1 preparation of greenhouse flower substrate
Soilless culture, potted plants and ground planting are the main ways of common greenhouse flower cultivation management. Among them, because potted plants are small in size, in order to provide sufficient nutrients for flower roots, substrates with good water permeability and water and fertilizer retention can be selected, such as humus soil, coniferous soil, compost soil and sand soil. However, when preparing soil substrates, different substrates can be used comprehensively to prepare soil with suitable pH value according to a specific ratio. For example, when preparing the matrix of cauliflower, humus soil can be mixed with cooked chicken manure and bone meal. In soilless culture, the substrate can be sand, sintered soil particles, water and perlite. For example, in the hydroponics of Clivia, a transparent glass container can be selected, and inorganic salts such as ferrous sulfate, calcium, urea gram, magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and organic substances such as bone meal, bean cake powder, cooked sesame powder, etc. are properly prepared into a nutrient solution in a proper proportion, and a metal mesh is covered on the hydroponics container.
2 greenhouse flower cultivation management measures
2. 1 culture method
According to different greenhouse flower types, different cultivation methods can be selected. For example, in the greenhouse cultivation process of Phalaenopsis, because it likes humidity, is not cold-resistant, and is not hot and dry, you can choose high-quality water moss with strong permeability and good drainage performance. Then, after Phalaenopsis grew into three leaflets in spring, the seedlings with roots were cut from the mother plant and transplanted into the test tube containing water moss. After 3 or 4 weeks, the offspring can grow roots again, and can be replanted at this time. In soilless culture, plants can be directly put into the prepared nutrient solution. For example, in greenhouse cultivation of Clivia, Clivia seedlings can be directly inserted into nutrient solution through meshes.
2.2 Water and fertilizer management
On the one hand, the growth effect of flowers in greenhouse is greatly influenced by water. Therefore, the time, frequency and amount of irrigation can be scientifically determined according to the difference of flower growth period, flower species and flower water demand. Generally, it needs to be watered in the morning or evening in summer and at noon in winter. For example, in the process of cultivating Dendrobium in greenhouse, Dendrobium requires strict environmental humidity, and Dendrobium growers should make appropriate changes to Dendrobium watering methods according to the changes of seasons and weather on the basis of ensuring Dendrobium watering fully and thoroughly.
First of all, watering in spring should be carried out when the surface of Dendrobium substrate is dry. Water once in the morning and evening on sunny days, and the watering time is 10: 00- 12: 00 (the temperature rises to 25.0℃ and the water temperature rises to 15.0℃).
Secondly, in summer, Dendrobium growers should water them once in the morning and once in the evening. When the weather is cold or rainy, it can be properly replenished according to the humidity of the substrate. On sunny days with high temperature in summer, you can choose to irrigate after 07: 00 or 17: 00.
Third, in autumn, water can be poured once every 24 hours or 36 hours on sunny days; Irrigation can be decided according to the humidity of the substrate in rainy days, and the general irrigation time is the same as that in spring.
Finally, water should be poured every 36h or 72h in winter. However, when the temperature is low in winter, the dryness of the surface substrate of Dendrobium should be controlled as much as possible to avoid excessive water application affecting the growth of Dendrobium.
On the other hand, due to the small root nutrition area of greenhouse flower seedlings, foliar topdressing can be carried out regularly on the basis of applying sufficient organic fertilizer and some chemical fertilizers. For example, in the greenhouse cultivation process of Haocai, because Haocai likes warm and humid environment, in the growth process, in addition to adequate water supply after planting, dilute liquid fertilizer can be added once every 7 days. Subsequently, during its growth, the air humidity was appropriately increased (above 70%). At the beginning of September, the indoor temperature was adjusted to about 10.0℃.
2.3 Plastic surgery and routine management
First of all, in order to maintain a good plant type of greenhouse flowers, methods such as bud removal, fruit thinning, bud removal, core removal, root cutting and tip cutting can be comprehensively adopted for plastic management. For example, greenhouse flowers with high morphological requirements, such as Prunus armeniaca, can be placed in a cool shed in hot weather and subjected to coring treatment for many times to achieve the purpose of more flowers, better plant shape and longer flowering period.
Secondly, when potted, because the seedlings propagated in the seedbed need to be transplanted into flowerpots, the pots can be replaced after the roots of the seedlings extend out of the drainage holes or the physical properties of the soil in the previous pot become worse. In the process of potted plants, in order to avoid the adverse effect of uneven temperature on the growth of flowers on a single roof, the direction of flowerpots can be changed regularly. At the same time, remove the moss and weeds on the soil surface, and loosen the soil in the basin with a small shovel and bamboo chips.
In addition, in order to obtain well-developed flower plants, the placement position in the greenhouse can be appropriately adjusted according to the plant habits.
Finally, in the process of flower cultivation management in greenhouse, besides water and fertilizer management, temperature, humidity and ventilation management in greenhouse are also very important. For example, in the greenhouse cultivation process of Clivia, the cultivator needs to change the pot every 2a or 3a to ensure that the growth environment temperature of Clivia is at 18.0 ~ 22.0℃ to avoid strong sunlight burning the leaves. Then, during the semi-dormancy period of Clivia from mid-July to late September, strengthen ventilation and adjust the indoor temperature to about 20.0℃ to avoid yellowing of leaves caused by poor air quality. When the weather is cold in winter, it is necessary to adjust the indoor temperature to 10.0 ~ 12.0℃ and spray water on Clivia leaves regularly to ensure the healthy growth of Clivia. During the hydroponics of Clivia, two or three small fishes should be put into the hydroponics box to measure the oxygen content in the water based on the indoor temperature and humidity (15.0 ~ 35.0℃) and ventilation management. If small fish always surface, a small oxygen pump can be used to fill the hydroponic tank with oxygen.
In addition, for some flowers and grasses that need to be moved out of the greenhouse during the growing period, the temperature inside the greenhouse can be gradually reduced before leaving the room for exercise. At the same time, strengthen indoor and outdoor ventilation, minimize indoor and outdoor environmental differences, and improve the adaptability of flowers and plants.
3 greenhouse flower pest control
Because the greenhouse flower cultivation environment has the outstanding characteristics of high temperature, high humidity and no ventilation, it provides good conditions for the growth and reproduction of pests and diseases, which seriously threatens the healthy growth of greenhouse flowers. Therefore, greenhouse flower growers can comprehensively adopt cultivation management, physical control, chemical control and other ways to reduce the impact of pests and diseases on greenhouse flower cultivation benefits.
First of all, in the process of cultivation management, in addition to selecting insect-resistant flower varieties, drug seed dressing can also be used to reduce the probability of insect pests. At the same time, in the process of cultivation management, greenhouse flower growers can strengthen the quarantine of flowers and plants to ensure the timely detection and treatment of pests and diseases.
Secondly, in the application of physical control methods, the flowerpots can be filled with sawdust and burnt coal, and 100 ~ 120 pots can be placed in the 1hm2 greenhouse, and the environmental temperature in the greenhouse can be controlled at about 35.0℃, which can kill a large number of germs.
Finally, in chemical control, according to the characteristics of specific pests and diseases, the corresponding chemical agents are selected. For the greenhouse whitefly, 16.0kg whitefly smoke agent can be selected in the greenhouse of 1hm2, evenly spread among flowers and plants, and fumigated in the closed greenhouse for 120.0min, which can effectively kill a large number of whitefly adults.
4 conclusion
Greenhouse flower cultivation is a very important module in modern flower industrialization production system. Therefore, according to the development characteristics of different flowers, cultivators can choose suitable cultivation soil, regularly topdressing, watering and pruning on the basis of adequate base fertilizer and bottom water, and properly implement pest control measures to provide a good growth environment for greenhouse flowers and ensure the benefits of flower industrialization.