Dawenkou culture began from 4040 BC to 2240 BC and lasted for about 2000 years. According to the relationship between the base area and the characteristics of the relics, it can be divided into three periods: early, middle and late. There are argillaceous and sandy pottery, mainly red pottery in the early stage, and the proportion of gray and black increased in the late stage, resulting in white pottery and eggshell pottery. Hand-made pottery developed to the later round pottery, and the firing temperature was 900- 1000℃. There are ding, Jing, Jing, Dou, Zun, single-ear cup, cup-shaped, high-necked jar, back pot and so on. Many pottery surface films are shiny, and the patterns are scratches, chords, baskets, circles, triangles, carved holes and so on. Painted pottery is rare, but it is very distinctive. There are three colors: red, black and white, and the patterns are a little bit shaped, geometric and mosaic.
Dawenkou culture was first discovered in 1959, and was excavated, which was confirmed as the remains of the late Neolithic age. Archaeologists named Dawenkou site and its similar cultural remains Dawenkou culture. Later, many excavations were carried out in 1974, 1977 and 1978. The site is rich in connotation, including tombs, houses and pits. The unearthed household utensils mainly include pots, beans, pots, cans, bowls, plates, cups and other utensils, which are divided into painted pottery, red pottery, white pottery, gray pottery and black pottery, especially painted pottery utensils with fine and symmetrical patterns and regular geometric patterns. The production tools include beautifully polished stone axe, stone hairpin, stone chisel, bone grinder, etc. The fine grinding of bone needles can be comparable to today's needles. Tombs are mainly buried on the back and directly, and there is a common custom of burying teeth, and some also bury pig heads and pig bones as symbols of wealth.
The discovery of Dawenkou culture not only found the origin of Longshan culture in Shandong, but also provided important clues for the study of primitive culture in Huanghuai basin and coastal areas of Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
[Edit this paragraph] function
(1) Mainly engaged in agricultural production, and engaged in animal husbandry, supplemented by hunting and fishing. Many village ruins of different sizes have been discovered. The location of the village site is selected on the platform near the river bank and on the highland of the plain. Agriculture is mainly based on planting millet. In a cave in Sanlihe site, carbonized millet of 1 m3 was found. Also unearthed a large number of cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs and other livestock bones.
(2) Most houses are ground buildings, but there are also a few semi-crypt houses. Chengzi site excavated a square house with Dawenkou culture. The building base is 4.65 meters long from east to west and 4.55 meters long from north to south, with the door facing south. The construction method is to dig a 0.5-meter foundation trench on the floor first, and fill and tamp the foundation trench with soil. There are dense column holes in the wall base and four column holes in the room. In the Dadunzi Tomb of Dawenkou Culture, a model pottery house was also unearthed. A rectangular front, short eaves, pyramid-shaped roof, front door, three windows, the door and the surrounding walls are engraved with the image of a dog. A facade is triangular, with the front door open and the left, right and back walls open. The other piece is round in cross section and has a short eaves on it. The pyramid roof has five kidneys and no windows. These pottery house models provide us with quite vivid shapes of Dawenkou cultural houses.
(3) The ash pits in Dawenkou culture include round vertical holes and oval vertical holes, which may be pits for storing things. There are also irregular ash pits with mouths larger than the bottom.
(4) The production tools of Dawenkou culture are still mainly stone tools, with some bones, horns and mussels. Stone tools include shovels, hoes, axes, chisels, knives, daggers and spears. Some stone shovels and axes have round holes. There are also some stone shovels and spears with handles Bones include sickles, fish darts, arrows, daggers and spears. Horn includes hoe, fish dart, trowel and dagger. There are sickles and arrows in mussels. There are also a small number of pottery net pendants and pottery spinning wheels. There have been some changes in stone tools, bones and horns. According to their unearthed horizons, they can be divided into three stages: early, middle and late.
(5) The pottery-making technology of Dawenkou culture has been greatly improved. There are four kinds of pottery: red pottery, gray pottery, black pottery and white pottery. Carving and weaving patterns are the most prominent features of pottery decoration. Common decorative patterns include cone-thorn pattern, additional velvet pattern, chord pattern, scratch pattern, basket pattern and so on. There are not many painted pottery. Painted pottery is painted in black and red with geometric patterns such as parallel lines, strings, leaves, petals and octagons. Pottery is popular with tripods and collars. There are pot-shaped ding, almsgiving ding, pot-shaped ding, back pot, long-necked pot, deep-bellied pot, high-handle beans and so on. High-handle cups and white pottery are the most distinctive pottery in Dawenkou culture. In the early, middle and late period, the color, decoration and shape of pottery changed slightly. The color of early pottery was mainly red pottery, but there were also some gray pottery and black gray pottery. In the middle period, red pottery decreased, gray pottery increased, and there were some black pottery and white pottery. In the later period, black pottery increased greatly, with a small amount of red pottery, gray pottery and white pottery. Pottery-making methods were mainly hand-made in the early stage, and gradually increased in the later stage. The pattern of pottery, in the early days, had cone-thorn pattern, scratch pattern and a small amount of painted pottery. Painted pottery is mostly black lines, stripes and textures. The main vessel types are pot-shaped ding, almsgiving ding, pot-shaped ding with small mouth and handle, folded flat-bottomed bowl, colored pottery bowl with upper abdomen, high-handle bean, high-handle bottle, double-ear pot and so on. In the middle period, additional pile patterns, basket patterns, relief patterns, carved patterns and painted pottery painted with black ochre and red appeared. Painted pottery patterns have petal patterns and octagonal star patterns composed of straight lines, oblique lines and arcs. The number of pottery utensils in the middle period increased obviously compared with that in the early period, mainly including small-mouth, deep-bellied pot-shaped ding, bowl-shaped ding, small-mouth, deep-bellied pot-shaped ding, flat-bottomed cup, three-solid-foot cup, closed bowl, trumpet-shaped bean with high handle, small-mouth, long-necked pot, high-handle cup, basin, reed, spoon and leaker. In the late period of pottery, there were string patterns, additional pile patterns, basket patterns and engraved patterns. Painted pottery, on the other hand, is mainly a vortex pattern. There are pot-shaped ding, thin pot with belly back (including white pottery), wide-shouldered pot, high-handled bean, bagged foot (including white pottery), three-legged cup, high-handled bean, cup with handle, long-necked pot and so on.
(6) The sculptures and handicrafts of Dawenkou culture are not only numerous, but also of high artistic level, and most of them are funerary objects. Sculptures include ivory carving tubes, ivory bushes, ivory combs, carved bone beads, bone carving tubes, bone combs, tooth carvings, bone tubes inlaid with turquoise, carved bone knives, perforated jade shovels, jade beads, and pottery animals. These sculptures are beautifully made and beautifully shaped, which are quite distinctive works of art in Dawenkou culture.
(7) Dawenkou cultural tombs are mostly buried in centralized cemeteries. The graves in each cemetery are arranged in an orderly way, and the heads of the dead are the same. Most of the tombs are rectangular vertical pits, some only have coffins, but there are also coffins. The burial style is generally a straight limb, and there are also two or more people buried together. Many people were buried together, ranging from three to twenty-three. The tombs where the two people are buried together include same-sex burial and heterosexual burial. And once or twice, they were buried together. In addition, some headless burials, corpse burials and "out-of-town burials" (that is, some bones in the tomb were moved to other places, while some bones of the deceased remained in the original burial tomb) were also found. There are four burial methods: limb-bending burial, prone burial and overlapping burial. Most graves have no funerary objects. Where there are funerary objects, the number of funerary objects varies greatly. At least 1, 2 pieces, 100 pieces. For example, M 10 in Dawenkou is 1 tomb of elderly women. The tomb pit is 4.2 meters long from east to west and 3.2 meters wide from north to south. There are two platforms and painted coffins at the bottom of the tomb. The funerary objects include three strings of 77 stone ornaments decorated on the head and neck, 1 jade arm ring and jade ring, abdomen 1 jade shovel, two ivory carving tubes, 1 bone carving tube and 1 ivory comb. More than 90 pieces of pottery (including 38 pieces of white pottery, polished black pottery and painted pottery), as well as pig heads, animal bones and crocodile skins. The disparity of funerary objects reflects the growing gap between the rich and the poor in society.
[Edit this paragraph] Type
At present, the archaeological community has different views on the types of Dawenkou culture. It is suggested that it can be divided into three types: Qinglian Port, Liu Ling and Huating. Others think it can be divided into Dawenkou, Dadunzi and Sanlihe. The three types of the latter division are briefly described as follows:
(1) dawenkou type: including dawenkou cultural sites in Taian and Jining in south-central Shandong. The excavated sites include Shang Gang in Tengzhou, Xiahou in Qufu, Yedian in Zoucheng and Wang Yin in Yanzhou. The characteristics of this kind of pottery are manifested in the shape of pottery, such as pot-shaped tripod, high-handle and large-hole woven beans, back pot, cylindrical cup, cup, pedestal, round foot bottle, full foot cup, ear cup and so on. Burials are mainly with heads facing east and straight limbs, and there are also a few funerals with bent bodies and stoops. Most of the victims had dental instruments in their hands. There are a certain number of same-sex tombs in early tombs in Wang Yin.
(2) Dadunzi type: named after it was first discovered in Dadunzi, Pixian County, northern Jiangsu Province. Mainly distributed in northern Jiangsu, north of Huaihe River. The excavated sites include Liu Ling in Pixian County, Huating in Xinyi and Erjian Village in Lianyungang. Pottery is represented by tripod, cup, bean, back pot, three-legged pot with handle, reed, bowl, shaped cup, high round foot cup and pot. The burial style is also dominated by a single head facing east or northeast, and the deceased still holds a tooth cutter in his hand. In some graves, the dead have stone rings in their eyes.
(3) Sanlihe type: named after the representative Sanlihe site in Jiaozhou, Shandong Province. Mainly distributed in Weifang and Rizhao, Shandong. The excavation sites include Donghai Valley in Rizhao, Jingzhi Town in Anqiu and Chengzi in Zhucheng. Pot, pot-shaped tripod, pot, single-ear long-necked pot, double-ear long-necked pot, slender bottle, big mouth folded shoulder, single-ear cup, high-handle cup, folded belly bowl, etc. It is a representative of pottery, but there are few back cans, beans and cylindrical cups. The burial style is mainly single, with the head facing northwest. There are many burial tombs in Chengzi site, and there are also overlapping burials. Most of the victims still had teeth or clam utensils. Some of the dead had stone graupels, mussels, black pottery cups and shells on their arms. Some of the dead still have jade retort in their mouths. It is very common to bury a pig's mandible.
[Edit this paragraph] Development
Dawenkou culture is a primitive culture distributed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Jianghuai area in China. From 65438 to 0959, hundreds of tombs were excavated at Dawenkou and Baotou sites at the junction of Tai 'an and Ningyang counties in Shandong Province, and a large number of unique cultural relics were unearthed. Later, sites and tombs of the same type of culture were found in the vast areas of Shandong and northern Jiangsu, which is Dawenkou culture. Dawenkou culture has experienced a long-term development process. According to the unearthed data, it can be divided into three stages: early, middle and late.
Great changes have taken place in the gender of social workers during the Dawenkou culture period. This can be well explained by the changes of the two tools for men and women buried with the grave, namely the stone shovel, the stone axe, the stone hairpin and the spinning wheel. After the middle period of Dawenkou culture, the production tools such as shovels, axes and spears were mainly men, and the spinning wheels were mainly women. This shows that men have become the main undertakers of social production, especially agricultural production, and women are engaged in housework such as textiles. The society has developed from the matriarchal clan commune stage to the paternal clan commune stage.
In the late Dawenkou culture, with the development of production, private ownership appeared. Domestic pig is an important movable property of Dawenkou clan. Many pig heads and jawbones are buried in some Dawenkou tombs. These buried pig heads and jawbones should be the private property of the tomb owner before his death. In addition, the private property buried with him also includes pottery, production tools and various decorations.
The emergence and development of private ownership will inevitably lead to polarization between the rich and the poor, and there will be polarization between the rich and the poor within the clan. The tombs in the middle and late Dawenkou culture clearly reflect this evolution. Judging from the scale of tombs, there are big tombs and small tombs. Judging from the funerary objects, the difference is even greater. There are two groups of tombs that can be compared: a group of seven tombs is rich in funerary objects, with a maximum of 77 and a minimum of 19, including pottery, jade, pig's head and so on; Another group of four tombs, the funerary objects are very poor, with only 17 pieces in total, including pottery, spinning wheel, roe teeth, etc. It can be seen that the polarization between the rich and the poor has been very significant.
Black pottery and white pottery are two new varieties in the pottery industry in the middle and late Dawenkou culture, reflecting the remarkable progress of pottery technology at that time. At this time, the pottery has been made by a fast-rotating pottery cart. The pottery cart consists of a wheel and a shaft. When in use, one person rotates the roulette wheel to make it rotate quickly, and the other person uses the centrifugal force formed by the rotation of the pottery wheel to shape the soil into the required vessel with the dexterous movements of both hands. Using a fast-rotating pottery car to make blanks has a large number and good quality. The firing technology has also been improved. The increase of kiln chamber, the decrease of crater, the increase of fire branches and kiln grate holes make the heat distribution more uniform. At this time, the technology of high-temperature sealed kiln can reduce the iron element in clay, and some clay is mixed with carbon, so the fired pottery is mostly black. White pottery is made of kaolin. When making, people try to keep the purity of clay, so it is burned to white. The appearance of white pottery is of great significance, which laid a technical foundation for the production of porcelain in the future. Some white pottery also has patterns.
According to the excavation of Dawenkou cultural sites, especially tombs, there are three different views on the social development stage of Dawenkou culture:
One thinks that private ownership has been established and monogamy has been consolidated, which should be in the last stage of patriarchal society.
Another view is that the funerary objects in the tomb are very different, and the characters have appeared, which should be the primary stage of slave society.
The other is that according to Dawenkou tomb materials, it should be in the transitional stage from matriarchal clan society to paternal clan society.
[Edit this paragraph] Society
Economy: The agricultural production of Dawenkou culture is mainly based on planting millet. Residents raise domestic animals such as pigs and dogs, and are also engaged in fishing, hunting and gathering. Production tools include stone axe, shovel, knife, trowel, bone horn hoe, fish dart, fish hook and trowel. The pottery industry is more developed, and small-scale pottery is produced by wheel method. There are many kinds of pottery, such as tripod, round foot, flat bottom, etc., as well as bedding utensils, mainly tripod, bean, cup, pot, high-handle cup, cup and so on. Stone tools, jade articles, bone horns and teeth, and inlaid handicrafts are also very prosperous. The unearthed Hosta, petal ivory tube and carved ivory comb are exquisitely made and have a high level of craftsmanship.
Residents' custom: at that time, artificial deformation of occipital bone and extraction of a pair of lateral upper incisors were prevalent among residents, and some of them had small stone balls or pottery balls in their mouths for a long time, which led to atrophy and deformation of jaws. It is also popular to put a perforated tortoise shell on the waist of the deceased, who holds a tooth or hook-shaped tooth. These customs are rare in other prehistoric cultures in China.
Tombs: There were no burial tools in the early tombs of Dawenkou culture, and wooden coffins appeared in the middle and late period; In the early period, there were same-sex tombs reflecting the strong blood relationship between clan members, and in the middle and late period, there were burial tombs for couples after the establishment of patriarchy. In Dawenkou cemetery, 1959 unearthed 133 tombs, equivalent to the middle and late Dawenkou culture. Large, medium and small tombs here are very different. The tomb is not only large-scale, but also often has wooden funerary utensils. The funerary objects are rich and exquisite, including clean white pottery, dark and slightly shiny black pottery and elegant painted pottery, as well as jade, stone tools, ivory and bone utensils. Small graves are narrow, and some only bury 1 Tao Ding or 1 ivory. The sharp contrast between large and small tombs shows that private ownership has emerged and polarization between the rich and the poor has emerged. Tao Zun Wen Tao was also found in Lingyang River, Dazhu Village in Juxian County, Hangtou and Qianzhai in Zhucheng, which attracted the attention of archaeologists and ancient philologists. Dawenkou culture originated from northern new culture (see Qingliangang culture), followed by Shandong Longshan culture. The inhabitants of this culture are generally considered to be Dongyi people in ancient China.
Dawenkou culture is one of the important remains in the late Neolithic period, named after it was first discovered in Dawenkou site in Tai 'an County, Shandong Province. Its distribution range is adjacent to Bohai Sea in the north, Jiangsu and Anhui in the south and Henan in the west. It began in 4300 BC and developed into Longshan culture in Shandong around 2500 BC. Dawenkou culture pottery has obvious characteristics, and adolescent tooth extraction custom prevails among residents, which is the birthplace of ancient ancestors' tooth extraction custom in the southeast coast of China. The social and economic development of Dawenkou culture has reached a higher level. Many carved symbols found are considered as ancient hieroglyphics. At that time, the polarization between the rich and the poor was serious, private ownership gradually formed, and the whole society was close to the threshold of class society.
The picture shows the red pottery unearthed in Yedian Village of 197 1 Yishan Town, with a height of 22.5 cm. The red pottery is mixed with sand and shaped by hand. Oval orifice, micro-extravasation, beak flow, thin neck, round abdomen, wide-band handle, tricuspid foot.
1, climate change in forest areas of Africa caused a large number of Australopithecus to die, and some of them survived and spread to the coast. This process takes about tens of thousands of years.
2. A branch spread northward along the sea, passing through the Middle East and India, and came to Southeast Asia. These people scattered along the way to the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia and other places, and this process takes about 20,000 to 50,000 years. After repeated migration and intermarriage, their descendants became Middle Easterners, Indians and Malays.
3. A branch of Southeast Asia expanded northward into Chinese mainland, forming the ancestors of China people. This process took about 20,000 years.
4. There are many scattered civilization spots in China, which are distributed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, Huanghuai area, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Liaodong, Gansu and Xinjiang. Among them, the middle reaches of the Yellow River are the direct ancestors of the Chinese nation. Many of these areas have formed a class society and led to civilization. Yangshao culture is located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and Dawenkou culture is located in Huanghuai area. The myths and legends of ancient Huang San in China were born in these two areas.
5. The Huaxia nationality in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Dongyi nationality in the Huanghuai area clashed in the process of expansion and went through many wars. In the end, Huaxia culture defeated Dongyi culture. The Chinese nation is the predecessor of our Han nationality.
6. About 4,500 years ago. The Chinese nation was divided, and the governors attacked each other, but the leader of the Chinese nation, Emperor Yan, could not control the situation. Gongsun Xuanyuan and Chiyou are the most powerful princes. After Gongsun Xuanyuan defeated Emperor Yan, he crusaded against local governors in the name of Emperor Yan and wiped out Chiyou. Gongsun Xuanyuan therefore proclaimed himself the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor formulated the etiquette system and cultural customs, and China became a completely civilized country. Huangdi fought everywhere. It controls all areas from north to Inner Mongolia, east to Busan, west to Gansu and south to the Yangtze River basin. Develop public standards, such as words, calendars and weights and measures. The book is the same, and the car is the same track. China has achieved its first reunification! After the death of the Yellow Emperor, his grandson succeeded to the throne.
7. After the death of the Yellow Emperor 100 years, China was relatively calm and knew that Yao usurped the throne. Yao's younger brother is a bad king, and his rule is weak, so Yao usurps the throne. When Yao was in office, there was a flood in the whole country. It has not been well managed for more than ten years. Yao ceded the throne to Shun. Shun used Yu to control water. Thirteen years later, Yu finally managed the flood, and gradually mastered the state power in the process of water control. He divided the whole country into Kyushu. Shun gave up his position to Yu. Dayu passed on his position to his son, and it has been the Xia Dynasty ever since.
8. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The three generations were feudal societies. The son of heaven governs the country-hereditary nobility.
9, the generation is the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Feudal society in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The feudal system collapsed. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, he completely abolished the feudal system and implemented the county system. Ruling the country by the Son of Heaven-a non-hereditary official. This system has continued until now.