The grafted seedlings of Red Globe Grape with Beida as rootstock have a diameter of more than 1.0 cm, mature branches, 3-5 full buds, developed roots and fibrous roots15-20 cm. Soak the roots with rooting powder or water for 3-5 hours before planting, and cut the roots into about 15 cm long. As a rootstock, Beida can improve the cold resistance of seedlings, easily control the tree potential and promote flowering.
(2) timely colonization
The suitable planting time of grafted seedlings of Peking University rootstock is when the ground temperature in solar greenhouse reaches above 6℃, and the cuttings can be planted later, and when the ground temperature in solar greenhouse reaches about 8℃. First, according to the row spacing of 2.5 ~ 3.0m and the plant spacing of 0.6 ~ 1.2m, 1 shallow holes are dug around the planting point, and the bottom of the holes are piled into a steamed bun-shaped mound. Then, the roots of the grape seedlings are evenly spread around the mound, filled with solid soil, and then the raw soil with the height of 10 ~ 65438+ is used as a ridge. Pay attention to the planting of seedlings can not exceed the interface. Irrigation should be given immediately after planting, and plastic film should be covered after 5 ~ 7 days. Covering with plastic film before irrigation can be used for subsurface irrigation under the film. Within 7 days after the grape seedlings are planted, the humidity in the solar greenhouse should be kept above 75%, and the temperature should be 20 ~ 25℃ during the day and not lower than 10℃ at night. If the field soil is dry, a small amount of water can be poured in advance to make the water content of 0 ~ 40 cm soil not lower than 40%.
(3) Temperature and humidity management
In order to avoid the high humidity in the solar greenhouse, small water and shallow irrigation are used to control the relative humidity of the air at 55% ~ 65%. The greenhouse film adopts blue PVC drip-free film, and the dust on the film should be removed in time. Some new shoots on the vegetative vines with too dense branches will be properly thinned to improve the lighting conditions around the grape ears.
After planting, the temperature and light in the shed can be adjusted by pulling the straw curtain (or thermal insulation quilt) and controlling the height of the louver, so that the grapes gradually enter the germination stage. Post-colonization management is divided into three stages, each lasting 7 days. The daytime temperature is controlled at about 65438 00℃ in the first stage, 65438 05℃ in the second stage and 20℃ in the third stage. In the future, the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse will be adjusted by ventilation, and the temperature will be controlled at around 25℃ and the humidity will be kept at around 80%. When the daytime temperature exceeds 28℃, it should be ventilated in time to cool down, and the night temperature should be kept at 12 ~ 15℃. When the outdoor temperature drops to 7 ~ 8℃ at night, close the vent. In hot season, when the outdoor temperature is above 15℃ for five consecutive days at night, take off the greenhouse film. After the middle and late August or before the first frost comes, when the outdoor temperature drops to 7 ~ 8℃ at night, it is necessary to close the shed and keep the humidity at about 60%. The indoor temperature is 20 ~ 25℃ during the day and 15 ~ 18℃ at night. When the temperature exceeds 28℃ at noon, pay attention to open the upper and lower vents to cool down, and close the lower vents at night to prevent the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse from being too high. In June165438+1October, the temperature dropped obviously, and at night, when the fruit is colored to maturity, it should be covered with a thermal insulation quilt (or straw curtain). The indoor temperature should be kept below 30℃ during the day and at 12 ~ 15℃ at night to widen the temperature difference between day and night, promote fruit coloring and sugar accumulation, and keep the humidity at 70% ~ 80%. From late February of 12 to June of the following year, the indoor temperature was maintained at 20 ~ 25℃ during the day and at 8 ~ 10℃ at night, and the indoor air humidity was maintained at 50% ~ 60%. After harvesting, let the branches and leaves flow back and gradually enter the dormant period. The dormancy period generally begins in the middle of February of the following year. Before the dormancy period, the temperature cannot be suddenly lowered, otherwise it will affect the nutrient return of the tree. Gradually cool down by controlling water, opening and closing vents and controlling curtain opening time. On day 1 ~ 7, the temperature was controlled at 20 ~ 25℃ during the day and 7 ~ 8℃ at night. On the 8th ~14th day, the temperature was controlled at 15 ~ 20℃ during the day and 5 ~ 6℃ at night. During the period of 15 ~ 2 1 day, the daytime temperature was controlled at 10 ~ 15℃, and the nighttime temperature was controlled at 2 ~ 3℃, so that the plants slowly entered the dormancy period after 2 1 day cooling treatment.
The indoor temperature of grape during dormancy should be controlled at 0 ~ 5℃ and not higher than 7.2℃. Covered with grass curtain all day at the beginning, and checked every 3 ~ 5 days 1 time. When the temperature drops below-1℃, open the curtain at noon to make the greenhouse heat up to about 5℃ in a short time, then put down the straw curtain and control the humidity at about 70% until the grapes enter the natural germination stage from May to June.
(4) Fertilizer and water management after planting
Before germination, 30 ~ 60g of urea, 0/00g of calcium superphosphate/kloc-and 50g of potassium nitrate were applied topdressing to each plant. Before flowering, 50 grams of diammonium phosphate and 50 grams of potassium sulfate were applied to each plant in shallow ditch, and 0. 1% borax solution and 0. 1% ~ 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution were sprayed on the leaves to promote flowering and fruiting. During the fruit expansion period, 50g of diammonium phosphate and 50g of potassium sulfate were applied to each plant in shallow ditch every 20 days, and 0. 1% ~ 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0. 1% zinc sulfate solution were sprayed at the same time to promote fruit expansion and flower bud differentiation. When the fruit begins to change color (about 30 days before harvesting), stop soil fertilization and spray 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution to improve the fruit quality and prevent the fruit from falling off. After fruit harvesting, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are mainly used to restore tree vigor, promote branch maturity and store nutrients. Generally, after harvesting every year, a fertilization ditch with a width of 30 cm and a depth of 40 cm is opened 50 cm away from the trunk edge, and 5 cubic meters of organic fertilizer and 0/00 kg of calcium superphosphate/kloc are applied per mu. The next year, apply the same fertilizer on the other side of the trunk.
About 2 weeks before germination (the ground temperature reaches 7℃) and during the rapid growth period of new shoots, water should be poured 1 time to meet the water demand of rapid growth of grapes. Appropriate irrigation should be given before flowering, and irrigation is forbidden during flowering to prevent serious physiological falling flowers and fruits. Generally, it is forbidden to irrigate from the fruit setting stage to the fruit expansion stage, and it is advisable to irrigate with a small amount of water frequently, which can effectively prevent the fruit from cracking and falling off. The soil is suitable for dry and wet (the soil moisture content is 60% ~ 75%). About 1 week after harvest, 1 time after fertilization and 1 time before dormancy. Advocate the application of subsurface drip irrigation or micro-sprinkler irrigation technology under film, which can not only save water, but also reduce air humidity and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases.
(5) shaping and pruning
Plastic surgery adopts one-arm y-shape or one-arm h-shape When the length of new shoots is 5 ~ 10 cm, 1 of the strongest new shoots is selected as the main shoot of a single plant, and all others are removed. When the main tip grows to 50 cm, erect bamboo poles to draw vines and remove tendrils at any time. When the main shoot is 1.3 m long, pick the core and tie the vine. Pull 1 conductor horizontally in the north-south direction at 1.0m, horizontally fix a cross arm with a width of 100 cm at 1.4m, pull two conductors at both ends, and horizontally fix a cross arm with a width of 140 cm at1.8m. Tie the part of the main tip above 70cm horizontally to the south on the first iron wire. When the main tip is about 100cm and the length of the auxiliary tip is 50cm, it is tied to the first iron wire horizontally, and the core is removed to form two arms. Branches with two arms grow on five leaves, all of which are tied to the second and third iron wires, so that the surface of the grape trellis forms a Y shape, which is conducive to ventilation and light transmission.
Pruning early can reduce the nutrient consumption of trees. After the main shoot is determined, wipe off the remaining weak shoots and new branches, and pinch off the tendrils at any time. When the secondary shoots on the branches of perennial seedlings are 30 ~ 40 cm long, leave 5 ~ 6 leaves for coring. Except for the top three leaves, the other two leaves are reserved for core removal. Three leaves were left at the top of the third secondary for repeated coring, and all others were removed. The secondary branch with weak growth leaves 3 leaves for repeated coring as the preparatory branch for the second year's fruit. The secondary branches on both arms can also be pruned simply according to the thickness of the branches. If the branch thickness is greater than 0.8 cm, 5-6 leaves are reserved for coring, and 3 leaves are reserved for coring, with the thickness of 0.7 cm, as spare branches. Pruning of plants over 2 years old during dormancy (winter pruning) According to the different positions and strengths of fruiting mother branches on both arms, short branches, middle branches and single branches are updated and pruned. The weak branches and base branches are pruned with short tips, leaving 3 buds short; Prune the middle tip of the golden mean branch, leaving 4 ~ 5 buds short; Strong branches are pruned with long tips, leaving 6 ~ 7 short buds. During the regeneration of the two branches, 1 fixed branch is reserved every 20 ~ 30cm, and two branches are reserved in each branch group. Strong branches are pruned with middle tips as the bearing branches in the second year, and weak branches are pruned with short tips as backup branches. Pruning single branch and long branch, the new branch at high position will bear fruit after germination, and the new branch at the base will be drained after bearing fruit, and the new branch at the base will be used as a non-spike vegetative branch, and will be cultivated into a bearing mother branch in the next year. After pruning, keep 2 ~ 3 fruiting mother branches on 50 cm single arm, and then update them year by year. At the full fruit stage, the main vines of the tree are partially or partially retracted and renewed.
(6) Flower and fruit management
After planting seedlings for three years, 6 ~ 8 ears are left per plant, and the yield per plant is 5 ~ 6 kg. Determine the fruit load according to the plant tree potential. Generally, the yield per hectare is controlled at 22,500 ~ 30,000 Jin in the full fruit period. Too many fruits will lead to smaller fruit grains and lower soluble solids content, which will affect the quality. Moreover, the maturity of branches and vines is poor, the germination rate is low and the annual output will not be high.
Ear finishing is to trim the ear 5 ~ 7 days before flowering, cut off the shoulder ear and secondary ear at the base of the ear axis, and pinch off the ear tip of 1/3 ~ 1/4 three days before flowering, which is one of the key measures to improve the fruit setting rate and produce large fruit. When the diameter of fruit particles is about 0.5 cm (the physiological fruit drop is over), small fruit particles, abnormal fruit particles, damaged fruit particles and fruit particles that are too dense and too tight to squeeze each other are thinned; When the fruit diameter is 1.2 cm, the second thinning is carried out. When fruit is set, 70 ~ 80 grains are left in the big panicle, 50 ~ 60 grains in the middle panicle and 30 ~ 40 grains in the small panicle, so that the fruits are evenly distributed. After ripening, the single grain weight 12g is above, and the ear weight is 300 ~ 1000g.
In order to increase the fruit size, growth regulators can be used appropriately. Soak the inflorescence 1 time with 30 mg/L gibberellin solution when the inflorescence is 6 ~ 8 cm long, and spray 50 mg/L gibberellin solution evenly on the ear after flowering 15 ~ 20 days (when the soybean is the size of the fruit).
When the fruit diameter is above 1.0cm, it should be bagged after fruit setting (20-40 days after flowering), and 500-600 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 1 000-1 500 should be sprayed on the ear before bagging. Bagging shall be carried out 10 ~ 15 days before picking. Open the lower part of the paper bag for 3 ~ 5 days, and then take off all the bags. If there is enough light in winter and the color of the ear in the bag is good, the bag can be picked before harvesting to keep the fruit powder intact, and the bag can be picked or bagged when harvesting.
(7) Pest control
The main diseases of grape cultivated in protected areas are gray mold, powdery mildew, downy mildew and anthracnose. When planting seedlings, strict quarantine must be carried out to prevent the source of diseases and pests from entering new production areas. Before germination, spray 3 ~ 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture in the whole shed to kill overwintering bacteria and mites. From germination to flowering, spray 50% carbendazim wettable powder 600 times. Attention should be paid to the occurrence of gray mold from the growth period of new shoots to flowering period, which will cause ear diseases and reduce production. Ecological control and variable temperature management are adopted to increase the temperature and reduce the humidity in the greenhouse, and combined with chemical control, smoke method, dust method and spray method are alternately applied. This aerosol contains 10% of sukeling. Dust removal method is to spray 10% dust removal agent at night. 7 ~ 10 days before flowering, spray 500 times of 10% polyoxin water agent or 50% prochloraz wettable powder and 50% chlorpheniramine 1000 times to prevent the occurrence of gray mold. Do not spray at flowering stage. Spraying 10% Meuron 600 times solution +80% essence wettable powder 400 times solution or 78% Cobo wettable powder 800 times solution +70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times solution after fruit setting can control powdery mildew and downy mildew. After bagging grapes, the Bordeaux mixture of 1∶0.5∶200 can be sprayed twice to prevent downy mildew and anthracnose. Spraying time should be about 15 days, and spraying is prohibited 30 days before harvesting. During the dormancy period, the diseased leaves, branches, fruits and plants in the greenhouse were thoroughly cleaned and burned centrally. To prevent downy mildew and powdery mildew, chlorothalonil fumigant can be used for fumigation, and 90% ethyl phosphate 700 times solution or thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution can also be sprayed. 70% mancozeb wettable powder can be sprayed to control brown spot and black pox.
Grape pests mainly include aphids and red spiders. When aphids occur, 50% pirimicarb wettable powder or 30% chlorpyrifos EC, 4,000% 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 4,000-5,000% 1.8% aino heavy EC can be used to control aphids. 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 3000 times solution or 1.8% ainuoqing EC 5000 times solution can control the occurrence of red spider. Ai Nuo chong Qing has excellent control effect on aphids and red spiders.
(8) Fruit harvesting
Generally speaking, the harvest time is determined according to the maturity of fruits and market demand. Through the regulation of facilities and environment, the harvesting of Red Globe grapes can be postponed until the end of February to the following February, so as to supply the New Year's Day and Spring Festival markets. After the fruit is harvested, the ear should be classified according to the grade, and packaged and listed according to the ear shape, fruit particle size, color and soluble solid content.