1, scale: the relationship between whole, whole and part, and part and part. 2. Scale: It is the sense of size of the scenery, the whole and part of the building and some specific standards that people or people see.
2. Rhythm: It is the simple repetition of scenery, which produces beauty through the movement of time.
3. Rhythm: It is a regular but free fluctuation, thus producing an emotional rhythm and deeper interest and lyrical meaning.
4. Regular garden: the whole plane layout, three-dimensional modeling, buildings, squares, roads, water surfaces, flowers and trees should be neat and symmetrical.
5. Natural gardens: mainly imitate and reproduce nature, and do not pursue symmetrical plane layout. The three-dimensional modeling and layout of garden elements are more natural and free, and the relationship is more subtle.
6. Mixed garden: mainly refers to the combination of conventional and natural styles. The whole garden has no or no major axis or minor axis that controls the whole garden. Only local scenic spots and buildings are symmetrically arranged along the central axis, or the whole garden has no obvious natural landscape skeleton, so it is impossible to form a natural pattern.
7. Freehand brushwork landscape garden: A garden that expresses the true feelings and poetic feelings of landscape according to local conditions according to the gardener's artistic understanding of landscape and life needs is called freehand brushwork landscape garden.
8. Garden layout: Garden designers organize all the scenery organically according to certain artistic laws to create a harmonious and perfect whole. This process is called garden layout.
9. Static landscape: the landscape that tourists feel in a relatively fixed space.
10. Closed scenery: the scenery that tourists see when their sight is blocked by surrounding trees, buildings or mountains.
1 1. Cheerful scenery: All the scenery within the line of sight is below the height of the apparent horizon, and the line of sight can extend infinitely to infinity, and the line of sight is parallel and forward, without feeling tired.
12. Flower mirror: Planting flowers along the boundary or kerb of the garden also means flower diameter.
13. Hedgerow: a regular green belt consisting of pruning-resistant shrubs or small trees arranged in single or double rows at equal intervals, which is one of the types of close planting.
14. Single planting: excellent trees in the garden. When planted alone, it is called solitary planting.
15, row planting: Trees and shrubs are planted in rows according to a certain straight line or gentle curve.
16, hue: refers to the appearance characteristics that distinguish one color from another, that is, the name of the color.
17, lightness: refers to the depth and brightness of color.
A: There are four main points:
(1) Improve the ecological environment and increase the urban green area;
(2) beautify the environment and adjust psychology;
(3) Improve the indoor environment and adjust the indoor temperature;
(4) Improve the waterproof function of the building itself.
88. How to determine the garden form?
Answer: (1) According to the nature of the garden;
(2) According to different cultural traditions;
(3) According to different ideologies;
(4) According to different environmental conditions.
89、? What are the treatment methods of color composition of garden plants?
A: There are monochrome treatments, multiple shades, two color combinations and similar colors.
90、? The preparation method of planting soil in roof garden is briefly described.
Answer: (1) There should be a soil layer with sufficient thickness to provide nutrients and water necessary for plant growth;
(2) The soil should have a certain bulk density;
(3) The soil nutrients should be comprehensive, and it can be prepared with 7 parts of peat, 2 parts of vermiculite and sand 1 part.
9 1、? What's the difference between the layout of the roof garden and the layout of the ground garden?
A: The difference lies in how to arrange plants, roads, rocks, water bodies, buildings and other elements reasonably to create beautiful landscapes for tourists. At the same time, we should take care of some needs of tourists during the tour. Special attention should also be paid to the bearing limit of buildings and roof leakage, and the comprehensive requirements of economy, applicability, aesthetics, innovation and safety should be followed.
92、? What does the design manual of garden green space include?
Answer: (1) general situation of gardens;
(2) Principles, characteristics and design intent of planning and design;
(three) the overall layout of the park, the design ideas of each district and scenic spot;
(4) the treatment method of the park entrance and the organization of the whole park road system and tour routes;
(5) Building protective green space around the park;
(6) Plant configuration and tree species selection;
(7) Economic and technical indicators of green space;
(8) Other issues that need to be explained.
93、? What factors should be considered in landscape reconstruction? How to design and transform the terrain?
Answer: (1) The factors to be considered are: original topography, landscape zoning, good drainage, stable slope and suitability for plant growth.
(2) Attention should be paid to terrain design and transformation: skillfully borrowing and changing terrain, combining earthwork balance with landscaping, and considering special land use.
94、? What are the special requirements for the greening of children's hospitals?
Answer: (1) The shape, color and scale of the environment should meet children's psychology and needs;
(2) Tree species selection should avoid flying seeds, poisonous seeds, thorns and peculiar smell.
95. What should we pay attention to in the color of the building?
Answer: (1) Suitable for local climatic conditions, with cool colors in the south and warm colors in the north;
(2) Consider local customs and hobbies;
(3) in harmony with the surrounding environment;
(4) Consistent with the use function of the building, the rest building is mainly quiet and the ornamental building is mainly eye-catching.
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6) Discussion questions
1、? This paper discusses several historical stages and historical and cultural background of garden development in China.
A: China gardens have experienced six historical stages: germination, formation, turning, maturity, climax and germination. Its historical and cultural background is different.
(1) Germination stage: China gardens began in Shang Dynasty, and China gardens sprouted in Yin Zhou Dynasty. The original "trap" was to let natural animals and plants breed, dig ponds and build platforms for emperors to hunt and play. The myths in the Spring and Autumn Period are rich in content and have a great influence on gardens. Simulating the fairyland in the East China Sea became the main content of royal gardens in later generations.
(2) Formation period: the palace activities built after Qin Shihuang unified China also included garden construction; In the Han Dynasty, a new garden form-garden, including palace architecture, was developed on the basis of garden. There are all kinds of animals in the garden for the emperor to hunt for fun. There is a form of "one pool and three mountains".
(3) The turning point of development: Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties belong to the turning point of development. This is a period of great turmoil in history, and it is also a period of great changes in thought, culture and art. Formed a natural landscape garden or freehand brushwork landscape garden. Began to build Buddhist temples.
(4) Maturity: China gardens reached maturity in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, mainly including landscape palaces, palaces and amusement parks in the Tang Dynasty, freehand landscape gardens in the Tang Dynasty and landscape palaces in the Northern Song Dynasty.
(5) Climax: The garden construction reached a climax in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the royal gardens centered on Beijing in the north and private gardens in the south.
(6) Emerging period: New China was founded 1949, and the government attached importance to gardens, which was an emerging period of gardens and built a "garden city". Of course, gardens also suffered setbacks and losses during the Cultural Revolution.
2. Discuss the development of foreign gardens and their gardening characteristics.
A:? 1) The representative foreign ancient gardens are: Japanese gardens, ancient Egyptian and Western Asian gardens, and ancient European gardens.
(1) Japanese horticulture has good objective conditions. Japanese likes natural gardening and is influenced by China's gardening. In the early days, people dug ponds to build islands, and when the emperor built gardens tomorrow, they mostly took the pond island as the theme, "Water Stone Pavilion". In the late Ping 'an period, Penglai Island (one pool and three mountains) in China was taken as a model, and dry landscape gardens appeared in the samurai period, and Guilin Palace was represented in Taoshan period. Gardens opened after Meiji. There are linquan style, Zhushan style, Pingting style, Tea Pavilion style and dry landscape style.
(2) In ancient Egypt and West Asia gardens, the largest and most magnificent pyramids in Egypt became cemeteries; Slave owners' private gardens are mainly composed of trees and pools. The private garden of slave owners in West Asia is a diversion garden, which is neatly decorated and has a "paradise".
(3) European gardens were orderly plastic gardens in the 3rd century BC. Villa appeared in ancient Rome. During the Renaissance, the Lenotel style was formed. 18th century natural landscape garden has been developed; Private gardens are also open.
2) The planning and layout of modern gardens in foreign countries is mainly natural, only in the central avenue, with new york Central Park as a model.
3. Discuss the differences and connections between overlooking landscape, overlooking landscape and head-up landscape, and what landscaping methods are suitable?
A: (1) Head-up scenery refers to the scenery that tourists can enjoy without tilting up and down. This kind of scenery gives people a broad and quiet feeling and has a strong appeal in space. Generally used in quiet rest places, rest pavilions and rest places.
(2) Looking up at the landscape: that is, the landscape that tourists see when the elevation angle is greater than 45. It can give people a sense of grandeur, height and majesty. It is often used in royal gardens and memorial gardens.
(3) Overlooking the scenery: that is, the perspective is below the apparent horizon of people; The scenery I saw. It gives people the feeling of "climbing Mount Tai, a small world". Generally arranged at the highest place in the garden.
4. What are the forms and positions of flower border? What are the requirements for layout and design?
A: (1) Flower border forms can be divided into one-sided viewing and two-sided viewing.
(2) Location: A, located at the boundary; B, on both sides of Huayuan Road; C, located at the edge of the lawn; D, located at the edge of the building or structure; E. The flower border is arranged in the middle of the road.
(3) The arrangement of various flowers in the flower border should take into account the harmony and contrast of colors, postures, shapes and quantities in the same season, and the overall composition should be relatively complete. Seasonal changes are needed all year round. Because the flower border layout can grow for many years and does not need to be replaced, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of flowers and give reasonable arrangements to get satisfactory results.
(4) In the process of flower border design, the corresponding plants and flowers should be selected according to the orientation of flower border and different lighting conditions. At the same time, we should consider the size of the environmental space. Generally, the mixed flower border is 4-5m away from one side. Perennial flower border is 2-3m on one side and 4-6m on both sides. In addition, one-sided viewing of the flower border also requires background, and the background design of the flower border varies according to the place where the background design is different. It is ideal to use green tree walls or high fences. The flower border should be planted in the local open field for the winter, with perennial flowers that do not need special management as the main ones. In addition, the process of flower border design should also have a good facade effect, fully reflecting the beauty of the community.
5. What are the functions of greening in residential areas?
Answer: (1) Plants are the main part in the greening of residential areas, thus purifying the air, reducing dust, absorbing noise and protecting the environment; Improve microclimate, shade and cool, adjust humidity and reduce wind speed.
(2) It is conducive to dividing space, increasing levels and beautifying the appearance of residential areas.
(3) Organizing and absorbing residents' outdoor activities can form a good psychological effect and create a good outdoor environment.
(4) In earthquake and war, using green space to evacuate people can prevent disasters and conceal buildings, absorb and filter radioactive substances, and protect human health.
6. How to design the greening planting of urban riverside road?
7. Please describe the function of campus greening.
8. How to choose the greening tree species in the community?
9. How to design the greening of sports parks?
10. What is the development trend of world gardens?
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7) Calculation problems
1、? In the budget of a park construction project, the purchase cost of seedlings is 50,000 yuan, the purchase cost of turf is 60,000 yuan, the budget of garden buildings, structures and sketches is 40,000 yuan, the budget of park road square is 6,543,800 yuan, the total cost of waterscape project is 6,543.8+0,654.38+0,000 yuan, and the budget of lighting facilities is 20,00 yuan.
Solution: C = (5+6) × 30% = 33,000 yuan.
The total planting cost d = 5+6+3.3 =143,000 yuan.
The direct cost of engineering facilities is j = 4+10+1+2+4 = 31ten thousand yuan.
Comprehensive management fee k = 3/kloc-0 /×15% = 46,500 yuan.
Total cost of engineering facilities l = 31+4.65 = 356,500 yuan.
Park planning and design fee m = (14.3+35.65) × 4% =1.998 million yuan.
Unforeseen expenses n = (14.3+35.65+1.998) × 5% = 25,974 yuan.
Total cost of greening project x =14.3+35.65+1.998+2.5974 = 545454 yuan.
A: The total cost of the park greening project is 545,454 yuan.
2、? The total area of a park is 1.6 million square meters. According to the regulations, the per capita occupied area of park visitors is 2 square meters, the conversion coefficient of the maximum number of people entering the park/the maximum number of people in the park is 0.8, the width of the entrance of a single tourist is 1.5 meters, and the throughput of a single tourist during peak hours is 900 people. Calculate the total width of the park entrance and exit. (Keep one decimal place).
Solution: the park capacity C= 16000/2=8000 people.
The total width of the entrance and exit is d = 8000× 0.8×1.5/900 =10.7m.
Answer: The total width of the entrance and exit of the park is10.7m. ..
3、? A driver was driving on the expressway at a speed of 10 meter per second when he suddenly found a dangerous accident ahead. It took the driver 1.5 seconds to stop, and there was still a distance of 4 meters from the dangerous accident when parking. The friction coefficient between the tire and the ground is 0.2, and the acceleration of gravity is 9.8m/s. What is the safe sight distance at this time? (Keep an integer).
Solution: d = 4+1.5×10+102/2× 9.8× 0.2 = 45 (m).
A: The safe sight distance at this time is 45 meters.
Third, "? Grading standard of landscape planning and design course papers (100)
1, the topic of the paper is reasonable and closely related to the course content; 10
2. Explain the theories, principles and methods of landscape planning and design learned in this course; Out of 30 points.
Good: > =27 points; Better: > =24 points; General: > =20 points; Poor: 20 points or less.
3. Analyze the famous scenic spots, scenic spots or specific cases. Take Fuling District as an example as far as possible, mainly explaining road greening and campus greening. You cannot copy other plans; Out of 30 points.
Good: > =27 points; Better: > =24 points; General: > =20 points; Poor: 20 points or less.
4. The paper is clear in level, fluent in writing and correct in content. Out of 20 points.
The number of words in the paper is about 2000 words. 10