The prosperity of Beijing opera schools is the result of the gradual maturity of Beijing opera art. When Beijing opera is gradually mature, the pursuit of art has become a conscious behavior due to the accumulation of art itself, the formation of competition mechanism and the improvement of mentoring system. Many actors have gradually formed their own styles in their performances and gradually gained the recognition of the audience. Other actors take the initiative to imitate a certain style of actors and play a unique role on this basis, thus forming many schools. As early as the end of 19, senior actor Tan Xinpei formed his own performance style. He first sang old songs under the guidance of others, and then learned from others, reformed the old songs and created delicate and euphemistic Tan Pai songs. Liang Qichao praised Tan Xinpei's "Tan Xinpei, one person in four seas, has a reputation of thunder in the past twenty years". Tan Xinpei used the voice of "Yun Zheyue" in her singing, which is melodious and euphemistic and good at expressing deep sadness. Give full play to the specialty of Wushu in workmanship, be flexible, free and easy, and clean. He organically integrated the singing methods of Tsing Yi, Lao Dan and Hualien and the tones of Kunqu Opera, Bangzi and Drum into the hands of old songs, forming his own unique style. Since then, many people take Tan as their ancestor and call him a descendant of Tan School. Since then, many Peking Opera actors have formed their own styles in Wushengxing and Danxing, such as Yu (Ju Sheng) School, Huang (Yue Shan) School, Li (Chun Lai) School and Wang (Yao Qing) School in the early stage of Wushengxing. By the 1920s, Peking Opera schools had mushroomed. Some of the old schools are surplus schools, strict schools, high schools, horse schools, Qi schools of Zhou, Yang schools of Yang, and Xi Xiaobo schools. In the 1920s, Yu, Ma, Yan and Gao were called the "four masters" in the field of traditional Chinese opera. The schools of Danxing have also developed rapidly, such as Mei Lanfang's Mei School, Cheng Cheng School, Xun Huisheng's Xun School, Shang Xiaoyun's Shang School, New School, New Yellow School and Li School. During the period of 1927, Beijing Shuntian Times launched an activity to select leading actors. Mei Lanfang, Cheng, Xun Huisheng and Shang Xiaoyun won the top four, and were called "four famous actors". In addition to the prosperity of individual schools, due to geographical and cultural differences, some schools have also formed. This is how the "Beijing School" and "Shanghai School" of Peking Opera were formed. Beijing school is centered on Beijing, also known as "Beijing school"; The latter, centered on Shanghai, includes Peking Opera in the south of China, also known as "Southern School" or "Waijiang School". Beijing school pays attention to strict artistic norms, strict teacher inheritance and perfect performance, but it has the shortcomings of sticking to the rules; Shanghai school pays attention to artistic innovation, dares to break through the old norms, boldly innovates and pursues novel effects, but it is easy to become superficial. The formation of Beijing Opera schools is a symbol of the prosperity of Beijing Opera. Numerous schools have developed Peking Opera performance art to the extreme, enriching the appreciation level of Peking Opera performance art, and Peking Opera art itself has flourished in the formation and prosperity of schools. At the same time, it also reflects the aesthetic value orientation of China audience to traditional Chinese opera in the early 20th century. Although the prosperity of Beijing Opera schools stimulated the development of Beijing Opera, it alienated the opera art from the pursuit of literature and developed in a corner, making the opera art a purely technical development and losing its proper literati color.

There are many schools of Peking Opera, and we often hear "which school did so-and-so learn from" and "so-and-so is a descendant of a certain school", which is profound, but not as complicated as we thought. We can get a glimpse from the business of Beijing opera.

As we know, Beijing opera is generally divided into four trades, namely, life, Dan, purity and ugliness. The earliest times in the Yuan Dynasty were fate, Dan, purity, end and ugliness. Later, the last line was classified as life, and it became like this.

Student: Peking Opera is represented by men, including Xiao Sheng, Laosheng (the ending), Wusheng and so on. As shown in the figure:

grow

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A junior student, an old student, a martial artist.

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Small martial arts, small martial arts, old martial arts, old martial arts rely on martial arts to fight martial arts.

Xiao Sheng: It is used to represent young people, singing in a falsetto, and the jargon of Beijing Opera is called "Whisper". There are many such figures, such as Xu Xian in The Legend of the White Snake and Wang Jinlong in Yu Tang Chun. The representative faction has a leaf faction, which was initiated by Ye Shenglan.

Wu: As the name implies, it is a niche character who focuses on fighting. Zhou Yu in Hero is an example. The representative genre is the Leaf School, which was initiated by Ye.

Old student: used to represent the elderly, and the age can be distinguished according to the color of the beard. There are many representatives.

Ma Pai: Ma Li Anliang

Tan Pai: Tan Xinpei

Yu Pai: Yu Shuyan

Yang Pai: Yang Baosen

Xi school: Xi xiaobo

Qiqi School: Zhou (the stage name is seven-year-old boy and unicorn boy, so it is called Qiqi School)

Speech School: Yan Juxian

Ma, Yang, Xi Xiaobo and Tan are called "the four big bears".

Wu Laosheng: As the name implies, he is an old-fashioned figure who focuses on fighting.

Long-term dependence on military life: when showing a military commander, the four-pole flag inserted behind him is called dependence. Long-term dependence on martial arts refers to this business that focuses on fighting for a long time. Such as Gao Chong in Pulley.

Bunt Takeshi: Takeshi, too, but don't lean on it. Wear thin boots. Martial arts students mainly bunt, and Sanchakou is a classic martial arts drama. The representative school is Geppet: Gai Jiaotian.

Dan: The ancient Chinese character "Xian" is a small animal that is good at decoration. In Beijing opera, it is a female role. As shown in the figure:

dawn

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Wudan Hua Dan Peking Opera Blues Lao Dan Qingyi Cai Dan

In the past, there were Zhengdan, Accessory, Tiedan, Waidan, Xiaodan, Dadan, Caidan and Chadan.

Wu Dan: It's equivalent to a female character who is short of manpower and mainly taps. This is what the thirteen sisters in Thirteen Sisters do.

Beijing Opera Blues: It is equivalent to female characters who rely on martial arts and heavy equipment in their lives, such as She Saihua in Seven Star Temple and Mu in Tianmen Array.

Hua Dan: A lively young woman, such as the matchmaker in The Matchmaker. The representative school is Xun Huisheng.

Cai Dan: Generally playing the role of matchmaker, such as Liu, the matchmaker of Famen Temple, can be said to be an ugly act in Dandan's role, and it is also a place where a play is applauded.

Tsing Yi: A quiet young woman named after an ordinary poor woman wearing a green soap skirt. Representatives are:

Mei Pai: Mei Lanfang

Xun School: Xun Huisheng

Cheng Pai: Cheng Qiuyan

Shangpai: Shang Xiaoyun

Zhang Pai: Zhang Junqiu

Among them, Mei Lanfang, Xun Huisheng, Cheng and Shang Xiaoyun are also known as "four famous poets".

Lao Dan: Older women, such as the mother-in-law in The Tattoo of Mother-in-law and Li Xinyu in The Dragon Robe. The representative school is Li School.

Jing: Commonly known as "painted face", Peking Opera facial makeup comes from this. Because the face is painted, it is very unclean, and because of the opposite meaning, it is called "net". What kinds of services are there in the network? As shown in the figure:

clean

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Bronze hammer, picture frame, painting Wu Hualian.

Face painting with bronze hammer: It is named after Xu's embrace of the bronze hammer in the imperial mausoleum. It is mainly vocal, and its pronunciation is mostly nasal and postnasal. Bao Zheng, Huang Gai, Xu, Weichi Gong and others. It is reflected in this industry. Main factions: Qiu faction, Qiu.

Face painting on a shelf: the kind that will "wow" if you don't move, which is more violent or humorous. For example, Zhang Fei, Li Kui jy and Niu Hao. The representative figures are the Golden School: Jin Shaoshan, and so is Mr. Yuan Shihai.

Wu Hualian: Mainly by fighting.

In a play, if there are two or more faces, the main thing is singing, which is called "big face painting", and the others are "two faces painting".

Ugly: A funny character with a white nose.

ugly

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Smell smelly and odorless.

Wen Chou: There are many ugliness in the usual sense, such as Shangyi, Liu Zhengyi of Famen Temple, Jiang Gan of Qunying Palace and so on.

Well, this is probably the business and genre of Beijing opera. I hope you can learn something from it. ◆ Cheng Changgeng (an early veteran of Peking Opera)

Cheng Changgeng was born in Anhui Buried Hill. One of the three outstanding figures in early Peking Opera. He is a figure who has made important contributions to the formation and development of Beijing Opera. Chang Geng has been in Huizhou class since childhood. After class, he went to Beijing with his father and went to Sanqing class. He once asked Mi Xizi about his art and made his debut in Wen Zhaoguan and Changsha.

◆ Tan Xinpei (Peking Opera Old School)

One of the "new three outstanding figures" is the "Tan School" developed on the basis of Lu Shengkui. It is the most popular, widespread and influential old school in the history of Peking Opera, with comprehensive and accurate techniques and emphasis on portraying characters.

Detailed introduction

◆ Mei Lanfang (Peking Opera Shoujiao School)

Mei School's artistic system, founded by Mei Lanfang, one of the four famous artists, has been comprehensively and richly created and developed in singing, reading, acting, dancing, music, costume, and drama, reaching a perfect state, raising the singing and performing arts of Beijing Opera to a new level and becoming a far-reaching school.

Detailed introduction

◆ Hou Xirui [Peking Opera Flower Face (Clear Line) School]

Huang Runfu, who lived in Hou in his later years, achieved great success, made a series of artistic creations according to his personal conditions, and established the artistic performance system of Hou School, which is the only one of the three major schools in modern times that specializes in posturing. The characteristics of the Hou school are mainly reflected in the characters, work framework, thoughts and behaviors.

Detailed introduction

◆ Yang Mingyu (Early Peking Opera Clown School)

Yang Mingyu (18 15-? ), a native of Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, was named Yang San because he ranked third. Trained in Suzhou since childhood, she became ugly after being born in Kunming. Lay a solid foundation for civil and military drama. After Daoguang entered Beijing, he took four happiness classes. Martial arts dramas can perform armor theft, missions, etc., and literati dramas can perform borrowing boots, visiting mice by measuring words, and kite mistakes. Co-starring with Zhu Lianfen in "Capture Saburo alive", the performance is vivid and the kung fu is extraordinary, so it is called double stunts. Because of his superb art and well-known reputation, after his death, there was a saying that "Yang Sanyi died without being ugly", which can be seen.