Method for plan and managing cherry seedling
First, build a greater cherry orchard.
1. 1 Garden Site Selection cherry orchard's site selection should be on a plot or hillside, with fertile soil, loose sandy loam, good water retention, no water accumulation in rainy season, low groundwater level, air circulation, high terrain, leeward and sunny, and convenient transportation. The location of the orchard can also be combined with tourist spots.
1.2 Land preparation To build a garden on the flat land, the uneven places in the garden should be leveled at first, and on this basis, combined with the construction of field roads and irrigation canals, scientific planning should be carried out. Terraces with a width of 3m, a flat field surface and a low inside and a high outside are formed in the mountainous area, and ridges with a width of 30cm and a height of 30cm are trimmed at the outer edge, and the horizontal distance between slopes is 1 ~ 2m.
1.3 Select excellent early-maturing varieties, and select varieties with red color, high hardness and excellent storage resistance, such as Zaorubi, Zaodaguo, Italian Zaohong, Deng Hong and Samite. In cherry orchard, the pollinated varieties should not be less than 1/4.
1.4 Planting density and planting density. Generally, the site conditions are good, the rootstock varieties have strong growth potential and low planting density; Mountain orchards, dwarf rootstocks and weak varieties will make the planting density thinner. The newly-built Great cherry orchard should be properly planted with a density of 3m? 5m or 2m? 4m, 44 ~ 83 plants /667m2. Planting method. Garden buildings on the flat land should be rectangular, with wide row spacing and narrow plant spacing, and the planting direction should be north-south direction. Contour lines should be used for hillside planting. Terrace planting method
1.5 planting period and method. In the first half of March, plant it before germination. Planting method. Before planting, dig a planting pit with a diameter of lm and a depth of 80 ~ 100 cm. Then a certain amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer are mixed with broken leaves, crop straws, weeds and surrounding topsoil, and the pit is filled back and filled up. The planting depth shall be subject to the depth when the seedlings leave the nursery. Then, arrange the tree trays around the seedlings, then water them and cover them with plastic film to keep moisture.
Second, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
2. 1 soil management, hole enlargement and deep ploughing. The method is to start from the edge of the planting hole, expand outward every year or every other year, and dig an annular ditch with a width of about 50cm and a depth of 60cm until the two trees are deeply connected. Deep ploughing time can be combined with fertilization in autumn and winter after defoliation. Farming and loosening the soil. Loosening soil is a soil management measure in cherry growing period, which is usually carried out after irrigation and rainfall. The depth of intertillage scarification is about 5 cm to prevent the thick roots from being damaged. Orchard intercropping. Dwarf crops should be planted during intercropping, which is beneficial to improve soil fertility. When intercropping, enough trees should be left, and the intercropping time is generally 1 ~ 2 years.
2.2 Rational application of base fertilizer. Autumn application is better, and the best period is September ~ 65438+ 10. Farmhouse manure, pig manure, cow dung and other organic fertilizers should be used as the main raw materials, and appropriate compound fertilizer or phosphate fertilizer and some known missing elements should be added. Topdressing before flowering. At this stage, topdressing can use urea or special fertilizer for fruit trees, or quick-acting ternary compound fertilizer such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The application rate of calcium superphosphate and urea is 0. 1 ~ 1kg/ plant; Fruit trees should be fertilized with radial furrows, young trees should be fertilized with furrows, and orchards with plastic film can be applied with spots. Topdressing at flowering stage. Topdressing the soil with available nitrogen fertilizer, or spraying 0.3% urea +0.2% borax +600 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in full bloom. Topdressing after fruit picking. After cherry picking, quick-acting fertilizer containing human excrement urine, pig excrement urine, bean cake water, compound fertilizer and other elements should be applied. Topdressing at defoliation stage. Spraying 5% urea on cherry leaves one week before defoliation.
2.3 Irrigation and drainage irrigation period and method. The irrigation period depends on the soil moisture, which usually includes four times of irrigation: water before flowering, hard core water, water after harvest and frozen water. Loosen the soil in time after irrigation, and advocate covering the tree tray with straw to preserve moisture. Trench irrigation and hole irrigation are commonly used, and water-saving irrigation measures such as drip irrigation, infiltration irrigation and micro-spraying are advocated. Drainage. When there is water in the orchard, drain it with ditches in time.
3 plastic pruning
3. 1 spindle shape of the main tree. The trunk is 60 ~ 70 cm high and the tree is 2.5 ~ 3 meters high. There are 10 ~ 12 main branches scattered on the central trunk, and the included angle of the main branches is 70 ~ 80 degrees. All the main branches extend uniaxially, leaving no side branches and directly contacting the branches. Natural round head shape. There is no obvious central leadership trunk, and 4-6 main branches are scattered on the trunk, and each main branch has 2-3 side branches. The lateral branches are evenly distributed, and the central branch or the last main branch is naturally happy. The height of the tree is controlled at 2.5-3m, and the angle of main branches is 70-80 degrees. In addition, there are sparse trunk, follower shape, natural happy shape and so on.
3.2 Pruning method Bud wiping: Wipe off the buds of the parts of the central trunk that do not need to be branched. If the 1 th bud after the slender spindle-shaped top stem is retained, the buds within 10 cm downward are erased, leaving 1 bud, and then leaving 1 bud downward every 7 ~ 10cm, spirally distributing, and erasing the redundant buds. Promoting germination: Under normal circumstances, the 1 ~ 4 buds left in the upper part are easy to branch, and the lower buds (more than 50cm) can be carved and coated with hair support to promote branches. Four or seven new buds could sprout that spring. Bud carving: before germination, cut a knife 0.5cm above the bud and reach the xylem. Opening angle: When the lateral branch is about 15cm long, use a small bamboo stick (or toothpick, bamboo clip, etc. ) to support the branch opening angle to about 80 degrees. After the new buds are elongated and grow, the tips may be tilted and the branches may fall off. Twisting tip: when the new tip is semi-lignified, gently twist it at the base of 4 ~ 5 leaves by 90? And damage xylem, so that new buds droop or grow horizontally. Mainly used in the doctrine of the mean and flourishing branches. The twisting time can be carried out from the end of May to the beginning of June. Core picking: controlling the vigorous growth of new shoots, increasing the branching order, expanding the crown, promoting the growth of flower buds, which is beneficial to the early fruiting of young trees. It is divided into pre-coring and peak season coring. Early coring was carried out 7 ~ 8 days after flowering. Keep the shoots of about 10cm and remove them. Mainly used for crown control and cultivation of small fruit branches. Early pit removal can reduce the competition for nutrients between young fruit development and new shoot growth, and improve the fruit setting rate. Picking in the peak growth period is generally carried out from late May to late July. Before lignification of new branches, leave 5 ~ 10 cm vigorous branches, and remove the rest to increase the number of branches. Young and lush trees keep picking their hearts.
4 flowers and other management big cherry frost prevention Big cherry is easily affected by low temperature and late frost, so it is necessary to pay attention to the weather forecast of flowering period and prevent it in time. Irrigation in early spring, spraying water before frost 1 ~ 2 hours, smoking and other methods are often used in production to prevent late frost freezing injury. Artificial pollination, bee pollination or wall bee pollination were used to improve fruit setting rate and fruit uniformity. Other measures to improve fruit setting rate spraying gibberellin at flowering stage and after flowering can obviously improve fruit setting rate. Spraying 0.3% urea, 0.3% borax or potassium dihydrogen phosphate at full flowering stage also has obvious effect on improving fruit setting rate. Flower thinning and fruit thinning are carried out before and during flowering, mainly to remove abnormal flowers and weak flowers on twigs in the crown, leaving about 2 ~ 3 inflorescences for each bouquetlike short fruit branch. After the fruit setting is stable, the fruit with poor light and bad color, such as small fruit, deformed fruit and drooping fruit, should be thinned mainly in the place where the fruit is too dense. Preventing and reducing the stability of soil moisture can reduce fruit cracking. It is necessary to keep the soil moisture relatively stable and prevent the soil from being dry and wet, especially when it is near maturity. Prevention of Bird Harm In view of bird harm, prevention is advocated, and birds cannot be killed. In cherry orchard, we can scare birds by hanging scarecrows or beasts made of plastic, beating gongs and drums, and playing audio tapes of birds' screams with loudspeakers.
5 pest control cherry pest control is relatively light, and spraying pesticides 3 to 5 times a year is enough. Fruit is generally not sprayed during the growing period. Before spring germination in cherry orchard, spraying 5-degree mixture of stone and sulfur was used to control all kinds of fruit tree diseases and insect pests. Spraying 500 times 70% mancozeb or 600 times 50% carbendazim twice in May and June; For fruit trees suffering from gummosis, cut several knives longitudinally at the diseased spot at the early stage of the disease, squeeze out juice, coat the original solution of stone sulfur mixture, and timely pour K84 biological pesticide into orchards with serious root cancer; Spraying 2000 times 20% pyrethroid for caterpillars and moths and 800 times for fruit trees with serious scale insects.
Planting techniques of cherry saplings
Before sowing, we should do a good job in raising seedlings, processing, leveling the land, digging planting ditches and preparing farm manure. Plant spacing should be based on different facilities, different tree structures, varieties and rootstock characteristics, and soil fertility.
The suitable plant spacing of Qiao Hua rootstock cherry is 2.5 ~ 4m, and the suitable plant spacing of semi-dwarf or dwarf rootstock cherry is 2 ~ 3m or 2.5 ~ 3m. Cherry varieties with strong growth potential should be planted thinly, short cherry varieties with weak growth potential and cherries with limited root cultivation methods should be appropriately reduced in plant spacing, properly planted thinly in places with high soil fertility and properly planted densely in sandy land with poor fertility.
Before planting, the land should be leveled, and planting ditches or holes should be dug. Generally, the width and depth of ditches are 70-80 cm, and the length, width and depth of holes are 70-80- 100 cm. The bottom of the ditch should be filled with 20-30 cm of crop straw and filled with 20 cm thick soil layer. Then, mix the fertilizer and farmyard manure (25 kg per plant) with the soil evenly.