Secondly, the English definition of in vitro analysis in Wikipedia is defined as "the analysis of tissue components that have been separated from the infrared biological environment, so as to make more detailed or more convenient analysis than the analysis of the whole organism" [3]. In Wikipedia, Exivivo is defined as "experience or measurement in or on an organization in an artificial environment outside the organization with minimal changes to natural conditions" [4]. From the English explanation, we can see that both of them are similar in that they are tested or determined in vitro, but the difference is that Invitro uses the components of organisms, while ex vivo uses the tissues of organisms, while ex vivo emphasizes "changing natural conditions to the minimum" (changing natural conditions as little as possible).
Third, the use of differences in the real context. Specific sentences give vocabulary a specific "context" and make it have a certain "referential relationship". To determine the meaning of a word, we should not only choose the meaning directly by looking it up in a dictionary, but also consider the meaning by reading the original text [5]. Real word meaning discrimination should be based on real context and corpus. Only by linking context with context and careful deliberation can we accurately grasp the meaning of words. Therefore, the author searched Elsevier database for titles including in vitro or in vitro scientific papers. In order to ensure the correctness of these two terms in the selected papers as much as possible, the author selected 20 papers written by English-speaking authors with high SCI index. By studying the specific experiments and determination processes involved in in vitro papers, the meanings of these two words are discriminated from the perspective of context and specialty. After analyzing the content of the article, the author comes to the conclusion that there are the following differences in the use context of these two terms:
(1) ex vivo usually involves the use of organs or tissues obtained directly from living organisms, that is, materials obtained from living organisms. Common examples are skin, brain tissue, small intestine and heart. Sometimes cells and blood are used. In vitro usually involves the use of lower-level biological materials, such as cells, enzymes, nucleic acids, etc. These biomaterials are not directly obtained from specific organisms, but are often commercially available, preserved at low temperature or artificially treated by transformation, screening, immortalization and purification. For example, cryopreserved cancer cell lines, virus-transfected cell lines, cell lines that can be purchased from American Standard Biological Collection (ATCC) or European Cell Culture Collection (ECACC), and enzyme kits provided by some biotechnology companies. For example, the in vitro model of renal fracture in cryoablation mentioned by G Cervando et al. [6] is actually a kidney obtained from pigs. The in vitro antibacterial activity tests of several disinfectants described by Messager et al. [7] used skin tissues obtained from patients undergoing plastic surgery.
P Garberg et al. [8] introduced many widely used blood-brain barrier models in vitro in their papers, which are all cell lines. Such as bovine brain endothelial cells, human primary brain endothelial cells, SV40 immortalized rat brain endothelial cells (SV40 immortalized rat brain endothelial cells) and immortalized mouse brain endothelial cells (immortalized mouse brain endothelial cells). Although these cells are also derived from specific organisms, they cannot be obtained directly, because it takes several manual steps to separate endothelial cells from small blood vessels of organisms, and the separated cells are immortalized in the last two cell models. For another example, John RHadcock et al. [9] introduced the "in vitro pharmacology" of selective cannabinoid CB 1 receptor antagonist, in which the cell models used were human embryonic kidney cell 293 (human embryonic kidney cell) and China hamster ovary (China hamster ovary) transformed with human CB 1 CB2 receptor gene, which were purchased from ADCC.
As can be seen from the above examples, the biomaterials involved in vitro are directly derived from organisms, while the biomaterials used in vitro usually undergo more manual treatment, and their dependence on "artificial environment" is more obvious.
(2) In vitro sometimes involves the process from in vivo to in vitro (all or part of the experiment is completed in vivo, followed by tissues, organs, cells, blood, etc. Take it from a living body or kill the animal for analysis), or from outside to inside (the biomaterial studied in vitro finally returns to the living body), while the outside is carried out in vitro from beginning to end.
Wang Zhixia et al. [10] described the effect on monoamine uptake in vitro. The process is roughly as follows: inject cocaine into mice, and then execute them at different time points. Rat brain tissue was taken and monoamine uptake was determined. The first half of the test, that is, the drug administration process is carried out in vivo, while the analysis process is carried out on the brain tissue taken from animals, and the whole process is from inside to outside. For another example, Cecilia Erison et al. [1 1] studied the transgene expression in rat stellate cells transduced by lentivirus vector. The process of in vitro study is basically as follows: transducing rat stellate cells with lentivirus vector containing the target gene, and then transplanting the transformed cells into rat striatum. After feeding the transplanted rats for several weeks, the brain tissue was taken for immunochemical study. The process is actually from the outside to the inside and then to the outside. It can be seen that for those operations that include in vitro and in vivo steps, they are usually described in vitro.
The discussion on Chinese translation "in vitro translation" has been widely accepted by academic circles, while the translation of ex vivo is controversial. In Dorian's English-Chinese medical dictionary, ex vivo is translated as "in vitro" [12]. In the English-Chinese medical dictionary, ex vivo is translated as "in vitro, before in vitro, after in vivo, half in vivo, in vitro" [13]. According to the author's investigation, in translation practice, ex vivo is translated into "in vitro" in most cases, and sometimes it is also translated into "in vitro". Some scholars also suggested translating it into "wisdom body" [14].
Standardization of terminology translation has been widely recognized by academic and translation circles. The uniqueness of terminology is the basic task and goal of terminology standardization. Singularity means that a term can only correspond to a related concept in one sense, or conversely, a concept can only correspond to a term [15]. If both in vitro and in vitro are translated into "in vitro", it will violate the principle of oneness and make the concept vague. Based on the above analysis of the meanings of these two terms, the author thinks it is more appropriate to translate them into "ex vivo". Because the word "detachment" in the word "detachment" just embodies the concept of getting away from life and taking things from life. As for "in vivo", it is only applicable if the operation really involves the transfusion of in vitro culture back to the living body. For example, there are two ways of gene transfer in gene therapy, namely in vitro and in vivo. The so-called in vitro approach is to introduce the target gene into recipient cells in vitro, culture the cells in vitro, and then import the recombinant recipient cells into patients. In this case, translation can be considered as a "back to body method"