical measures can be taken to stop the growth and development of branches immediately, accumulate sufficient photosynthetic nutrients, and promote flower bud differentiation and flowering.
After flowering, young fruits bloom quickly, and the inflorescences and empty branches and leaves that are too late should be cut off to facilitate the growth of small fruits with concentrated nutrient supply. After the second fruit drop in the middle and late May, fruits and vegetables can be developed. The purpose of combing fruits is to better protect flowers. Because mangoes bloom a lot, if the temperature is right during flowering, usually a lot of small fruits will hang in one ear, although most of them will naturally fall off when they fall off physiologically. However, there are still many small fruits hanging on some ears, competing for nutrients, dispersing nutrients and affecting the growth and development of fruits and commodity value. Generally speaking, it is enough to leave only one fruit on each ear of a harvesting tree. If the trunk is large and the number of fruits is small, some ears can leave two small fruits.