Our people have creative thinking and glorious tradition of invention since ancient times. Such as dragons and phoenixes. Phoenix is a magical animal, which consists of the head of a chicken and the body and feathers of a peacock. Dragons are more creative. Dragon is a magical animal composed of horse's head, deer's body, snake's body, eagle's claw, forest's body and fish's tail. In addition, Joseph Needham, a famous British scientist, made an in-depth study of China's ancient scientific and technological achievements, and wrote a world-famous masterpiece Science and Culture in China (translated into Chinese as History of Science and Technology in China). Robert Temple, under the guidance of Dr. Needham, published the book China ―― the Country of Discovery and Invention in 1986, and introduced one hundred "world firsts" in China in plain language. The following are introduced to you in the order of invention.
1, drum:
Legend has it that in 3500 BC, people in China had artificial drums. In 3000 BC, drums were made by covering frames or containers with animal skins. By 1000 BC, Sumerians in Mesopotamia had made a circular drum with pictures on it. Later, there were small bronze drums and big bronze drums. /kloc-the bronze drums used by cavalry in the 0/5th century were adopted by orchestras in the 0/7th century. 1692, purcell used it in the music for The Fairy Queen. This kind of drum is now called timpani, and bass drums have been around since19th century. Drums can make the beat clear, rough and powerful. China invented the timpani in the 2nd century BC.
2. Binary system:
It is said that Fuxi invented the binary system in 3000 BC. Zhouyi is one of the Five Classics and one of the oldest classics in China. According to legend, The Book of Changes was written by Fuxi, Zhou Wenwang and Duke Zhou about 3000 BC, and was revised by Kong Qiu into The Book of Changes. Modern electronic computers use binary instead of decimal. Who invented the binary system? "Yi Shu" in Zhouyi uses binary system. In other words, Fuxi invented binary system, and Fuxi is Shennong. Legend has it that Shennong tasted a hundred herbs and got five grains, and China had primitive agriculture. Fuxi has made great progress to our society! The Xiannong Altar in Beijing, China was built in memory of Shennong (Fuxi), and China people expressed their admiration for him here.
3. Rope:
In 2800 BC, China people had mastered the technology of making hemp rope. Our people began to make ropes out of hemp fibers. By the beginning of AD, hemp fiber had become the main rope-making material in most parts of the world. 1775, the British inventor Matthew invented the rope making machine, ending the era of hand-made rope. Starting from 1950, artificial fibers are used to make ropes. Manila rope with a diameter of about 2 mm will break under the tension of 55 12 kg, while nylon rope with the same thickness can withstand the tension of 13227 kg.
4. Compass:
Legend has it that in 2700 BC, Xuanyuan, the Yellow Emperor of China, invented the compass. Huangdi used a compass to tell the direction in the fog and defeated Chiyou. According to historical records, China people used the compass as early as the Warring States Period. Han Feizi in the 3rd century BC said that "Sina" (compass) had been used in the Warring States period. In Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo recorded this in more detail in Meng Qian's Bi Tan. 1090, China and Arab navigators began to install compasses on ships. As a navigation tool. In Europe, around 1 1 century, magnetic needles floating on the water were used to make compasses. 1250 or so, in the Mediterranean region, the magnetic system of the compass has been installed on the measuring card and kept balanced by the central rotating shaft.
/kloc-In the 6th century, the compass was set on a flat frame and played a role in ships. /kloc-the compass of the iron ship in the 20th century should be fitted with a piece of flinders iron to correct the error caused by the ship's magnetic force. Gyro compasses for ships and planes made in the 20th century. According to the principle that the stable attitude of the rotating vertex is related to the star, the gyro compass has two advantages: it does not deflect because it is close to the metal, and points to true north instead of magnetic north. 1908 Germany made the first practical instrument of this kind in the world. The best compass is made in Spree, USA. 19 10 was successfully tested on the "Delaware" ship and was quickly adopted by the US Navy. In a word, the compass is one of China's four great inventions, which later spread all over the world and made great contributions to the development of global navigation.
5, fish farming methods:
In 2500 BC, people in China already knew how to raise fish. At that time, Chinese people could artificially hatch fish eggs and feed them. In the1960-1970s, fish in Europe and America, such as frog fish, were farmed artificially. Britain and other western European countries now produce about 654.38 million tons of freshwater fish from fish farms every year.
6, equatorial astronomical instruments:
In 2400 BC, China invented the equatorial astronomical instrument.
7, decimal counting system:
China invented the decimal counting system in14th century BC. This is very important in modern science. The earliest evidence that Europeans formally adopted it was found in a Spanish manuscript in 976 AD, and China adopted it as early as BC14th century Shang Dynasty. Among the Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in the 3rd century BC/KLOC-0, there is an example of China people describing "547 days" in decimal system.
8. Printing:
In BC 1324, people in China were able to carve seals and watermark files with ink. Printing is the first medium in the world, and only by using it can information be disseminated. Printing is one of the four great inventions in China. We in China have used seals to carve people's names or official titles since ancient times. Seal was originally the title of official title, and it was used to affix documents again in BC 1324. At first, ink was used, and it was not until the fifth and sixth centuries that red inkpad was used. China seals are mostly carved with soapstone, jade, bamboo and even ivory. China people think that documents, letters and bills based on seals are more reliable after being signed. Among the books printed now, the oldest one is the Diamond Sutra, written by China and Wang Yin, which has now become an orphan. In 868, people in China invented block printing. Diamond Sutra is a relief printing. It is a 5.25-meter scroll with pieces of wood 9 1 cm long and 36 cm wide printed on it. Later, it fell into the hands of the British and is now hidden in the British Museum in London.
In A.D. 1040, China lettering worker Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in Beijing. Heat and harden the clay hexahedral movable type mold and arrange it on the turntable according to rhyme. When printing, the movable type is spread on the iron plate with adhesives such as turpentine and wax, and the surrounding is tied tightly with an iron frame, and the adhesive is melted by heating on the fire. After cooling, the movable type sticks to the iron plate. After printing, bake the hot iron plate and take out the movable type for later use. 1403, Li Taizong of North Korea founded the earliest metal foundry (at that time, North Korea also used square characters), and 30 years later, North Korea created a set of pinyin letters instead of square characters with reference to ancient Indian Sanskrit. Now there are 40 letters in Korean, and it only takes a few letters to spell all the words. 1438, Genfertier (German) who lived in Gutenberg, Mainz, Germany, created a set of molds for casting metal letters. Carve a punch with hard metal, then press the punch on soft copper with a hammer to make a female die, and female die are arranged on a frame for printing. By the15th century, lead-tin alloys may have been used. 145 1 year, he printed the first book printed with movable type in Europe ―― Grammar of donato Slade. The Latin Bible was printed around 1453. His printing machine was modified with an ordinary screw press. Put a page as a printing plate on the printing table, brush with ink, spread out the paper, and flatten it with a paper pressing drum installed under the screw. Only one page can be arranged every day, and only about 16 pages can be printed every hour.
1457, Foster and Xiao Erfu invented multicolor printing and printed the first two-color book-Latin Hymn. 146 1 year, Jester in Banburg combined block printing with movable type printing and printed the first illustrated book-German Fable with illustrations 10 1. 1470, the Frenchman Jean Sen designed the first batch of Roman movable type in Venice. 1477 Toremi's map of the world was printed in intaglio with 26 copperplate plates. It is not easy to imitate, and the ink on the paper is slightly increased, with many features and easy to distinguish authenticity, so it is still used to print banknotes, stamps and securities. 150 1, a set of italics was published by Griffaud in Italy; 156 1, he reduced these words and printed them into a pocket book. (Western italics are mainly used to emphasize sentences. ) 1620, Bogina of the Netherlands invented the convenient printing method, which can print 150 copies per hour. 1642, Segen of Germany invented the engraving gravure printing method, which is most suitable for printing pictures. The first painting is a portrait of Elisha, a German countess.
1 107, China people also invented color printing. More than 600 years later, in 17 19, the color printing machine designed by LeBron in Germany was patented. The first book printed was Harmony of Oil Painting Colors. 1727, the British Scottish goldsmith Gert invented the casting method. 1775, Dido, a Frenchman, made a unit for measuring the size of movable type. 1798 nuffield invented lithography, which is most suitable for printing illustrations. 1875, the image was printed on the blanket by offset printing method for the first time in Britain, and then it was officially printed on the material that needed elasticity. /kloc-in 0/800, Steiner, England, made the first iron frame printing machine, replacing the wooden printing machine. It can print 250 sheets per hour. 18 10, Germans worked in London, and Koenig obtained the patent of steam printing machine (mechanized manual printing machine), which can print 400 pages per hour. 18 12 Germans Koenig and Bauer designed the roller printing machine. This machine sold by The Times can print 1 100 sheets per hour. Later, Koenig also designed a printing machine that can print both sides at once.
1839, Britain, the United States and Russia invented electroforming plates respectively. Use electroformed metal plate instead of wooden plate. 1845, Hoao of new york obtained the first patent of practical rotary printing machine. The Philadelphia Chronicle bought this machine. 1848 Apps and Cowper, engineers of The Times of London, designed a rotary printing machine, which can print 8,000 sheets per hour. 186 1 year, the curved type made by Hoao in the United States used paper movable type, and since then it has a completely circular printing format. 1852, Talbot, the pioneer of British photography technology, discovered the principle of steel wire relief printing. 1880, he used this method to copy a photo for the first time in new york Pictorial with the title "A Slum Scene in new york". 1886 German Morgan Soller worked in the United States and invented the high-speed automatic typesetting Zhi Nuo typesetting machine, which was used in The New York Times. It was officially put into production two years later, with about 6,000 typesetting modules per hour, which is four times the speed of the most skilled workers. 1887 Langston, a British civil servant, invented the Mono casting machine with excellent typesetting, which was officially put into production in 1897. Before this, people knew the gravure printing method of copper engraving before 1477; 1895 Austrian Crick invented gravure printing; 1839, Xu Bushuo invented the imagesetter in the United States. Since then, printers have replaced traditional letterpress printing with flat printing instead of metal movable type. This method is to project letters one by one onto photographic paper, then develop them and stick them on a page of samples. The assembled plate is transferred to the photosensitive film of metal plate by camera. After acid etching, the plate has the properties of lithography invented by Nufield in 1798. Ink is only attached to the plate with graphics. Nowadays, photographic typesetting has replaced most traditional typesetting methods.
1965, the era of computer-controlled typesetting began after Germany invented the electrophotographic typesetting machine. Advanced printing houses can design full-page layouts on computer screens. After the designer arranges the page layout properly, he uses a computer memory device to store all the contents, including words, titles, picture positions and so on. Then use computer-controlled laser to scan the photographic paper, print out the image of the whole layout, and then print it on the printing plate by photography. This is called laser phototypesetting. Nowadays, many large newspapers and periodicals in the world use advanced printing methods. For example, China Science and Technology Daily, China TV News and Beijing Evening News all adopted this advanced printing technology.
9, paint-the world's first plastic:
China invented and used lacquerware at the latest in the 3rd century BC/KLOC-0. The tomb of "Fuhao" excavated in Anyang City, Henan Province 1976 (buried in the 3rd century1AD) is evidenced by her painted coffin. Needham said: "lacquer is probably the oldest industrial plastic known to mankind." In ancient China, the organization and management of paint industry was very organized, including private paint workshops and national production centers. There is a painted wooden wine glass in the Oriental Art Museum in Paris. The inscription on the glass not only shows that the glass was made in the fourth year, but also bears the names of seven craftsmen and five officials of the production center who participated in the production. This wooden wine glass shows China people's views on manufacturing technology two thousand years ago. On the other hand, this cup also shows that the production at that time probably adopted the same technological process as the modern industrial production line. As early as the second century BC, people in China had discovered the important chemical properties of paint, and found a method to make it deteriorate through the evaporation process of paint. It was found that if a few crab shells were put in the paint, the paint would remain liquid and would not dry. Huai Nan Zi in BC 120 and Shi Li in AD 12 both mentioned the special function of crab shell preservation paint. Modern scientists have confirmed that there are chemical components in nail shells that inhibit the activity of some enzymes, one of which is the enzyme that hardens paint. Raw lacquer can remain liquid for a long time through chemical action, which makes this biochemical process in China have an enduring industrial prototype model.
10, bronze mirror:
About BC 12, China people invented the bronze mirror. China also invented the magic mirror in the 5th century. William Breg, a British crystallographer, systematically expounded the theory of magic mirror in 1932, which was about 1500 years later than China. The magic mirror is one of the strangest things in the world. What's so amazing about the magic mirror? On the reverse side of the magic mirror, there is a bronze pattern-an image or text, or both. The side reflecting light is convex, made of polished bronze and used as a mirror. Under most lighting conditions, this kind of mirror looks the same as other ordinary mirrors. However, when the mirror is used in bright sunlight, its reflecting surface can be "seen through". By reflecting sunlight on a dark wall with a mirror, people can see the patterns or words on the mirror from the images projected on the wall. Solid bronze products become transparent, which makes people feel mysterious. This phenomenon made China people give the magic mirror a name called transparent mirror. Bronze is opaque, but it actually makes people feel transparent. Why? This mystery has been discussed by Chinese and foreign scholars for hundreds of years. China scientist Shen Huo and foreign scientist Sir William Breg both expressed their opinions. When Sir William Breg discovered this mystery in 1932, he said, "It is the amplification of reflection that makes the pattern appear clearly." Needham correctly called all this "the first step in mastering the way of expressing fine structures in metals."
1 1, umbrella:
In BC 1 100, people in China already used umbrellas to identify themselves. The ribs are made of bamboo or sandalwood, and covered with an umbrella cover made of leaves or feathers. The word "umbrella" only appeared in English in the12nd century. In the past, there were only parasols, but in the1733rd century, Parisians used tarpaulins as umbrellas. 1750, Han Wei, an Englishman, brought an umbrella back to London after traveling abroad, causing a sensation. 1874, Hawkes, a metal wiredrawing worker in Dika area near Xueer, obtained the patent right of arc steel umbrella rib. With this umbrella rib, the umbrella can be tightened, and it has since become a common rain gear for British gentlemen. 1930, Haupt, a Berliner, invented the telescopic umbrella. Academics also say that umbrellas were invented by China in the 4th century during the Three Kingdoms period.
12, kite:
In BC 1000, people in China first flew kites. It is said that people in China could fly kites long before they believed in history. According to legend, in the 4th century BC, Lu Ban, a famous craftsman in China, made a kite and took off for three days without falling. There is also a story in which a general surrounded the palace and used a kite to measure the distance between the palace wall and his own army. Kites can be used to send bricks to and from home, or to tie hooks to the tail of kites for fishing. In 1600, oriental kites (diamonds) were introduced to Europe by the Dutch. /kloc-In the 9th century, the British inventor Clay was inspired by kites and invented the glider. Texas actor Cody "Captain" once used a kite to drag a folding boat across the English Channel. 190 1 year, I made persistent efforts to fly kites with double boxes, which aroused great interest from the British War Department. Soon, the plane replaced the military kite, and Cody, the "captain", died in an air crash while flying his new biplane on 19 13. 1970, the American space program designed various "flying wings" to make kites become toys for adults again. For example, the Rogge Lele folding flying wing was originally designed for the safe landing in the Mercury spacecraft cabin, and was later replaced by a parachute; But this folding wing was originally the wing of today's hang glider. Flying a kite provides the principle and inspiration for the plane to fly into the sky.
13, rice wine:
In BC 1000, people in China invented rice wine.
14, bow and arrow:
China invented the bow and arrow in the 8th century BC. In 200 BC, China invented the crossbow. Mainly used for fighting and hunting. You can shoot horizontally, vertically, riding and shooting, which is very powerful. In Europe, Italy only used bows in 10 century, which was later than China 1200 years.
15, ancient robots:
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty from 770 BC to 256 BC, China people had invented ancient robots. In today's world, as long as we talk about robots, we must talk about Europe, America and Japan. However, do you know that we in China are the first people to make ancient robots in the world? The ancient robots made in China are not only exquisite, but also versatile. There are all kinds of robots. Robots that can dance, robots that can sing blowing sheng, robots that can make money, robots that can catch fish, and so on.
A robot that can dance. Duan Anxi of the Tang Dynasty in China said: In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in Pingcheng and was besieged by Xiongnu Khan Mao Dun. Chen Ping of the Han army learned that the soldiers commanded by E Shi, the wife of Modoson, were the most elite and aggressive team in the country, but E Shi was jealous of others. Therefore, Chen Ping ordered the craftsman to make a delicate wooden robot. Dress the wooden robot in beautiful clothes, dress up beautifully, and paint its face with rouge, which makes it more handsome. Then put it on the female wall (the low wall on the city wall) and start the mechanism (the starting part of the machine), and the robot will dance gracefully, beautifully and endearingly. E Shi saw this scene vividly outside the city, mistaking this dancing robot for a real human beauty, fearing that she would spoil Maggie in the Central Plains and neglect herself after breaking the city, so E Shi led his troops to abandon the city. The city of peace saved the day.
Blowing sheng's singing robot. Robots in the Tang Dynasty are more exquisite and magical. In the Complete Works of the Ruling and Opposition, the Tang people said: Luozhou Yin was once a county magistrate (equivalent to a "county magistrate"), with a well-behaved personality and fond of drinking. He carved a wooden robot and dressed it in silk. Let this robot be a waiter. The waitress is always polite when drinking properly.
Money-making robots. In the Tang Dynasty, a craftsman named Yang Wulian in Hangzhou, China, developed a robot similar to a monk. It can learn from the monk's charity by holding a copper bowl and automatically take away the money when the bowl is full. It will bow to the donor. Hangzhou citizens are scrambling to put money into this bowl to watch this wonderful performance. It can earn thousands of dollars for its master every day, which is ingenious and prosperous.
A robot that can catch fish. Robots in the Tang Dynasty were also used in production practice. According to Wang Shi of Longzhou in Tang Dynasty, a robot similar to otter was developed. It can sink in the water of rivers and lakes, and after catching fish, its head will emerge from the water. Why can it catch fish? If you put bait in this robot's mouth and install the starting parts, you can sink it with a stone. When the fish eats the bait, this part begins, and the stone falls into the water from its mouth. As soon as its mouth is closed, the fish in its mouth can't escape, so it floats from the water to the surface. This is the earliest robot used in production in the world.
In addition, in books such as "The Book of the Lost Tales", it is also recorded that ancient robots performed on the stage, holding lights and being blind.
16, branch culture precision farmland method:
In the 6th century BC, China people invented the practice of branch tillage. Europeans didn't use this technology until 173 1, about 2400 years later than China.
17, iron plow:
In the 6th century BC, China invented the iron plow. Europeans didn't use iron plows until17th century, about 2300 years later than China. In A.D. 1050, people in our country also invented the plow mirror, which was installed on the plow to turn over the soil easily, thus increasing the agricultural output. Around 3500 BC, farmers in the Mesopotamian plain invented the ox-pulling plough. Plow is an agricultural tool that people began to cultivate land in the early days. People in China have used plows, wooden plows and stone plows since the Shang Dynasty. In 500 BC, European farmers built an iron plow with two wheels and a share in front. During the Warring States Period, China put a V-shaped iron shovel on the wooden shovel, commonly known as the iron mouth plow. The plough frame is smaller, lighter, more flexible and adjustable in depth, which greatly improves the farming efficiency. In A.D. 1700, Europeans began to use advanced Roslin plows, Ransom iron plows and seeders. 1830, American immigrants began to use Deere copper plow, and other continents also began to use copper plow. In a word, the invention, application and development of plough condensed the efforts of China people and other inventors in the world, and showed their wisdom.
18, large tuning clock:
China invented the big bell in the 6th century BC. Europeans didn't adjust their clocks until 1000, which was later than China 1600.
19, ever-burning lamp:
Around 589 BC, China invented the ever-burning lamp. The wick is asbestos; The lamp oil is seal oil or whale oil.
20, abacus:
In 550 BC, China people invented the abacus for calculation. Since ancient times, it has also been a widely used computing tool in business. Later, it spread all over the world and was gradually replaced by modern Arabic numerals in the12nd century. In the 20th century, many people in the former Soviet Union and the Far East still used abacus, and plastic abacus replaced wooden abacus and bamboo abacus. At present, electronic calculators and computers tend to replace abacus in the world, but it will take at least ten years for abacus to be completely replaced by electronic computers in the world because of its low price.
2 1, carpet:
Carpets have been used in China since 500 BC. The earliest known carpets originated in China and Iran in the 5th century BC. 1606, the carpet woven by loom was first used near Paris, France. Today's carpets are made of man-made fibers and wool.
22, double-acting piston bellows:
China invented the double-acting piston bellows in the 5th century BC. It was not until16th century that the double-acting piston bellows was used in the west. It is about 2 100 years later than China.
23. Water bowl
In the 5th century BC, people in China invented the water bowl.
24, vacancy table zero method:
People in China began to use spaces to represent zeros before the 4th century A.D., and this is how China's abacus expressed it. According to western tradition, the symbol "0" is used to represent zero, which was invented by Indians in the ninth century. It appeared in the inscription of Guamore in 870 AD. However, in fact, the symbol "0" appeared much earlier than this. This symbol appeared in inscriptions in Cambodia and Sumatra in 683 AD, and in Bangka Island near Sumatra in 686 AD. Some experts believe that the symbol "zero" appeared in these countries was handed down from China, and they passed it on to India. Zero is very important. If we ignore zero, modern technology will collapse. Of course, it is an invention of China to indicate zero with empty space. However, we don't mean that the absolute priority of using the "0" symbol belongs to our country, because it was not until 1247 that the "0" symbol first appeared in China's printed matter. Although we are sure that it was used at least a century ago, no one knows when and where this symbol of zero was first used in China, which needs further study.
25, chemical weapons:
The history of China's chemical warfare with poisonous gas can be traced back to at least the early 4th century BC. In the early works of Mohism, it was recorded that the gas burned by mustard seed in the furnace was released by bellows and penetrated into the besieged enemy tunnels. This was 2,300 years before China used trench mustard gas in World War I. The Germans had the following chemical weapons: "dung bomb", which was the embryonic form of gas bomb. The "flying sand bomb" is to put a tube of gunpowder in a clay pot. The composition of gunpowder is extracted from quicklime, rosin and ethanol of poisonous plants. Put this weapon down from the wall, it will explode immediately and deadly poison will be scattered all over the floor. "Tear gas" was used in China in the 2nd century. The smoke it produced soon made people burst into tears. Poisons such as sea oil, Sichuan lacquer and starfish will make the enemy hoarse. Some poisons in our country can corrode the enemy's muscles to expose the bones. Firespears contain arsenic and general poison. 1540, in the book "Pyrotechnics" written by Bellingguccio, it is said that after the fire spear burns, it emits "fiery flames, which are creepy two or three steps away". In Europe, arsenic was not a popular thing before 1580, but it was replaced by mercury smog balls in17th century, which was one of the gifts that China gave to the world at that time.
26, horse chest belt changes:
Around the 4th century BC, China invented the harness converter. Before that, the only way for the West to change horses in the 8th century AD was to "change harness before the neck". This is an unreasonable method, because the belt is tied to the throat, which means that once the horse tries its best, it will suffocate immediately. The horse chest belt changer invented in China overcomes this shortcoming. This invention of our country was later spread to Europe through Central Asia. European archaeologists found the remains of replacement of chest straps in ancient tombs from the 7th to10th centuries.
27, petroleum lighting method:
Around the 4th century BC, China people invented oil lighting and natural gas lighting.
28, cast iron:
In the 4th century BC, China invented cast iron.
29, horse shoulder harness:
From 4th century BC to 1 century BC, people in China invented saddle changing tools. This is earlier than the replacement of shoulder straps in Europe 100 years later 1000 years ago. China people also found that the rotator cuff can be changed in a simpler way: the rope can be tied to the rotator cuff (on both sides of the collar, directly in the car). It is this form of rotator cuff replacement that is still widely used all over the world.
30, saltpeter identification method:
Nitrate was discovered in China before the 3rd century BC. This is 2000 years earlier than in the west. Before the invention of gunpowder, we must first know and obtain the most important of its three components, namely saltpeter. It was unknown in the west before the Middle Ages, but it was lacking in Europe. China is rich in resources and can be purified from other minerals. The identification of saltpeter is based on color reaction. The purple flame from saltpeter combustion can confirm the existence of potassium. China people will use this method to identify the existence of saltpeter at least in the 3rd century BC. The discovery of saltpeter in China laid the foundation for the invention of gunpowder.
3 1. Lingqu, the first canal with the same height in the world.
The contour canal was built in the west of13rd century, about 1600 years later than China.
32, three-dimensional map:
China invented the three-dimensional map at the latest in the 3rd century BC. In Historical Records written by Sima Qian, a picture of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which was drawn in 2 10 BC, was recorded. The book says: "Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, instill it in the machine, and there is astronomy in the world and geography in the world." 1In June, 985, a report in the Daily Telegraph said: Although Qin Shihuang's cemetery was not open, it may have been discovered. It is said that traces of mercury were found at the entrance of the tomb. Archaeologists speculate that this may be the mercury shown on the above three-dimensional map.
As early as the 3rd century BC, the famous map of Penglai Fairy Mountain in China appeared on jars and incense burners. This has a great influence on the development of three-dimensional map drawing skills in the future. In 32 AD, General Ma Yuan talked about the military three-dimensional map, and the models of valleys and mountains were made of glutinous rice. In addition, a woodcut three-dimensional topographic map appeared, which was described by the great scientist Shen Kuo in Talking about Meng Xi. 1 130 Huang Shang also made a woodcut three-dimensional map. This map later attracted the interest of philosopher Zhu, who tried his best to collect woodcut topographic maps for research. He himself sometimes uses clay and sometimes woodcuts to make three-dimensional topographic maps. He also described a topographic map made by Zhu in the novel He Lin Yu Lu: "(Zhu) tried to make a beautiful picture out of wood and sculpt the uneven landform. Harmony gave it eight dollars. There are male and female tenons that can be folded. A person's strength can be negative. Every time I go out, I follow the trend, but I have not succeeded. "
The production of three-dimensional topographic maps is likely to spread from China to Arabia and then to Europe. 15 10, Paul Dokus made the earliest topographic map in Europe and drew the neighborhood of Kufstein. Ibe Batita (A.D. 1304- 1377), an Arab, described the three-dimensional topographic map he saw in Gibraltar. There is no earlier record of three-dimensional topographic maps of countries outside China.
33. Suspension bridge:
Li Bing, a native of China, built the An Lan Bridge in guanxian, Sichuan in the 3rd century BC. This is the earliest bamboo cable chain bridge built in the world. It has a total length of 320 meters and eight holes, and the whole structure has no metal materials. The suspension bridge is paved with stone slabs, which is convenient for people to walk. This cable bridge made of bamboo is very effective. The whole cable takes bamboo as the inner core and is wrapped with bamboo strips (strips) cut from the outer layer of bamboo. Braiding is because the tighter the braided layer is wound around the inner core, the greater the strength of the cable, thus increasing the safety factor. In addition, China people invented the iron suspension bridge in 1 century. This bridge can be used for traffic. 1655 Martin Martini, a westerner who came to China, once described a cable-stayed bridge over a river in Guizhou, and compiled it into the famous China New Atlas of that period. The first suspension bridge in the west, namely winch bridge. It was built in a.d. 174 1 year, across the Tooth River in England. It only has cables, but there is no bridge deck for vehicles to pass through. Because Europeans built the first automobile suspension bridge in 1809, China people were ahead of the west in this respect 180 years.