1. Characteristics and value of spruce
It has no strict requirements on the climate and is very cold-resistant. It can grow well in general climatic conditions, mountains and high latitudes, and it grows particularly well in acidic and slightly acidic soils under the conditions of warm climate and sufficient water. Its root system is shallow, the main root is not very clear, the lateral root is developed, and its life span is long. Usually, the fruit begins to bear fruit in about 30 years, and the peak period is 60~ 120 years, and there is a seed year in almost 4~5 years. Its beautiful tree shape, dense branches and leaves, can be planted individually or in pieces, has great application value, and is useful in buildings, telephone poles, sleepers, bridges and other aspects; Its bark contains tannin 6.9-2 1.4%, and the oil content of needles is about 0. 1-0.5%, which can extract aromatic oil. In addition, fir boards can also be used for musical instruments and gliders, and can also be used for paper making.
2. Spruce seeding and seedling raising
2. 1 nursery selection and preparation. Sandy loam or loam with good irrigation and drainage should be selected for spruce nursery. Because its seeds are very small, only intensive cultivation can improve the germination rate of seeds and cultivate healthy seedlings with good growth. Deep ploughing is generally carried out in autumn, the depth is limited to about 25 cm, 2000 kg of base fertilizer is applied per mu, and carbendazim and thiophanate methyl solution are applied to the soil for disinfection. In the spring of the following year, the plot was raked again to level the land and ensure that the soil was fluffy and delicate.
2.2 Selection of seeds. Seed selection before sowing generally adopts the methods of air separation and water separation. Remove immature and injured seeds, leave seeds with consistent appearance and good maturity, and ensure the purity of seeds above 80% to the greatest extent. Soak the seeds in 0.5% ferrous sulfate solution for 3-4 hours five days before sowing, take them out when they turn iron black, soak them in 25-30t warm water for 24 hours, and put them at 30℃ to accelerate germination. Spray warm water moderately during the process to keep warm and moist. When more than 80% of the seeds have cracks, you can start sowing with sand.
2.3 sowing. Generally, it is sown before the end of April and unearthed in about 15 days. The sowing method can be ridge sowing, ridge sowing or wide and dense sowing. Water must be poured on the soles of feet before sowing, and the sowing depth should not be too deep. Spruce seeds are too small and the bud potential is very weak. After sowing, the soil is usually about 1 cm. After covering the soil, light pressure is needed to maintain the compactness of the seeds and ensure sufficient water. If bed sowing is carried out, the row spacing should be controlled at about 25 cm, and the row spacing for ridge planting should be controlled at about 20 cm. Immediately after sowing, cover the seedbed with grass or bamboo curtain to keep warm and shade, prevent rain from hitting the topsoil and prevent soil from hardening and loss.
2.4 seedling management. The first is the shadow. After all the seedlings are out, put the sunshade net on the seedbed on the scaffold by piling. The shade shed is 20~30cm away from the ground, and the light transmittance is 25%~50%. Then there is disease prevention. Seedlings are prone to damping-off, so they should be treated with drugs in time when they are unearthed, and 0.50% ferrous sulfate solution should be sprayed every 7~ 10d for 2-3 months. Followed by weeding. Weeding seedlings is an important step in a year. Once weeds are found on the seedbed, they should be thoroughly removed. Pay attention to protect the seedlings when pulling weeds, so as not to damage the roots of the seedlings. Finally, it is cold. If summer is well managed, autumn seedlings can be lignified and easily overwinter. 165438+1In late June, the cold protection work was carried out, the sunshade net was removed, and wheat straw was scattered on the seedbed. The best thickness of wheat straw is to cover the seedlings and pull out the wheat straw when the weeds turn green the next year.
Step 3 transplant spruce
3. 1 transplantation method. The method is to raise seedlings with soil balls, the size of which is generally 8~ 10 times of the ground diameter of seedlings. With the trunk as the center and the radius of 1/2 of the root soil ball as the radius, a trench with a width of 30~50cm is dug outside. When the soil ball reaches half the height, it will gradually shrink inward and look like a small one, digging and tying. Never tie it after digging. When binding, the straw rope and the horizontal plane should be staggered at 60 degrees. When binding, the straw rope should be soaked in water to improve its strength. The first straw rope should be tied tightly, but to avoid damaging the root system, the second straw rope should be tied tightly.
3.2 pruning. When transplanting seedlings, pruning is the main means to protect the aboveground parts of trees. Pruning can reduce the transpiration of trees, so it can improve the survival rate of seedlings. Generally, before transplanting, the lowest branch of the tree should be cut off properly, which is beneficial to the seedling raising operation and will not destroy the appearance and shape of the tree.
3.3 Packaging and transportation of transplanted seedlings. Packaging should be done before transplantation; The basic packaging materials are generally soft materials such as grass chips and straw ropes, and straw rope packaging is usually selected. After transplanting, the seedlings should be transported in time to avoid water loss and reduce the survival rate of seedlings. When stopping in the middle of long-distance transportation, it is necessary to choose a cool place, and at the same time, it is necessary to spray water on the seedlings in time to increase the moisture of the trees and avoid water loss.
4. Planting and management
4. 1 planting. Spruce planting is generally carried out in sunny and windless weather. On sunny days, it should be done before 0: 00 am or after 3: 00 pm in 165438+. When spruce is used as a street tree, the height difference between adjacent trees should not exceed 50cm, and the trunk diameter should be below 1cm. As a landscaping tree species, it should be planted according to the planning scheme.
4.2 post-planting management. The first is to fix trees. After spruce transplantation, to avoid wind blowing and soil collapse caused by irrigation, posts can be built around the trunk to fix it; Then there is the maintenance of plants. After spruce is planted, it needs to be watered in real time according to its growth characteristics. In the early stage of transplanting big seedlings, the water absorption capacity of plant roots is very low, so topdressing outside the roots can be carried out in practice, once every 15 days. The second is management. Watering, loosening soil and weeding will cause holes around the roots, which should be filled in time to avoid root exposure and reduce the survival rate. In addition, the prevention of diseases and insect pests after transplantation should focus on prevention, and timely symptomatic treatment is needed once it occurs.