Abstract: CNC machine tool is the abbreviation of digital control machine tool. It is an automated machine tool equipped with a program control system. CNC machine tools can better solve the problems of complex, precise, small batch and multi-variety parts processing. They are flexible and high-performance automated machine tools. They represent the development direction of modern machine tool control technology and are a typical electromechanical integration. chemical products. So, what is the structural composition of CNC machine tools? What are the characteristics of CNC machine tools? This article will briefly introduce it. What are the structural components of CNC machine tools? What are the characteristics of CNC machine tools
What are the structural components of CNC machine tools
The basic components of CNC machine tools include processing program carriers, CNC devices, Servo drives, machine tool bodies and other auxiliary devices. The basic working principles of each component are briefly described below.
1. Processing program carrier
When the CNC machine tool is working, workers are not required to directly operate the machine tool. To control the CNC machine tool, the processing program must be prepared
. The part processing program includes the relative motion trajectory of the tool and the workpiece on the machine tool, process parameters (feed amount, spindle speed, etc.) and auxiliary motion, etc. The part processing program is stored in a certain format and code on a program carrier, such as punched paper tape, cassette tape, floppy disk, etc., and the program information is input into the CNC unit through the input device of the CNC machine tool.
2. CNC device
CNC device is the core of CNC machine tools. Modern CNC devices all adopt the form of CNC. This CNC device generally uses multiple microprocessors to implement CNC functions in the form of programmed software, so it is also called Software NC. The CNC system is a position control system that interpolates the ideal motion trajectory based on input data, and then outputs it to the execution component to process the required parts. Therefore, the CNC device is mainly composed of three basic parts: input, processing and output. All these tasks are reasonably organized by the computer system program so that the entire system works in a coordinated manner.
3. Servo and measurement feedback system
The servo system is an important part of CNC machine tools and is used to realize feed servo control and spindle servo control of CNC machine tools. The function of the servo system is to convert the command information received from the CNC device into linear displacement or angular displacement motion of the machine tool execution component after power amplification and shaping processing. Since the servo system is the last link of the CNC machine tool, its performance will directly affect the accuracy and speed of the CNC machine tool and other technical indicators. Therefore, the servo drive device of the CNC machine tool is required to have good fast response performance and accurately and sensitively track the CNC device. The digital command signal sent out can faithfully execute the instructions from the CNC device, improving the dynamic following characteristics and static tracking accuracy of the system.
4. Machine tool main body
The machine tool host is the main body of the CNC machine tool. It includes mechanical components such as bed, base, column, beam, slide, worktable, spindle box, feed mechanism, tool rest and automatic tool changer. It is a mechanical part that automatically completes various cutting processes on CNC machine tools.
5. CNC machine tool auxiliary devices
Auxiliary devices are necessary to ensure that the functions of CNC machine tools are fully utilized. Commonly used auxiliary devices include: pneumatic, hydraulic devices, chip removal devices, Cooling, lubrication device, rotary table and CNC indexing head, protection, lighting and other auxiliary devices.
What are the characteristics of CNC machine tools
1. It has strong adaptability to the processing objects, adapts to the characteristics of single-piece production of molds and other products, and provides suitable processing methods for the manufacturing of molds;
2. High processing accuracy and stable processing quality;
3. Multi-coordinate linkage is possible, and parts with complex shapes can be processed;
4 . When processing parts change, generally only the CNC program needs to be changed, which can save production preparation time;
5. The machine tool itself has high precision and rigidity, and can select favorable processing amounts and has high productivity (usually ordinary 3 to 5 times that of machine tools);
6. The machine tool has a high degree of automation, which can reduce labor intensity;
7. It is conducive to the modernization of production management. CNC machine tools use digital information and standard codes to process and transmit information, and use computer control methods, laying the foundation for the integration of computer-aided design, manufacturing and management;
8. High quality requirements for operators , which places higher technical requirements on maintenance personnel;
9. High reliability.