Head of State: President

Effective date of the current Constitution:1March 4, 789.

Name of Parliament: National Assembly

Legislative system: bicameral Senate; House of Representatives (House of Representatives)

Number of current members and term of office: Senate 100, 6 years; 435 members of the House of Representatives, 2 years

The time for the establishment of the current parliament is1998165438+1October 3.

Legal voting age: 18 years old

The legal age for election is 30 for senators and 25 for deputies.

Parliament website: http://www.congress.gov

http://www.senate.gov

http://www.house.gov

Parliamentary history and change

1July 4, 776, the constitutional document "Federal Regulations" was formulated. 1787 drafted the draft constitution in may, and the first congress came into effect in March 1789. It is the first written constitution in the world as an independent and unified country. In the past two centuries, the United States has made 27 constitutional amendments. Important amendments include: 65,438+07,965,438+0, the first 65,438+00 constitutional amendment, which was passed by the National Assembly in September, including safeguarding the rights of belief, speech, publication and peaceful assembly, and was later called the "Civil Rights Act"; Amendments to Articles 13 and 15 of the Constitution on abolishing slavery and recognizing the rights of black citizens, respectively, adopted in 1865 and 1870; Amendment to Article 19 of the Constitution, adopted in 1920, recognizing women's right to vote; 195 1 The amendment to Article 22 of the Constitution stipulates that the President can only be re-elected; 1967 The amendment to Article 25 of the Constitution stipulates that when the president is unable to exercise his functions and powers, the vice president will be promoted to the presidency. According to the constitution, the United States is a federal country, and each state has greater autonomy, including legislative power; The political system of separation of powers is implemented, and the legislative, administrative and judicial powers are separated and restricted each other.

The current Congress is 106 Congress, which was elected on10.3 and sworn in on 1998, 165438 and10.3.

Parliamentary status

The United States is a typical country with three powers separated. According to its Constitution, Congress exercises legislative power, the government headed by the President exercises administrative power and the courts exercise judicial power.

The relationship between Congress and the President, who leads all government ministries and has the right to appoint senior government officials (including federal court judges); Have the right to conclude diplomatic treaties and send and accept diplomatic envoys; The president is also the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces, commanding the regular army and militia.

Congress has the power to impeach and try government officials headed by the president; Have the right to refuse funding; Have the right to veto the presidential nomination and the diplomatic treaties concluded by the government; Have the right to suspend the undeclared war of the president; Have the right to get information from the president (that is, the president has the obligation to submit the State of the Union address to Congress frequently). After the middle of this century, Congress passed a series of laws, and determined the power to supervise the work of the administrative departments derived from the above powers.

The President has the right to put forward legislative proposals to Congress and veto bills passed by Congress; Have the right to appoint federal court judges and decide on amnesty.

The relationship between Congress and the highest judicial organ, namely the Supreme Court. The Constitution authorizes the federal courts to try all cases that violate the federal Constitution and laws. Therefore, the Supreme Court has obtained the power of judicial review, that is, the authority to interpret the Constitution. The Supreme Court has the power to examine the constitutionality of all laws and resolutions passed by Congress and all administrative regulations, executive orders, policies and rules of the executive branch. Once a law is declared unconstitutional, it cannot be invoked or enforced. Congress has the right to impeach and try federal judges, and has the right to re-enact laws to correct court misjudgments.

The relationship between congress and constitutional supervision institutions. The constitutional supervisory body is the Supreme Court.

Parliamentary products

Voter qualification All American citizens aged 18 have the right to vote. All states except North Dakota require voters to register in advance to vote.

Candidacy The Constitution stipulates that anyone who has reached the age of 25 and has been an American citizen for seven years can run for the House of Representatives. Anyone who has reached the age of 30 and been an American citizen for 9 years can run for the Senate. However, candidates must live in the constituency when they run (so the first lady of the United States, Hillary Clinton, temporarily moved to New York State to run for the New York Senate).

There are many ways to produce candidates, which are recommended by party organizations, named by politically influential people and recommended by interest groups, but most of them are self-recommended. If you are a candidate of a political party, you must beat other opponents in the primary election to get the nomination. In some congressional districts where one party has an absolute advantage, winning the nomination of that party almost wins the election.

General candidates are nominated by political parties through pre-selection. The formation of the pre-selection system took more than a century. In the 1930s, the United States formed a system of nominating candidates for political party congresses. Since then, most members of parliament have been nominated by secret meetings within the party, and this system often makes the candidates for members of parliament controlled by party leaders. 1867, Crawford County, Pennsylvania nominated local candidates for public office for the first time by direct pre-selection, that is, voters of both parties directly voted to determine the candidates nominated by their own party. At the beginning of the 20th century, the direct preselection system became popular. By 19 17, 44 of the 48 states in China have implemented some form of direct pre-selection system. At present, all 50 States in the United States nominate political party candidates by direct pre-selection.

Senators election method Senators are directly elected by the states, and each state elects two senators, *** 100, with a term of six years and re-election every two years13. The specific method is to divide senators into three groups, that is, 1 group will be re-elected after two years, 1 group will be re-elected after four years, and 1 group will be re-elected after six years. The basic distribution principle is to ensure that two members of a state do not expire in the same year. If a senator dies or resigns during his term of office, the governor shall organize a by-election. Unless the state legislature authorizes the governor to designate a successor to the senator, the successor can serve in the next general election, but the successor of the general election will only run for the remaining term of his predecessor. For example, a senator who served for six years died in the third year, and his successor participated in the general election one year later. The elected one only served for two years. At present, 49 of the 50 states have authorized the governor to appoint a successor to the Senate, except Oregon, which must be elected by-election.

Before 1866, there was no unified election system for federal senators in the United States, and each state acted on its own. About half of the States are voted by the two houses, that is, the two houses of the state legislature are voted by the House of Representatives respectively until the two houses elect the same person as a federal senator by a majority vote. The disadvantage of this system is that the two houses are often deadlocked, so that some States' seats in the Senate are still vacant after the Congress meets for several months. The other half of the state adopts the "joint voting system", that is, members of both houses of the state legislature vote together, and the person who wins the majority vote is elected. The state's independent electoral system has brought a lot of confusion to the congressional elections. 1in July, 866, the Senate Judiciary Committee submitted a report to the whole hospital, suggesting that Congress unify the Senate election system through laws. The two houses of Congress quickly passed the relevant bills.

The new Senate election method is as follows: the two houses of the state legislature vote separately and elect senators by oral vote. The next day, the two houses will hold a joint meeting to count their voting results. If the two houses elect the same person as a federal senator by more than half of the votes, they shall immediately declare that person elected; If no one gets a majority in both houses at the same time, both houses of the state legislature will hold a joint vote at noon 12 every day in the same session, at least once a day, until a federal senator is elected.

This method of indirectly electing federal senators has been used until 19 13. 19 13, two-thirds of the states ratified the amendment to Article 17 of the Constitution, which stipulated that the senators of the United States were elected by the people of each state, that is, before the state legislature elected the senators, the voters in the state were pre-selected, and the election of the state legislature essentially only stamped the official seal on the pre-selected results.

At present, there are 48 states in the United States, except Georgia and Louisiana.

Voting in the Senate election is optional.

The election method of the House of Representatives The US Constitution stipulates that the election principle of the House of Representatives is: the House of Representatives shall be elected according to the population ratio of each state, and the ratio of the House of Representatives to the population shall not exceed 1: 30,000 (that is, each House of Representatives must represent at least 30,000 voters), but each state must have at least1House of Representatives. The U.S. census is conducted every 10 years, and the seats in the House of Representatives are redistributed according to the census results. According to this ratio, the number of US congressmen will now be as high as 7,000. At present, the number of 435 members of parliament is determined according to the results of the 2000 19 13 census. In the 87th Congress, Alaska and Hawaii each got a quota, so the House of Representatives has 437 members. But it is generally believed that a 650-member legislature like the British House of Commons is too big and stupid to increase the number of members in the House of Commons. Therefore, in 1929, the National Assembly fixed the total number of members of the House of Representatives at 435, and then did not increase with the population.

The US Constitution stipulates that the number of voters representing the House of Representatives shall not be less than 30,000, but in practice, it is found that this provision is too broad. It is inconsistent with the principle of "making every member equal to the number of voters represented by other members" determined by the Supreme Court through cases. Therefore, the Supreme Court ruled through another case that the difference in the proportion of population in each constituency should not exceed 3. 1% when dividing constituencies.

1967, the United States passed a law to cancel all the methods of electing members of the House of Representatives by state, that is, if a state is allocated three places, the state must divide three constituencies within the state, and each constituency should elect one member. Voters in the whole state are not allowed to vote collectively for three members, unless, of course, the state has only one place. California has the largest number of seats in the current allocation of seats in the House of Representatives, with 52 seats; New york is second, with 3 1 seat; Seven States, including Alaska, each have 1 seat; Only 14 states have more seats than 10.

In addition to the members elected by the states, the House of Representatives has resident commissioners from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and representatives from the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam and the United States Virgin Islands. These deputies to the House of Representatives enjoy the rights of a majority of members, but they cannot vote.

Election management The Federal Election Law stipulates that the Federal Election Commission manages election-related affairs. The Federal Election Commission consists of six persons nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Federal Election Commission is responsible for enforcing the federal election administration law and prosecuting illegal acts.

According to the Federal Election Law, no individual can donate more than 1 0,000 dollars to the same candidate, 25,000 dollars to all candidates, 5,000 dollars to the same political action committee and 20,000 dollars to the national committee of the same political party in the same year. No political action committee can donate more than $5,000 to the same candidate, no more than15,000 to the National Committee of the same political party, and no more than17,500 to the Democratic Party, * * and the Senate Election Committee of the party. Although the law strictly controls campaign funds, there are still big loopholes in practice. Donors often evade the law by donating soft money (American law does not limit the amount of money that voters donate to support a certain policy, but in fact a certain policy is probably advocated by a candidate, so donating money to support a certain policy is no different from supporting that candidate).

Each candidate must report the donations and campaign expenses received to the Federal Election Commission 65,438+00 days before the election or 30 days after the election, including the names, communication offices and occupations of all donors who donated more than 65,438+000 dollars.

Election type elections are divided into general election year elections, mid-term elections and by-elections. The election year is a parliamentary election in the four-year presidential election year. At that time, presidential elections and parliamentary elections will be held simultaneously. Mid-term elections refer to parliamentary elections held in the second year between two election years. An election held when a member resigns, dies or is expelled from the House of Representatives before the expiration of his term of office is a by-election.

Members are composed of 0/00 seats in the current Senate, with 55 seats in the Republican Party and 45 seats in the Democratic Party. Of the 435 seats in the House of Representatives, * * * and the Party hold 223 seats, the Democratic Party holds 2 1 1 seat, and independent candidates hold 1 seat.

There are 9 women members of the Senate and 58 women members of the House of Representatives.

Members of Congress are mostly male, white, well-educated, middle-aged, middle-or upper-middle-income families. By profession, lawyers account for the most, with the House of Representatives accounting for more than 40% and the Senate accounting for more than 60%. Followed by entrepreneurs and bankers, there are very few members who really come from trade unions or blue-collar workers.

The re-election of the United States has set a limit of no more than two consecutive terms for the presidency, but there is no limit on the term of office of members. In fact, the re-election rate of American lawmakers is quite high, with 92% of the re-elected members of the House of Representatives and 75% of the re-elected members of the Senate. In an ordinary general election, members with 50-70 seats in the House of Representatives can be re-elected without any campaign efforts.

The main reasons why incumbents can be easily re-elected are: 1. More resources are available than opponents. You can give speeches on TV, radio and assembly to let voters know and be familiar with them (voters tend to vote for people they know better); You can also send letters to voters through assistants to strengthen contact and let voters remember; You can also use your position to benefit your constituency and make voters feel grateful. The incumbent is more likely to get campaign funds than his opponent.

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Parliamentary authority

Legislative power The National Assembly is the highest legislative body, and the legislative power conferred by the Constitution belongs to the National Assembly composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The National Assembly enacts the necessary laws to implement all the powers conferred on the National Assembly and the government or any organ or official of the government by the Constitution.

The Constitution stipulates that Congress has the following financial control rights: collecting and collecting direct taxes, indirect taxes, import taxes and consumption taxes, paying off the national debt, and planning the national defense and national welfare of the United States, but all kinds of taxes, import taxes and consumption taxes should be unified nationwide; Borrowing with national credit; Foundry currency; Determine the value of domestic currency and foreign currency; Recruit troops and supply them with munitions, but the period of appropriation for this purpose shall not exceed 2 years; Establish a navy and provide it with military supplies; Except as provided by law, no funds may be appropriated from the state treasury.

The US Constitution does not explicitly stipulate that Congress has the right to supervise, but in fact Congress has been supervising the government's work. 1946, the congressional reform law announced for the first time that Congress has the obligation to supervise the government. The law stipulates that in order to help the National Assembly evaluate the implementation of laws and help it formulate necessary bills and corresponding laws, the standing committees of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall regularly supervise the implementation of any laws by administrative agencies within the scope of their duties.

1970 congressional reform law changed the regular supervision stipulated in 1946 congressional reform law into "inspection and research". According to the new congressional reform law, each committee can be equipped with more assistants to assist the committee's supervision work, and each committee submits a supervision report to the general assembly of the whole hospital before the expiration of each session. The research department of Congress should provide experts to committees of both houses to help them evaluate legislative proposals. At the opening of each session of the National Assembly, the Research Department of the National Assembly should also submit a list of laws that are about to expire and expire within the scope of the Committee to remind the committees to check the implementation and effect of the laws.

According to the Constitution, the appointment of ambassadors, ministers, consuls, judges of the Supreme Court and other government officials by the President shall be in consultation with the Senate and approved by two-thirds of the members present.

When voters vote for the president and vice president, the electoral list shall be signed and certified by the voters, sealed and sent to the seat of the government, and submitted to the Speaker of the Senate. The Speaker of the Senate shall open all the lists in front of all members of the House and Senate, and then count the votes. Those who get more than half of the presidential votes are elected. If no one gets half of the votes, the House of Representatives will immediately elect 1 as the president from the three people who get the most votes on the presidential candidate list. The person who gets more than half of the votes of the vice president is elected as the vice president. If no one gets more than half of the votes, the Senate will elect 1 person as the vice president from the two people with the most votes on the list.

According to the Constitution, the Senate and the House of Representatives have the right to decide their own procedures. The House of Representatives adopts new rules of procedure on the first day of each session, while the Senate only changes them. The Senate Rules were last revised in 1997.

Impeachment power The Constitution gives impeachment power to the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate and the House of Representatives can impeach incompetent or felonious presidents, vice presidents, senior administrative officials and federal court judges. The impeachment procedure is proposed by the House of Representatives and decided by the Senate. Impeachment of the president is rare, only twice in history. The first impeachment of President andrew johnson was held in 1868, but in the Senate vote, the impeachment failed by one vote. 1999 The second impeachment of President Bill Clinton also failed. But a dozen Supreme Court judges have been successfully impeached. 1In August, 974, President Nixon was forced to resign to avoid impeachment.

Because the government is not responsible to the Congress, it does not need to gain the trust of the Congress when it is in power. Impeachment is the only means for Congress to remove the president and other senior officials and solve the serious conflict between the government and the Congress.

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Parliamentary organizational structure

The speaker of the Senate is also the vice president. Because the vice president seldom goes to the Senate, the Senate should elect a temporary speaker to preside over the Senate meeting and exercise the power of the speaker. The speaker of the Senate, who is also the vice president, can only cast a casting vote when the votes for and against the bill are equal, and shall not participate in the deliberation of the bill.

The temporary speaker of the Senate is usually the oldest member of the majority party. In fact, the meeting of the Senate is presided over by several senators elected by the interim speaker from the majority party members, and one person presides over it for about 1 hour.

Speaker of the House of Representatives Speaker of the House of Representatives is elected by members of the House of Representatives. Generally, most members of the House of Representatives have the same term of office as Congress, and are the third person in the country after the President and Vice President.

The Speaker of the House of Representatives has the right to convene meetings and has extensive powers conferred by the rules of procedure of the House of Representatives, such as: entrusting bills to a committee for deliberation; Formulate legislative plans for the House of Representatives; Appoint a member of parliament to a committee, etc. When presiding over the plenary session of the House of Representatives, the Speaker has the right to allow a member to speak, maintain order in the venue, and answer members' questions about Congress. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is not only the leader of the House of Representatives, but also the majority leader of the House of Representatives. He can vote and take part in the debate.

The general assembly of the whole hospital is the highest deliberation unit.

Basic rights of the general assembly of the whole hospital: 1. Voting rights. The chairman and members of the House Committee and the Speaker of the House are elected by the House Assembly. In fact, the list of all candidates was drawn up by the bipartisan group. Only after the election of the whole hospital did the division of labor among the members of the House of Representatives in the Committee be determined, and the candidate for speaker could take office and the House of Representatives could begin deliberation. 2. The right of deliberation. The bill passed by the Standing Committee must be sent to the general assembly for handling. The plenary session of the House of Representatives has the right to decide the priority order of bills enacted by the House of Representatives at the annual meeting from the overall legislative situation of the Congress; The right to amend a bill is an important part of the right to deliberate. The more important the bill is, the more it needs the general assembly of the whole hospital to exercise the right to amend it. Members of other committees and people who hold objections must use the right of amendment to actively participate in the formulation of bills and accurately express their attitude towards the bills finally passed by the whole hospital. 3. supervision. The general assembly of the whole hospital has the right to listen to the supervision reports of the committees on various departments of the federal government, arrange and adjust the supervision scope of the committees, stipulate the supervision power of the committees, and supervise and coordinate the supervision activities of the committees; Have the right to force various committees to summon witnesses; Have the right to formulate bills or resolutions according to the supervision reports of various committees to force the government to correct its mistakes. 4. The right to decide on funds and hire assistants. Under normal circumstances, in the annual appropriation bill decided by the general assembly of the whole hospital, the Senate will not change the funds of the House of Representatives, and the President has no right to amend it.

Committee Committee is the center of Congress, which entrusts most of its drafting, deliberation and supervision to the Committee.

There are three types of committees in both houses of Congress: 1. Standing Committee. The Standing Committee was established according to laws, rules and resolutions of our hospital, and it existed for a long time during the session of the National Congress. It has a long-term unchanged scope of duties, fixed office expenses and auxiliary funds, and enjoys the right of deliberation and supervision of government departments. There are 65,438+07 Senate Standing Committees in this Congress: Agriculture, Food Nutrition and Forest Committee; Appropriations Committee; Military Committee; Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs; Budget Committee; Committee on Commerce, Science and Transport; Committee on Energy and Natural Resources; Committee on Environment and Public Works; Finance Committee; Foreign affairs Committee; Panel on Government Affairs; Judicial Committee; Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions; Rules Committee; Small and medium-sized enterprises Committee; Veterans Affairs Committee; Indian affairs committee. There are 19 standing committees in the House of Representatives: Agriculture Committee; Appropriations Committee; Military Committee; Banking and Finance Committee; Budget Committee; Commercial Committee; Education and Labour Committee; Government Reform and Supervision Committee; House Administrative Committee; Committee on International Relations; Judicial Committee; Committee on Resources; Procedural Committee; Scientific Committee; Small and medium-sized enterprises Committee; Civil Service Code of Conduct (Discipline) Committee; Committee on Transport and Infrastructure; Veterans Affairs Committee; The fundraising Committee. 2. Ad Hoc Committee. The Ad Hoc Committee was established mainly according to the law and the resolution of our hospital. Each ad hoc committee has special topics and tasks. Once the task is completed or the prescribed time limit is reached, the Committee will be abolished. Special committees enjoy special office funds and auxiliary funds, and have the right to make suggestions and reports to our hospital, but they have no deliberation right, and the supervision right is also granted by our hospital. However, the intelligence committees of both houses are exceptions. Nominally, they are all ad hoc committees. However, in fact, they have survived several congresses and have the right to consider and report bills. From time to time, the two houses set up ad hoc committees, either to avoid disputes over the functions and powers of the Standing Committee, or to show that the whole house attaches great importance to a certain issue, or to let a member of the majority party get the position of chairman of the Committee. The Senate has four ad hoc committees: the Intelligence Committee; Disciplinary Committee; Committee for the elderly; Committee on Science and Technology, 2000. 3. Joint Committee of the two houses (see joint institutions of the two houses for details).

A subcommittee may establish a subcommittee. According to the rules of procedure of the House of Representatives, except the Appropriations Committee, the Government Reform and Supervision Committee and the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, the number of subcommittees under each Committee shall not exceed five.

Sub-committees are generally divided into two categories, one belongs to the Standing Committee and the other belongs to the Ad Hoc Committee. The subcommittees under the Standing Committee are called legislative subcommittees and have the right to report bills to their committees. Their chairmen, minority chairmen and others have the right to represent their committees and report on the trial of bills in the debate of the whole hospital. The subcommittees under the Ad Hoc Committee are called non-legislative subcommittees, which can only conduct investigations and studies and have no right to consider and report bills.

The majority party group of each committee decides the composition of the subcommittees within the committee. After the new Congress takes office, the majority party of the Committee first holds a party group meeting to elect the majority party members and the chairmen of its subordinate committees according to their own applications. Generally speaking, the member of the majority party who has served in each Subcommittee for the longest time (that is, has served as a member of the Subcommittee for the longest time in a row) automatically becomes the chairman candidate; If the member does not win the majority vote of the majority party group of the Committee, another member of the majority party with qualifications second only to him will become a new candidate; In this way, until the chairman of the Subcommittee is elected.

At the same time, the minority groups of the Committee elect the minority members of the Subcommittee according to the applications of the minority members of the Committee; After being elected, the most senior member of each Subcommittee will generally become the chairman of the minority party and be responsible for leading the colleagues of the minority party in its Subcommittee.

The most important role of the Subcommittee is to consider bills. As members of the Subcommittee have been engaged in the deliberation of bills for a long time, they have the most knowledge, knowledge and experience about bills. The Subcommittee's initial examination of the Bill is to examine the Bill from the perspective of professional knowledge.

Appointed members of the Committee attach great importance to participating in some ideal committees. In an ideal committee, you can not only show your talents politically, but also seek more benefits for your constituency and get re-elected. The so-called ideal committees include, for example, the Appropriation Committee responsible for fiscal expenditure, the fundraising Committee responsible for taxation, the Finance Committee of the House of Representatives, the Rules Committee responsible for the internal management of Congress, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Senate, and committees closely related to their own majors.

Deciding which member is assigned to which committee is generally based on the recommendation of the leaders of the two parties, approved by the party's party group meeting, and passed by the plenary session of the Senate and the House of Representatives. In order to ensure that as many members of the party can be re-elected, party leaders will try their best to meet the wishes of members when deciding on the recommended list, and will give special care to those new members and constituency members who compete fiercely with another party in the election.

The proportion of members of the two parties in the Committee is usually determined by the parliamentary majority. Only the Committee on Standards of Conduct for Officials is an exception. The rules of procedure stipulate that the Committee shall not take sides, and the members of the two parties shall be equally divided.

Once elected to the Committee, members will generally re-enter the Committee in the next Congress. This is because there is an unwritten "seniority system" in the committees of the National Assembly, that is, the longer the members who have served in this Committee continuously, the more priority they have in allocating seats, and the chairman of the Committee is also the most senior member in most cases. Of course, the disadvantage of this system is that the power of the Committee is actually in the hands of senior members. In order to solve this problem, the rules of procedure of the House of Representatives stipulate that a member who holds the post of chairman of the same committee (or subcommittee) shall not be re-elected for more than three terms.

Except in special circumstances, a member can only serve in two committees and four subcommittees at most. In addition, according to the rules of procedure, a member of parliament can only chair one committee (whether standing committee, subcommittee or ad hoc committee), except some affairs management committees and joint committees of the two houses.

The two houses of Congress have equal powers, but different responsibilities. If the power to introduce tax bills belongs to the House of Representatives, the Senate may not introduce tax bills, but only consider and amend the tax bills introduced by the House of Representatives. In addition, the comprehensive appropriation bill was also proposed by the House of Representatives, and the Senate only deliberated and revised the comprehensive appropriation bill proposed by the House of Representatives. The right to approve diplomatic treaties and personnel appointments proposed by the president belongs to the Senate, so the Senate has the decisive power to control the president's foreign policy and personnel on behalf of Congress. The House of Representatives can only exert indirect influence on the government's foreign policy and personnel through its appropriation power. According to the Constitution, in the absence of the President, the first heir is the Vice President and the Speaker of the Senate, and the second heir is the Speaker of the House of Representatives. According to the Constitution, the impeachment power belongs to the House of Representatives, while the Senate enjoys judicial power. The impeachment of the president by the House of Representatives requires the consent of a two-thirds majority of the senators involved in the trial in the Senate before conviction.

The bill coordination mechanism of each hospital is in accordance with the legislative procedures, and the bill passed by one hospital is submitted to another hospital for deliberation. If the other house does not propose any amendment to the bill submitted to it, or if the bill is submitted to the House of Representatives and fully agrees with the amendment of the other house, the bill is passed by both houses and can be submitted to the President for signature. If the other house proposes a large number of amendments to the bill, and the house submitting the amendments does not accept these amendments, then the two houses may propose to hold consultations between the two houses.

Once the two houses formally agree to negotiate, they will form their own delegations, and the delegations of the two houses will form a consultative Committee of the two houses. The Speaker of the House of Representatives designates the members of the delegation of the House of Representatives, and the Provisional Speaker or Acting Provisional Speaker of the Senate designates the members of the consultative delegation of the Senate. The average number of negotiating delegations in the House of Representatives is 12, and that in the Senate is 10. The delegations of the two houses usually include chairmen of committees and subcommittees that consider bills, leading members of minority parties and other relevant members (including relevant members of other committees); The majority party holds a majority of seats in the delegation, and the majority of members in the delegation of each house must be members who support the attitude of this house.

The task of the Consultative Committee is to make every effort to eliminate the differences between the two houses of the same bill and submit the bill text with exactly the same content and text to the two houses. Both houses have a general meeting of the whole hospital.