Function of Huayuan Road
Garden road is different from most urban roads, it not only organizes traffic and transportation; There are also its landscape requirements: organizing tour routes; Paving, alignment and color of garden roads and squares provide a place to rest, which is also a part of garden landscape. In short, the garden road guides tourists to scenic spots, organizes tourists to rest and enjoys the scenery along the way, and the garden road itself has become an ornamental object.
It is instructive to recall Mr. Hu's explanation of "Meiyingpo" when he was explaining the Peony Garden where fish were enjoyed. Facing the plum heap, lay the ground with its reflection. This situation makes people drift from place to place and linger.
Type and scale of garden road
There are several kinds of garden roads in general green space:
● Main roads. To contact the whole park, transportation, production, ambulance, fire fighting and sightseeing vehicles must be considered. 7 ~ 8 meters wide.
● Secondary roads. Communicate with various scenic spots and buildings, and connect with light vehicles and rickshaws. 3 ~ 4 meters wide.
● Boulevard, binjiang road, various squares.
● Leisure trails and healthy trails. Double walking 1.2 ~ 1.5m, single walking 0.6-1m. Healthy walking is the most popular form of foot massage in recent years. Massage the acupoints on the soles of the feet by walking on the gravel road to achieve the purpose of fitness, but it is also a landscape.
There are three points to emphasize here:
First, the paving width and the spatial scale of the garden road are related but different concepts. The roads in the old city are narrow, and there are not many green streets, so how wide the road surface is, how much space there is. Garden road is a part of green space, and its space size includes not only the width of road surface, but also the influence of surrounding terrain. You cannot replace the space size requirement with the pavement width.
Generally, the traffic frequency of garden green space is not high, and the flow of people is scattered. There is no need to expand the scope of pavement, reduce the area of green space and increase the project investment in pursuit of the bold and magnificent landscape. On the contrary, we should pay attention to the changes of space on both sides of the garden road, and use perspective lines and appropriate buffer grass to broaden our horizons and solve the problem of crowd distribution during holidays and gatherings. The most magnificent landscape in the garden is green plant landscape, not artificial buildings.
Second, the scale and distribution density of parks and squares should be an objective and reasonable reflection of the density of people flow. The above road widths are general reference values. On the other hand, it shows that the scale and density of crowded places, such as playgrounds and entrance doors, are larger; On the contrary, leisure and pedestrian areas are smaller. If this requirement is not met, the green space will be easily destroyed. It is for this reason that the grassland of People's Park in the center of Shanghai in the 1960s and 1970s was known as covered with gold. At present, many planning and design, in turn, exaggerate the role of the fifth facade and flooring, increase construction investment, and also lead to exposure all day, with only a handful of pedestrians, which is unfavorable to the ecology. Can't say it's a shortcoming.
Of course, this is also related to the nature, style and status of garden green space. For example, the size and density of zoos are larger than those of ordinary rest parks; Urban areas are bigger than suburban parks; Due to the dense buildings, the paved area of China classical gardens is often large. The ground for laying buildings and equipment is a part of the tour guide route, but it is not a garden road, but an extension and supplement of the garden road.
Third, in the large-scale new green space, such as the artificial forest park in the suburbs, due to its large scale, ranging from several thousand mu to 10 thousand mu, it is necessary to give priority to gradually building garden roads. At the beginning of the construction of the garden, as long as the road can meet the requirements of production and transportation, such as every 200 ~ 500 meters, its density will be fine. With the gradual formation of the landscape, other parks, paths and facilities will be built to save investment. In the initial construction, it is also the most reasonable and beneficial to build only the subgrade of Luyuan Road, such as the coastal artificial forest park in Nanhui.
Linetype of Huayuan Road
(1) There are two different garden styles in the planned garden road: free and curved, regular and straight. Of course, while using one method as the main method, it can also be supplemented by another method. Careful observation shows that Shanghai Yangpu Park is natural as a whole, and the entrance section is regular. Fuxing Park, on the other hand, has regular yandang road and felt flower beds, while the rocks and waterfalls behind it are natural. There is nothing wrong with this complementarity. No matter what style is adopted, it is forbidden to break the road and turn back. Unless there are obvious destinations, landscapes and buildings.
(2) The garden road is not facing the central axis, and the two sides are parallel and unchanged, and the garden road can be asymmetrical. The most typical example is century avenue, Pudong: the road width is 100 m, the center line has moved to the south by 10 m, the sidewalk on the north side is 44 m wide, and six rows of street trees have been planted. The sidewalk on the south side is 24 meters wide and two rows of street trees are planted; The width of the sidewalk adds up to more than twice that of the driveway.
(3) The garden road can also adopt the form of variable cross-section according to functional needs. If the width of the turning point is different; The extended boundary of the stool chair; Roadside kiosks; There is also the combination of Garden Road and Little Square (see photo). In this way, the width is different, and the combination of right and wrong makes the garden road changeable and vivid, so that the leisure and stay on the road are combined with people's walking and sports, and each is in its proper place.
(4) The turn of the garden road is tortuous. This is not a problem in a garden with good natural conditions: because of the terrain, it is very natural and tortuous. Shanghai is generally not like this. In order to prolong the tour route, increase the interest of tour and improve the utilization rate of green space, the garden road is often designed in a winding state, but the garden land in Shanghai has not changed much, and it is often dominated by Ma Pingchuan. At this time, it is necessary to artificially create some conditions to match the turning and ups and downs of the garden road. For example, some rocks and trees are arranged at the corner, or the terrain is undulating, so that the curve is reasonable and the road is in the green space; Not three steps and one bend, five steps and one song, but bending for music, existing outside the green space. Chen Congzhou said: "In the garden, music and straightness are relative, so we should contain straightness in music, use it flexibly and bend it freely." Ming? If you want to succeed, you must do it: "Although it is man-made, it is like nature."
(5) At the intersection of Yuanlu Road, the following points should be noted:
▲ Avoid multiple intersections. Along the way, the road conditions are complex and the direction is unknown.
▲ Try to be as orthogonal as possible. The acute angle is too small, which makes it difficult for vehicles to turn. Pedestrians should wear green spaces.
▲ Clear priorities. There should be obvious differences in width, paving and direction.
▲ There are scenery and characteristics. In particular, the three-way intersection can form a scene, which is fresh in people's memory and unforgettable.
(6) When the garden road is on the hillside, the slope is ≥ 6, and it should be like a winding mountain road along the contour line. When considering bicycles, the slope is ≤ 8, and the car is ≤15; If human tricycles is considered, the slope is still small, ≤3.
When the pedestrian slope is ≥ 10%, the design steps should be considered. It is a good thing that the garden road intersects the contour line obliquely and twists and turns back and forth, increasing the viewing points and viewing surfaces.
(7) Arrange venues and roads for the disabled.
Laying of Garden Road
It is suggested that the surface of bulk materials-sand, stone, wood, prefabricated products, etc. And Shaji belongs to this type of garden road. This is a garden-ecological-environmental protection road with air permeability at the top and water seepage at the bottom. The reason for this proposal is based on the following considerations:
(1) meets the requirements of green space ecology. It is breathable and permeable, which is very beneficial to the growth of trees. At the same time, reduce the drainage outside the ditch and increase the groundwater recharge.
(2) Coordinate with the landscape. Natural and wild, leaving less artificial traces. Especially this type of green space, the plantation in the suburbs, is not wrong at all.
(3) Newly-built gardens, especially those in Shanghai, often have some or even most of the roads and squares on the newly-filled soil due to terrain changes.
(4) The construction of garden green space is a long-term process, which should be constantly supplemented and improved. This kind of pavement is suitable for construction by stages. Even if a trench pipe is temporarily placed to raise the local pavement, it is very easy to avoid the need for abdominal incision like rigid pavement.
(5) Except during the construction period, the traffic frequency of Huayuan Road is not high, and there are not many heavy vehicles.
(6) It is the inheritance and extension of China's traditional gardening techniques.
Points for attention in paving block pavement;
-Square has the same space, Garden Road has the same direction, and the pavement with style is better. In this way, several different places are paved with different pavements to form the whole park, so as to achieve the purpose of seeking common ground while reserving differences. In fact, this is based on the pavement of the garden road to express the different properties, uses and areas of the garden road.
-A pavement can be composed of blocks of different sizes, materials and assembly methods. The key is what to use and where to shop. For example, the main roads and places with heavy traffic flow should be firm, flat, non-slip and wear-resistant, with simple and generous lines, which is convenient for construction and management. If the same stone is used, change the size or build by laying bricks or stones. Paths, small spaces and leisure avenues can be more colorful, such as China classical gardens. It is necessary to study the characteristics of other garden elements where the garden road is located in order to create a distinctive and popular pavement. For example, the bamboo path in Hangzhou is quiet, and the crane map between the Wu Fengxian Mountain Pavilion and the Crane Pavilion in Suzhou is integrated with the environment, which is poetic and picturesque. Ming? Ji Cheng has already discussed this point in "Gardening and Metallurgy": "Only in the spacious building of Suotang, lay a polished brick, if the path twists and turns, the long masonry is full of stones. Atrium styles should be stacked, and dense masonry can also be palindrome. Octagonal inlay selects goose to lay Sichuan brocade. "
-The size and shape of the block should be in harmony with the environment and space, and it should be suitable for free and tortuous linear pavement, which is the key to simple construction; The thickness of the surface layer should be moderate, the rough surface should be suitable for baby carriages and high heels, the fine surface should not slip or fall off in rainy days, and the block modulus should be coordinated with the width of the road; Made of different materials, the color, texture and shape contrast strongly.
-block the edge of the road and strengthen protection. Damage often starts here.
□ Avoid questions. There are different opinions on whether to pave kerbs on Huayuan Road. The author believes that it is necessary to reach an agreement on the following facts:
(1) See if it is necessary to pull over for the use of cleaning machinery;
(2) After using blocks, build by laying bricks or stones with neat edges;
③ Whether the side stone can reinforce the edge of the garden road;
The most important thing is whether the green space on both sides of the garden road is higher than the road surface. When greening has not yet taken shape, side stones should be used to prevent soil erosion.
□ It is recommended to use more natural materials. Close to nature, unpretentious, inexpensive and durable. Even old materials and wastes can be turned into valuables with a little processing. There is a kind of pavement in Japan that is paved with coarse sand. We used to have cinder pavement. Broken marble granite slabs are also widely used, and stone chips are usually used as fillers. The old bricks and tiles demolished today are not good materials for traditional garden roads. According to the usage of Hongqiao Garden, the stone pavement with a thickness of more than 1.50mm (including the completed pavement) is less than 1.50 yuan/m2, and the price of bouncing stone is less than 1.00 yuan/m2 (excluding the gravel cushion constructed in the early stage), which is cheaper than using concrete pavement.
Garden road and planting
(1) The greening forms related to Garden Road and Square are:
Central Green Island, Return Island, etc.
Street trees;
Flower pots, flower tree altars, tree arrays;
Both sides are green.
(2) The best greening effect should be the tree-lined passage. The suburbs are afforested in a large area, and street trees can be planted in combination with greening on both sides, freely entering and leaving, and flexibly planting without spacing, thus realizing the artistic conception of walking in the forest. This can also be called editing the scene; A barrier is formed by slightly densely arranging a certain distance in a local area, which is a barrier. Obstacles make people have the artistic conception of "heavy mountains and heavy waters, no road to doubt, a bright future and another village" In order to reduce man-made damage, urban green space needs more greening forms. In the garage road, the greening layout should meet the requirements of driving sight distance and turning radius. In particular, don't plant dense trees on the roadside in case people can't stop walking.
(3) It is ideal to consider the possibility of extending "green" to parks and squares, and cross-infiltrate each other;
Use point paving, such as dry step and interval paving;
Using hollow blocks, the most commonly used brick is grass planting. There is a kind of hollow brick in Poland, which can make green space occupy more than 2/3 of the pavement.
Embedding flowerpots, flower tree altars and tree arrays in garden roads and squares.
(4) The relationship between garden road and green space.
A well-designed garden road is often buried in green space and hidden among green trees. Especially outside the foothills, once the garden road is exposed, it will leave traces of crossing the road, which is extremely unsightly. Therefore, designers often require roads to be lower than "green", but not necessarily lower than "soil". This brings the problem of drainage. At this time, shallow ditches should be arranged on both sides of the garden road, about l meters away from the road. When it rains, the rainwater will flow into the rainwater outlet, but when it is sunny, it is a kind of undulating grassland.
(5) The greening of urban roads is very different from the nature of roads, such as expressways, elevated roads, landscape avenues and pedestrian streets. This is another topic.
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2006-07- 17 18:55:09
water plant
Aquatic plants:
Aquatic plants: Salix Salix, Salix Salix, Salix Salix, Salix Salix, Populus Liaoyang, Sabina vulgaris, Platycladus orientalis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Melia azedarach, Pterocarya stenoptera, Fraxinus mandshurica, Forsythia suspensa, Elm, Sapium sebiferum, Cherry Blossom, Eucommia ulmoides, Luanshu and so on. Daphne odora, Daphne odora, Pelargonium purpurea, Cyperus alterniflora, Cyperus globosa, Cyperus rubra, Juncus Juncus, Juncus Juncus, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.
Emergent plants: onion, reed, lotus root, arrowhead, Carex latifolia, Alisma orientalis, lotus flower, Panax japonicus, Typha, Hedyotis diffusa, Polygonum Multiflori Radix, Acorus calamus, barracuda, rice, ink pen, narcissus, water celery, bamboo shoots, taro, water chestnut, reed and water chestnut.
Floating plants: duckweed, water hyacinth, water lily, Euryale ferox, Wang Lian, Erigeron breviscapus, Eichhornia crassipes, shepherd's purse, shepherd's purse, Sophora flavescens, Pteris, shepherd's purse,
Submerged plants: Ceratophyllum, in front of the waterwheel.
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2006-07- 17 18:54:06
Configuration of greening plants in residential areas
Configuration of greening plants in residential areas
Residential area greening is a kind of greening system that residents directly use and enjoy. The greening planning of residential areas should not only reflect the civilization of contemporary people, but also have a certain sense of being ahead of the times, so as to adapt to the construction of modern cities and try to meet people's different requirements for environmental quality in a certain period. The design of green space in residential areas should be guided by ecological theory, aiming at reproducing nature, improving and maintaining ecological balance in residential areas, aiming at the survival of man and nature, aiming at the systematization of landscaping, the diversity of biological development and the sustainability of plant landscaping, so as to achieve plane systematicness, spatial hierarchy and time correlation.
Fully consider the needs of residents to enjoy green space and build artificial ecological plant communities. Healthy plant communities beneficial to physical and mental health, such as pine forest, ginkgo forest, camphor forest, Pipa forest, citrus forest, elm forest, etc.; Aromatic plant communities beneficial to relieving fatigue, such as gardenia, rose bushes, lilac bushes, ginkgo osmanthus bushes, etc. , as well as plant communities that are conducive to attracting birds, such as begonia forest, pyracantha forest, pine tree, Berlin and so on. , can be arranged on the whole green space on the edge of the community, and can also be designed in combination with the central green space of the residential area. Use the recycling and regeneration functions of plant community ecosystem to maintain the ecological balance of the community.
Trees, shrubs and vines should be combined, evergreen plants and deciduous plants should be combined, fast-growing plants and slow-growing plants should be combined, and lawns that sometimes make flowers should be planted and decorated properly. In the collocation of tree species, we should not only meet the biological characteristics, but also consider the effect of greening landscape, combine greening with beautification, establish the concept of plant landscaping, and create a quiet and beautiful living environment.
On the basis of unified tone, tree species strive to change. Create beautiful canopy lines and break the monotony and rigidity of building groups. Pay attention to the selection of plants with different tree shapes, such as tower, cylinder, sphere and weeping branches, such as cedar, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, cypress, Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ginkgo biloba, Sophora japonica and weeping peach. , forming a canopy line with strong changes; Plants with different heights form canopy lines with moderate changes; Using the change of topographic height difference, different plants are arranged to obtain the corresponding change of canopy line. By planting flowering shrubs near the edge, the natural curve is formed by using short and dense plants such as begonia, Pittosporum, Rhododendron and Hypericum.
In planting, the method of combining conventional and natural plant configuration can be adopted. Generally speaking, 1 2 rows of street trees are planted on both sides of roads in the area, and some shade-tolerant shrubs can be arranged regularly, and the bare ground is covered with lawn or ground cover plants. Other green spaces can use natural plant configuration techniques to combine into a patchwork plant landscape, which changes with the seasons.
In planting design, make full use of the ornamental characteristics of plants, carry out color matching and coordination, and arrange plants according to the color changes of leaves, flowers, fruits, branches and dried bark all year round to create a seasonal landscape. Do a season, or a season, or a group, a season. Such as spring scenery composed of winter jasmine, peach blossom and clove; The summer landscape composed of Lagerstroemia indica, Albizia Albizia and pomegranate; Autumn landscape composed of osmanthus fragrans, red maple and ginkgo; Winter landscape composed of Chimonanthus praecox, Lonicera japonica and Nandina domestica.
Plum Garden
Release: 883
2003-09-27 17: 14
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Configuration design of garden waterscape plants
Water is an indispensable and most attractive garden element in garden art, and the ancients called it "blood" and "soul" in the garden. Gardens at all times and all over the world attach great importance to the utilization of water bodies. Water plays an irreplaceable role in all kinds of gardens. As early as 3000 years ago, in the Zhou Dynasty, water became the content of garden amusement in China. In traditional gardens in China, there are almost no gardens without water. With water, the garden will add more lively vitality, as well as the sparkling and swaying beauty of Shui Ying. Therefore, in the planning and construction of gardens, paying attention to the landscaping function of water bodies and handling the landscape relationship between garden plants and water bodies can not only create fascinating landscapes, but also reflect the charm of truth, goodness and beauty.
Water plays an important role in landscape architecture, among which mountains, rocks and water have the closest relationship. The basic form of traditional gardens in China is landscape gardens. "One pool with three mountains" and "mountains and rivers depend on each other" have become the basic principles of landscape architecture in China. Kunming Lake, as big as the Summer Palace, depends on Wanshou Mountain, and as small as "one spoon garden", there must be rocks to set off. The so-called "crystal stone in the mountain stream" is also a landscape that is dependent on mountains and rivers. Therefore, the ancients said that scenery must be called mountains and rivers, and Li Qingzhao said, "Mountains and rivers are close to people." The water in the garden can be enjoyed, swimming and coke. A large body of water helps to circulate air. Even if a bucket of clear water reflects the blue sky, it can make people's eyes extend infinitely and expand their space in the senses. All kinds of water bodies in the garden, whether it is the main scene or the landscape in the garden, use plants to enrich the landscape. The posture, color and reflection of garden plants in the water and beside the water all enhance the beauty of water.
The sages attributed the anthropomorphic evaluation of the nature of water to virtue, benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage, kindness and honesty. Confucius believes that water is selfless to all things, "like virtue"; Wherever you go, there is life growth, "such as benevolence"; Dirty twists and turns follow its logic, "like righteousness"; Shallow people are popular, deep people are unpredictable, "like wisdom"; There is no doubt that going to the valley of Baili is "like courage"; Its twists and turns must be the "image meaning" of the East. At the same time, water can be "unclear by the clear, and the clear will come out" to wash away the filth and be kind to people; Even water quantity is the most "fair". Different water structures can produce different water states; Surrounding buildings with water can produce the taste of "running water around the house"; The pavilion floats on the water, like a fairyland in the pavilion; When architectural sketches and sculptures stand in the water, they can feel the same; When water flows, it rubs rocks, banks and ponds, making various sounds. "There is a clear sound in the rocks" is a pleasant aesthetic feeling; "Canglang rolls thousands of piles of snow" is magnificent. Underwater sound increases the rhythm and rhythm of nature and shows the beauty of music in space.
In a word, water is an important factor that constitutes the landscape and adds aesthetic feeling to the garden. Throughout today's landscape design and construction, all rely on natural or artificial waterscape to improve the level of landscape and increase practical functions. The plant configuration of all kinds of water bodies, whether static or dynamic, can not be separated from flowers and trees to create artistic conception.
1. Waterfront plants should pay attention to artistic composition. In China gardens, weeping willows have been planted at the water's edge since ancient times, so that soft strips can be brushed with water. At the same time, planting Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus densiflora, Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Ficus microcarpa with drooping air roots near the water can play a role in composition. However, the arrangement of waterside plants should not be equidistantly planted, shaped or trimmed, so as not to lose the meaning of painting. In composition, pay attention to the use of branches and trunks that explore the water surface, especially those trees that seem to have fallen by the water, so as to increase the level of the water surface and be full of wild interest.
2. Plant arrangement of revetment The revetment is divided into earth embankment, stone embankment and concrete embankment, and its plant arrangement principle is that it can not only integrate the mountain with the water, but also play a leading role in the spatial landscape of the water surface. The arrangement of plants on the embankment should be combined with the layout of topography, roads and coastline, which are near and far, sparse and dense, intermittent and continuous, tortuous and natural. Stone bank lines are blunt and boring, and the principle of plant configuration is Mei Lu, which covers up ugliness and makes it soft and changeable. Generally, willows and spring flowers are arranged on the embankment, so that the slender and soft branches are vertical to the water surface to cover the stone embankment, and at the same time, flowering shrubs and lianas such as Potentilla discolor, Acorus calamus, Swallow flower and Parthenocissus tricuspidata are used for local coverage (avoiding full coverage, regardless of beauty and ugliness) to increase the lively atmosphere.
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