The occurrence of World War II.
The Second World War was provoked by the aggression and expansion of German, Japanese and Italian fascist countries and their struggle for world hegemony. After several local wars, it gradually evolved, leading to a total war.
The cause of war
The fascist regime established by later imperialist countries such as Germany, Japan and Italy and its aggression and expansion are the root causes of this world war.
After the establishment of the fascist regime, Versailles was established in accordance with the will of major victorious countries such as Britain, France and the United States. Washington system of international relations. The defeated Germany was not satisfied with the severe punishment and restrictions given by the Treaty of Versailles. Italy, the victorious country, is dissatisfied with its territory that has not been promised by Britain and France, while Japan, another victorious country, demands more and more expansion. Because the strength of Germany, Japan, Italy and other countries was quickly restored and strengthened, they demanded to carve up the world again and become rivals of Britain, France and the United States. With the outbreak of the world capitalist economic crisis in 1929 ~ 1933, the basic contradiction of the imperialist system became sharp and intensified again, so that it had to resort to war. In the 1920s and 1930s, fascist forces and movements with extreme nationalism and totalitarianism as their core contents appeared in Italy, Germany and Japan. 1922 65438+10.a.a. Mussolini came to power in Italy. 1933 65438+ 10 A. Hitler was in power in Germany. 1in March, 936, the Japanese military department realized complete control of the cabinet and began to establish a fascist dictatorship. They compete with Britain, France, the United States and other countries for spheres of influence and world hegemony, and do not hesitate to change the international order established by the Versailles-Washington system through war, which poses a serious threat to world peace.
The origin of the war was Germany's accelerated expansion of military industry from 65438 to 0933. 1934 secretly broke through the quota of its troops in the Treaty of Versailles. 1935, the air force was officially rebuilt, compulsory military service was implemented, and the national defense law was secretly promulgated. 1On March 7, 936, Germany announced the abolition of the relevant provisions of the Locarno Convention and the Treaty of Versailles and sent troops into the demilitarized zone of the Rhine. As early as the autumn of 1935, the German Defence Forces began to draw up plans for fighting against France, Otto Plan for invading Austria and Green Plan for invading Czechoslovakia. Nazi Germany became the most important and dangerous source of war in Europe. 1936 10, Germany and Italy signed the Berlin agreement, forming the Berlin-Rome axis. Italy has become an inseparable part of the European war source.
1927, Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiichi Tanaka convened the Oriental Conference, and determined the general program of aggression and expansion to occupy China by force and then conquer India, Nanyang Islands, Central Asia, Asia Minor and even Europe. From 193 1, Japan launched and gradually expanded its local war of aggression against China. 1936 formulated the expansion goal to the Pacific region and Siberia and the specific policies to resist the United States, the Soviet Union, China and Britain. Japan became source of war in the far east who started the world war.
The three fascist countries formed an aggression group in the process of external expansion and launching a war of aggression. 1936165438+1On October 25th, Germany and Japan signed an international anti-production agreement. The following year165438+1October 6th, Italy joined the agreement.
The prelude to the world war.
In 1930s, fascist countries launched local wars many times. Japan first ignited a war in Asia, which started the world war.
Japan's War of Aggression against China 193 1 Japan created the September 18th Incident and invaded the three northeastern provinces of China. In March of the following year, the Puppet Manchukuo was founded. Then it invaded China, Shanghai, Jehol Province, northern Chahar Province and eastern Hebei Province. The United States, Britain, France and other countries tolerated Japanese aggression. 1On July 7, 937, Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression against China. The people of China, under the leadership of the * * * Producer Party of China, formed an anti-Japanese national united front with the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party as the core, and the people of the whole country United as one and fought bravely against the anti-fascist anti-Japanese national liberation war. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 began to turn into a strategic stalemate after the Japanese occupied Wuhan and Guangzhou in June 1938+00 (see War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression).
Japan's war against the Soviet Union provoked Japan to provoke the Zhanggufeng incident (Hassan Lake incident) near North Korea on the Sino-Soviet border from July 29 to August 65438. 1From May to August, 939, the Japanese army once again provoked the Nomenkan Incident (Halexin River Incident) in the western border area of Heilongjiang Province, China. Japan's two war provocations failed.
Italy invaded Ethiopia1935101On October 3rd, 300,000 Italian troops invaded Ethiopia. The second anti-Italian war broke out in Ethiopia. Although the League of Nations passed a resolution declaring Italy an aggressor and said it would impose limited economic sanctions on it, Italy can still obtain stable oil supply from western democratic countries, especially the United States.
German and Italian armed intervention in Spain1936 The Spanish civil war broke out in July. By April of 1939, Germany had sent more than 50,000 fighters to Spain, and Italy had about15,000. The arms provided by Germany and Italy to the rebels are worth $654.38 billion. Britain, France, the United States and other countries declared "neutrality" and implemented a "non-interference" policy, prohibiting the transit of weapons purchased by the Spanish government. 1939 On February 27th, Britain and France broke off diplomatic relations with Spain and publicly recognized Franco's government.
Germany annexed Austria and dismembered Czechoslovakia1March, 938 12. At dawn, Germany invaded Austria. /kloc-declared a state of Germany in 0/4, and Austria was annexed without bloodshed. Then, Germany created the May Crisis on the issue of "autonomy" in the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, and Chen Bing created the border between Germany and Germany. On September 12, Hitler once again threatened war. Under the pressure of Germany, the British and French governments pursued appeasement policy in exchange for "peace" at the expense of the interests of weak countries, and signed an agreement to betray Czechoslovakia at the Munich meeting on September 29. 1 01October1day, Germany occupied the Sudetenland. 654381October 6, under the control of Germany, Slovakia's "autonomous government" was established. Czechoslovakia was dismembered.
The world war broke out in an all-round way
1939 In the spring and summer, tension appeared again in Europe. After the Polish crisis and complicated diplomatic struggle, an all-out war finally broke out.
Serious War Crisis1939 March 15, Germany sent troops to occupy the whole territory of Czechoslovakia. On 2 1, another Danzig crisis was created and a territorial claim was made to Poland. The next day, the navy was sent to occupy Memmel, Lithuania. 1 In April, with the support of the German and Italian armies, Franco's army took control of the whole of Spain. On April 7th, Italian troops invaded Albania. On May 22nd, Germany and Italy formally signed the military alliance treaty, namely the iron and steel alliance. On April 3, the German high command issued a battle plan against Poland, code-named "White Plan".
German soldiers remove Polish border roadblocks.
Faced with the threat of war from Germany, Poland turned to Britain and France for help. The British Chamberlain government believes that if Germany occupies Poland, it will endanger the security of Britain and France and their fundamental interests in Europe. In view of the condemnation of appeasement policy by world and domestic public opinion, it was forced to start some adjustments to the policy. 1March 22, 939, Britain and France exchanged notes, assumed the obligation of mutual assistance when they were invaded, and fixed the actual alliance. On March 3 1, Chamberlain, on behalf of the British and French governments, announced that in case of any action threatening Poland's independence, Britain and France would immediately give Poland full support. On April 6th, Britain and Poland concluded a temporary mutual assistance treaty. On April 13, 2003, France reaffirmed its loyalty to the Franco-Polish Alliance. On May 19, France and Poland formally signed a military agreement.
Triangular Negotiations and Struggles 1939 In the spring and summer, the triangular negotiations and struggles between Britain, France and the Soviet Union were intertwined around the war and peace in Europe. On April 15, negotiations between Britain, France and the Soviet Union were held in Moscow to hold consultations on taking concerted action to stop fascism from expanding its aggression. Due to the lack of sincerity between Britain and France, successive political and military negotiations have not achieved any positive results. At the same time, secret negotiations between Britain and Germany are also going on.
Germany's strategic policy first takes Britain and France as its main rivals and concentrates on fighting against western countries. It is necessary to ease the relationship between Germany and the Soviet Union and avoid being attacked between Scylla and Charybdis when attacking the West. The Soviet Union is also facing a severe international situation: in Asia, it is at war with the Japanese army in the Nomenkan area; In Europe, a world war is imminent; The negotiations between Britain, France and the Soviet Union were protracted and on the verge of breaking down because Britain and France deliberately let Germany invade the Soviet Union without sincerity. 1939 On August 23rd, the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty was signed in Moscow.
The German-Polish War and Britain and France declared war on Germany 1.939 In September, Germany dispatched 57 divisions 1.5 million men, 2,500 tanks and 2,300 planes to launch a surprise attack on Poland from the north, northwest and southwest. On the same day, Britain and France issued notes one after another, demanding that Germany stop attacking and withdraw all its troops from Polish territory. Germany ignored it. On September 3, the British and French governments declared war on Germany. During the German-Polish War, the French army passively watched the war on the French-German border. Britain sent an expeditionary force to France as late as 10. Poland fought alone. On September 16, the defense line of the Polish army completely collapsed, and the German army completed the siege of the Polish capital and the main force of the Polish army. On September 17, members of the Polish government fled abroad. Warsaw soldiers and civilians fought until they ran out of ammunition and food, and were forced to stop resisting on September 28.
World war ii process
This great war experienced three stages: the strategic attack of the fascist axis, the strategic turning point of the two warring sides attacking and defending each other, and the strategic counterattack of the anti-fascist allies.
The All-round Attack of Axis Powers and the Formation of the World Anti-Fascist Alliance
The fascist countries of Germany, Italy and Japan launched a comprehensive strategic offensive in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean from September 65438 to the second half of 1942.
After Germany occupied Poland on the western front, it launched a large-scale attack on Europe from three strategic directions: west, north and southeast. Italy participated in the war against France, and its attack in Africa failed.
Map: World War II Europe and North Africa Battlefield
After the strange war between Germany and Poland, Germany made a peaceful gesture, while expanding its armaments, it shifted its main force to the western front and waited for an opportunity to attack western European countries. Britain and France adopted a passive defense strategy and quietly held maginot line. 1940 In February, the United States tried to mediate peacefully, but Germany refused. From1September 1939 to1April 1940, there was no real war between Britain, France and Germany, which was called strange war in history.
1940 when the Germans attacked northern Europe in the spring, Hitler was worried that the British and French allied forces would enter Norway, threaten Germany from the north, and cut off Sweden's iron ore supply to Germany, so he preemptively invaded Denmark on April 9, and Denmark surrendered. On the same day, the Germans invaded Norway and the airborne troops occupied Oslo. V.A.L Gysling was appointed as the head of the puppet government. On April 17, the allied forces of Britain, France and Poland landed in Norway. In June, the Coalition forces withdrew from Norway. In July, the Norwegian king and members of the government went into exile in Britain. The German Blitzkrieg won in Northern Europe.
The Germans attacked Western Europe1May 1940 10 in the early morning, the Germans mobilized 136 divisions, including 10 tank divisions and 7 motorized divisions, 2,580 tanks and 3,824 aircraft, to launch an attack on Western European countries. At that time, the total strength of western European countries was about 147 division. The German Air Force violently bombed the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France, and carried out airborne operations behind the Dutch and Belgian troops. Maginot line didn't play a practical role because of the unexpected rapid advance of the tank motorized troops in the third column of Assan Division at the border between Belgium and Luxemburg. Germany's attack on western Europe declared the appeasement policy completely bankrupt, and the British Chamberlain government collapsed immediately. With W.L.S Churchill as prime minister, a coalition government of Conservative Party, Labour Party and Liberal Party was formed.
In the face of the German blitzkrieg, the allies of Britain and France were vulnerable. /kloc-In May of 0/4, the Dutch army stopped resisting and the Queen went into exile in Britain. On May 26th, the Germans seized Calais and reached the English Channel, cutting off the connection between the British and French allied forces in northern France and Belgium and the troops in central France. On May 28th, the King of Belgium announced his surrender. From May 27th to June 4th, the British and French navies took advantage of the fact that the German army stopped attacking for several days, concentrated more than 850 ships of various types, and successfully transported more than 338,000 British and French allied forces trapped in the narrow triangle of Dunkirk across the English Channel and into Britain. In the Dunkirk retreat, the British expeditionary force lost almost all its weapons and equipment, and 243 large and small ships sank, but the effective strength of the British army was preserved.
Italy's participation in the war and France's defeat1On June 6th, 940, the German army launched a general attack on the 643km front across northern France. The commander-in-chief of the French army, M. Weigang, assembled 1 10,000 troops and built the Weigang defense line on the Somme and Anna rivers, which collapsed in less than three days. The Germans advanced to Paris, and on June 10, Italy declared war on Britain and France. /kloc-in June of 0/4, the Germans occupied Paris. 17, the French petain government announced "stop fighting". At 7: 00 p.m. on 22nd, in the same carriage in the Compiè ne Forest where the German Empire signed the surrender letter to France and its allies on1October1918, representatives of the French government signed the armistice agreement proposed by Nazi Germany. According to the agreement, Germany occupied three-fifths of the industrialized areas in northern and western France, and established a Petain puppet government with Vichy as its capital in the non-occupied areas.
German troops occupied Paris.
On the front of more than 200 kilometers from Mont Blanc to the Mediterranean, 32 divisions of the Italian army attacked France and were stopped by 6 divisions of the French army. On June 24th, France and Italy signed an armistice agreement near Rome. Italian troops occupied a small area of France. Italy also seized the right to use the railway in Djibouti port in East Africa and French Somalia.
The Italian army failed in Africa 1940. In early July, Italian troops invaded British troops in East Africa from Ethiopia, and occupied parts of British Somalia and Kenya in mid-September. On September 16, Sidi Belanyi was occupied. 65438+February 1 1 The British launched a counterattack to recover the area and occupied Benghazi and other places in Libya on February 6 194 1. In two months, we advanced 700 kilometers and captured 6.5438+0.3 million Italian troops. In East Africa, Britain mobilized troops from India, Australia and New Zealand and recruited a large number of Africans on the spot. On 1 94119, it launched a counterattack, occupied Asmara, the capital of Eritrea, in April of1,and recaptured Addis Ababa with the Egyptian army on April 6. On May 20th, the Governor of East Africa surrendered, and Britain regained control of the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa.
After the sea lion plan and the British air combat, France fell into the predicament of fighting alone. Hitler claimed that Britain could avoid the Anglo-German war by returning the colonies to Germany and recognizing Germany's hegemony in Europe, which was rejected by the British government. On July 16, the German high command issued an instruction to prepare for the British landing campaign, and made a sea lion battle plan. It is required to complete the operation preparation on August 15. Hitler tried to gain air superiority over the English Channel and London, destroy the British air force, airports and ports, and create preconditions for his cross-sea operations. Germany * * * assembled 2669 fighter planes and violently attacked Britain in the three months from July to the end of June of 10. On August 24th, British planes attacked Berlin for the first time. The German Air Force never achieved the expected results, losing 600 pilots and 9 15 aircraft in the Battle of England. The implementation of the sea lion project was postponed again and again, and then it was actually cancelled. Britain won the air self-defense war.
Germany and Italy expanded their aggression against the Balkans. 1July 2, 9401day, Hitler ordered H.A.W von brauchitsch, commander-in-chief of the German Army, to prepare for war against the Soviet Union. 18 In February, Hitler signed a plan for fighting against the Soviet Union, code-named Barbarossa, instructing the Germans to fight against the Soviet Union in June of 194 1 year. 1940 on September 27th, Germany, Italy and Japan signed a military alliance treaty in Berlin (see triple alliance), and formally established the Axis aggression group. Germany and Italy stepped up their aggression against the Balkans as a springboard for the eastern Mediterranean, North Africa and the Middle East and a strategic forward base for attacking the Soviet Union. Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria have successively joined the Axis Alliance. 1940101On October 28th, Italy invaded Greece, was countered and was forced to stop its attack.
1941On March 27th, the new Yugoslav government refused to join the Axis League and signed a friendly treaty with the Soviet Union. At dawn on April 6, Germany and Italy attacked Yugoslavia and Greece simultaneously. The Germans occupied Belgrade in 13. On April 9, Thessalonica, Greece was occupied, and on April 2 1 day, the Greek army surrendered. 58,000 British expeditionary forces fought in Greece, with casualties of 1.2 million, and the rest retreated from the sea. On April 27th, the Germans entered Athens. On May 30th, German airborne troops occupied Crete. The Greek king went into exile in London.
After the outbreak of the Soviet-German War, Soviet territory became the main battlefield of the world anti-fascist war.
Germany suddenly attacked the Soviet Union1941In the early morning of June 22nd, the Germans launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union in three ways, from the north to the Baltic Sea and the south to the Black Sea. The Soviet Patriotic War broke out. Soviet troops suffered heavy losses at the beginning of the war, and a large area of western territory fell. The defeat of the Soviet Union was caused by many factors: Germany had strong economic and military resources in Central and Western Europe, accumulated rich combat experience, highly modernized and well-equipped troops, and most of its troops concentrated on the eastern front to launch surprise attacks, which put Germany in a comparative advantage for a period of time. On the Soviet side, I.V. Stalin did not believe the information that Germany was about to attack the Soviet Union from various sources on the eve of the war, and did not complete the preparations for the war in time, which led to the early stage of the war being caught off guard. The Soviet army's strategic thinking and command art could not meet the requirements of fighting against Germany. They misjudged the main attack direction of the German army and deployed their troops improperly. In 1930s, a large number of Soviet senior generals and outstanding officers headed by Marshal M.H. tukhachevsky were innocently cleansed, which seriously weakened the combat effectiveness of the troops. To this end, the Soviet army paid a heavy price at the beginning of the war.
The Soviet Union established the Eastern Line as early as during the German-Polish War, the Soviet Union set out to establish the so-called Eastern Line to guard against German attacks from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, in an attempt to strengthen its strategic position in defending against German aggression by expanding its western territory. 1939, 17 In September, Soviet troops sent troops to Poland and occupied an area of about 200,000 square kilometers in western Ukraine and western Belarus. 165438+ 10 West Ukraine and West Belarus joined the Soviet Union.
1939 165438+ The Sino-Finnish war broke out on1October 30th. On March 12 of the following year, the Sufen Peace Treaty pushed the Soviet border near Leningrad northward 150 km, and the Soviet Union acquired 4 1000 square kilometers of territory and leased the Hank Peninsula and nearby islands for 30 years.
1On June 5, 940, the Soviet Union sent troops to Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia on the grounds that the Lithuanian government violated the Suri Mutual Assistance Convention and formed an anti-Soviet military alliance with Estonia and Latvia, with an area of174,000 square kilometers. In early August, the three Baltic countries were merged into the Soviet Union. 1On June 28th, 940, the Soviet Union sent troops to Bissalabia and North Bukovina with an area of 5 10000 square kilometers under the jurisdiction of Romania on the grounds that the international situation required the fastest solution to the territorial problems left over by history.
So far, the Soviet Union has pushed its national boundaries westward by 300-400 kilometers. However, Germany advanced 300 ~ 600 kilometers in three directions within three weeks after launching the war against the Soviet Union, and occupied Minsk on June 28th. The eastern front did not play the expected role of the Soviet Union.
The Germans attacked Moscow on September 30, and the nearest point was only 20 kilometers away from Moscow. 101On October 20th, most Soviet government agencies and some staff members were evacuated from Moscow. On February 6, 65438, the Soviet army stopped the German attack and turned to counterattack. From 1942 to 65438+1October 8, after three months of fighting, the Soviet army ruled out the danger of German occupation of Moscow and repelled the Germans 150 ~ 400 kilometers. At the end of the winter campaign, the total number of German casualties exceeded 830,000. The Germans suffered a major setback for the first time, and Hitler's Blitzkrieg went bankrupt.
German summer offensive1942 On June 28th, the German army launched an offensive in the southern line in order to destroy the main Soviet forces in the Don River area and seize the Caucasus oil field. On July 17, the Germans arrived at the bend of the Don River, which started the battle of Stalingrad. On September 13, the Germans invaded the city. The two sides fought fiercely until the eve of the Soviet counterattack, and the Germans never completely occupied Stalingrad.
The Japanese army attacked Pearl Harbor in the Asia-Pacific battlefield, provoked the Pacific War, swept through Southeast Asia, advanced to Oceania, and involved the United States, America and many countries in Oceania in the war. This made the Second World War develop into an unprecedented global war.
Map: Pacific War
After the Munich crisis in the Far East and the Sino-Japanese War entered the stalemate stage of the US-Japan negotiations, Britain and the United States sought to compromise with Japan and contributed to the Munich crisis in the Far East. 1September, 939, Britain acknowledged the present situation of Japanese aggression against China and agreed not to hinder Japan's actions in China. In order to concentrate on dealing with the situation in Europe and try to ease the contradiction between the United States and Japan, the United States began formal or informal negotiations with Japan in June 1940+0 1, but the opposition between the two sides was not reconciled.
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor 194 1 10. 10, tojo hideki's cabinet was formed and the fascist system was completed. In the early morning of February 7, 65438, Japan launched a sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, a US naval base on Oahu in the center of the Hawaiian Islands. At a very small cost, the Japanese army sank four American battleships, severely damaged 1, injured three, and destroyed more than 260 other large ships. Except for three aircraft carriers that are not anchored in the harbor, the US Pacific Fleet is almost completely annihilated. On February 8, 65438, the United States and Britain declared war on Japan. 65438+February 1 1, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.
The Japanese attack on Southeast Asia Japan started from194165438+February 7, and launched an all-round attack in Southeast Asia and the southwest Pacific. 10 occupied Guam. The 22nd occupied wake island. Capture Hong Kong on 25th. On February 7th and 8th, 65438+, Japanese troops parachuted or landed in Kota Balu, Malaya, Songkhla and Pattani, Thailand. In June, 5438+00, Japan gained control of air and sea in Southeast Asia. On June1942,65438+1October1day, Japanese troops occupied Kuala Lumpur, and on June 3 1 day, they captured all Malaya. February 15, Singapore fell. Japanese troops also attacked Thailand from the south of Indian zhina. 1941165438 On February 9, Japan imposed the alliance treaty on the Thai government. 1942 65438+1entered Manila on October 2nd. On April 9, about 70,000 US troops stationed in the Philippines surrendered. On may 7, the commander of the us army ordered the rest of the troops to surrender.
On February 1942 and 14, the Japanese army dispatched 320 planes to skydive near Sumatra oil field. /kloc-in March, the Japanese army landed in Java and occupied Batavia (Jakarta) on the 5th. 12 in March, the Dutch governor surrendered. /kloc-in March of 0/5, the Japanese army occupied the whole Dutch East India-Indonesia.
1March 8, 942, Japanese troops occupied Yangon. At the request of the British authorities, China sent an expeditionary force of 654.38 million people to Myanmar to cooperate with the British army and the Burmese army. At the beginning of May, the Japanese army invaded Yunnan Province, China. China's army blocked the Japanese attack with the natural barrier of Nujiang River.
1On April 5th, 942, the Japanese aircraft carrier mobile team entered the Indian Ocean and bombed Colombo and trincomalee Port in Ceylon. The British Eastern Fleet retreated to the East African coast. The Japanese navy once mastered the sea power of the Indian Ocean and reached the peak of Japan's westward expansion.
In the Coral Sea, Japan, the United States and the sea fought southward. 1942 In February, the Japanese army captured the New Britain Island and rabaul Port defended by the Australian army. In early May, the Japanese army launched an attack on Tulaji Island in Solomon Islands and port moresby, an important town in southeast New Guinea. On May 7th, American planes sank the Japanese aircraft carrier 1. On the morning of the 8th, Japanese and American fleets confronted each other head-on, and another 1 Japanese aircraft carrier was hit hard, 1 American aircraft carrier was sunk, and another 1 ship was damaged. This was the first defeat since Japan launched the Pacific War, which marked that the Japanese army's southward advance in Oceania was stopped.
After the Sino-Japanese War in China entered a stalemate, Japan adopted the policy of political inducement and surrender, supplemented by military strikes. Wang Jingwei publicly surrendered to Japan.1On March 30th, 940, the puppet national government under the wing of Japan was established in Nanjing. The Producers' Party of China put forward the policy of persisting in the protracted war of resistance against Japan and opposing compromise, surrender and division, thus stabilizing the Anti-Japanese Front. 1939, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army fought against 62% of the total Japanese troops invading China, and the battlefield behind enemy lines became the main battlefield of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. The frontal battlefield mainly fought in the peripheral areas of 1939 ~ 194 1 autumn, and then moved to Nanchang, northern Hubei, southern Henan, Changsha, Nanning, Zhongtiaoshan and other places.
The formation of the world anti-fascist alliance With the spread of the war, after a series of bilateral and multilateral talks between anti-fascist countries, the anti-fascist countries with the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and China as the core strengthened their mutual assistance and cooperation.
After the American Lending Act and the Anglo-American Alliance World War broke out in Europe, the United States declared neutrality according to the China legislation of 1937 (see American Chinese Legislation). 1939165438+10 In October, the United States amended China's legislation, implemented the principle of self-care in cash purchase and transportation, and sold weapons to belligerents, which was beneficial to Britain and France with naval advantages. With the defeat of France, Britain retreated to the British Isles, American public opinion called for assistance to Britain, and isolationism weakened. 1On September 2, 940, the United States and Britain reached an agreement, and the United States exchanged 50 old destroyers for the establishment of military bases on eight islands, including British Bermuda. Due to Britain's inability to buy arms in cash, Churchill sent an urgent letter for help to US President Roosevelt at the end of 1940. Roosevelt proposed to help Britain by "leasing". 1941March 1 1 day, the us congress passed the lease act, authorizing the president to provide weapons and military materials to countries of great significance to us security by selling, transferring, exchanging or leasing, and allocating 7 billion us dollars for the implementation of the lease act. This means that the United States completely abandoned the "neutrality" policy and actually intervened in the anti-fascist war in European countries. Britain and the United States began to form an alliance against German fascism. At the same time, the United States and Britain reached an agreement on the global strategy of "Europe first, then Asia" in June 5438+0941~ March, and made the ABC- 1 plan accordingly. 194 1 1 In February, the leaders of the United States and Britain decided on the policy of "Europe first, then Asia" at the Washington Conference code-named Acadia. At the meeting, the United States put forward and drafted a draft United Nations declaration against fascist axis countries.
On the night of the Soviet-British agreement and the American aid to the Soviet-German-Soviet war, Churchill announced that Britain would support the Soviet Union and all anti-Hitler countries. 12 In July, the Soviet Union and Britain signed an agreement to act in concert in the war against Germany, and assumed the obligation to support each other and fight to the end in the anti-fascist war. 16 In August, the Soviet Union and Britain signed a trade, loan and payment agreement, and Britain lent the Soviet Union100000 pounds.
1941On June 24th, President Roosevelt announced that all countries resisting fascist aggression, including the Soviet Union, would accept American assistance. In mid-August, the American fleet sent to the Soviet Union set sail for the first time.
Expansion of the Anti-Fascist International League1941July, Su Jie and Su Bo signed an agreement on concerted action in the anti-fascist war. 1942 65438+1On October 29th, the Soviet Union, Britain and Iran concluded an alliance agreement.
On the eve of France's defeat, General C.-A.-M.-J. Charles de Gaulle flew to London on June 1940, and announced the establishment of a free France the next day and the establishment of the French National Committee on June 23. On the 28th, Britain formally recognized free France and formed an alliance with it. In September, the Soviet Union also admitted it.
194 1 04 On August 14, the heads of government of the United States and Britain promulgated the Atlantic Charter. This is the symbol of the wartime political alliance between the United States and Britain, which became the basis of the United Nations Charter in the future, and played a positive role in mobilizing and inspiring people all over the world and strengthening the anti-fascist alliance.
The Soviet Union, the United States and Britain met in Moscow1941September 29th, and the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain met in Moscow. 1 June1day, the three countries signed a protocol stipulating that from June 194 1 day to June 1942, the United States and Britain would provide the Soviet Union with 400 aircraft, 500 tanks and other weapons and equipment every month; Sue supplies raw materials to Britain and America. 10 year 10 On October 30th, Roosevelt announced that he would provide the Soviet Union with a loan of 10 billion dollars. 165438+1On October 7th, the United States extended the lease bill to the Soviet Union.
Joint National Declaration After consultation, the joint national declaration of 26 countries including China, the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain was signed in Washington in June 5438 +0942+10, which marked the formal formation of the world anti-fascist alliance with the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union as its core and laid a preliminary foundation for the establishment of the United Nations organization.
The strategic turning point of the anti-fascist alliance from defense to counterattack
With1victory in the naval battle of midway in June 1942, 1942 10 victory in the battle of El Alamein, and 165438 victory in the battle of Stalingrad in February, the anti-fascist allies began to turn from defense to attack.
The victory of the Soviet Union in Stalingrad in the Soviet-German battlefield was a turning point in the Soviet Patriotic War and also marked a historic turning point in the world anti-fascist war.
Battle of Stalingrad 1942165438+1October19 Three Soviet troops began to counterattack in Stalingrad. After the Soviet army smashed the German group on the Don River, it launched a panic attack in June 1943+ 10/0. On February 2, all the besieged Germans either surrendered or were wiped out. In the 200-day battle, the Germans lost 1.5 million people, 3,500 tanks, 3,000 assault guns and 3,000 planes in the Don, Volga and Stalingrad, which was the biggest defeat after the war.
Stalingrad
Battle of Kursk 1943 65438+ 10 Soviet troops recaptured Rostov and other places, breaking through the German blockade of Leningrad. In the summer of the same year, the Germans gathered in the north and south of Kursk, trying to crush the Soviet main force in this area and regain the strategic initiative. 12 In July, the Soviets counterattacked and recovered Kharkov on August 23rd. In the 50-day fierce battle, the two sides used more than 4 million troops, * * * dispatched more than 65,438 tanks and self-propelled artillery, and nearly 1.2 million combat aircraft, which was the largest battle of the tank corps in World War II. The Germans lost 500,000 men, 1500 tanks and more than 3,500 planes. The Soviet army completed the fundamental turning point of the Soviet-German battlefield, from strategic defense to strategic counterattack.
British troops in the Mediterranean battlefield in Africa won the battle of aleman, which turned the tide in Africa. The allies who fought on the western front gained the strategic initiative. Anglo-American allied forces landed in Morocco and Algeria successfully, attacked and destroyed the German and Italian invaders in North Africa from the east and west, and then the allied forces launched campaigns in Sicily and southern Italy.
In the Battle of aleman, the Italian army in North Africa was annihilated by the British from 1940 to 194 1. In February, the German African Corps entered North Africa under the command of Rommel. 35,000 British troops in daycare brook surrendered to the Germans. On 30th, German and Italian troops arrived in aleman, about 96 kilometers away from Alexandria. Churchill went to Cairo to reorganize the British Middle East Command, and B.L. Montgomery became the commander of the British Eighth Army. In early September, he repelled Rommel's last attack on aleman's defence. 65438+1October 23rd ~165438+1October 4th, the British army fought in aleman, killing and injuring 59,000 German and Italian troops. 1943 65438+1On October 23rd, British troops entered Tripoli. At this point, * * * pursued more than 2,200 kilometers to the west.
The British captured German tanks and drivers at the Battle of aleman.
Allied forces landed in northwest Africa1942165438+1October 8, and the 65438+multinational forces with D.D. Eisenhower as commander-in-chief landed in Casablanca, Oran and Algiers in three ways. On June 5438+02, some allied forces entered Tunisia. This action, code-named Torch, is an alternative action taken by Britain and the United States to open up the second battlefield in Europe.
165438+ 10/0, German and Italian troops occupied southern France and Corsica under the Vichy government, and sent troops to Tunisia. 1October 27, the Germans attempted to seize.