Sino-Vietnamese trade in Song Dynasty took two forms: one was official trade in the form of tribute, which was called "outline"; The other is the Boyichang trade, that is, the folk trade, which is engaged by the wealthy businessman Dajia (G incarnation, businessman) on the border between the two countries, and is called the "small outline". At that time, Qinzhou, Guangdong Province was not only the only place where the envoys of the two countries went in and out, but also the trade center of the two countries. Envoys at that time often had trade missions, and they served for two terms.
In the Ming Dynasty, there were frequent diplomatic contacts between China and Annan. The diplomatic envoys of the two sides not only carry tributes and gifts, but also carry commodities for trade activities, which promotes economic exchanges and trade between the two countries to a certain extent. Like the Song Dynasty, King Annan earned his title politically by his own weight, and at the same time he also gained economic benefits. According to historical records, from the first year of Hongwu (1368) to the tenth year of Chongzhen (1637), Vietnamese envoys paid tribute 79 times.
Sino-Vietnamese trade in Qing Dynasty was divided into land and water trade. Maritime trade is mostly bulk trade, while land trade is mainly sporadic border trade, mainly daily necessities. China mainly exports cloth, silks and satins, paper, iron pots, pigments, cigarettes, tea and medicinal materials, while imports include rice, betel nut, pepper, rock sugar, Amomum villosum, bamboo and wood, spices and seafood.
In the early Qing Dynasty, an important commercial port in central Guangnan, Vietnam, set up "Datang Street", with a total length of three or four miles. The people who live and do business there are Fujian people who have crossed the ocean to make a living in Vietnam. According to the Report on the Historical Investigation of Overseas Chinese in Jinjiang, Fujian Province, during the period from Yongzheng to Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, Annan had the largest number of overseas Chinese in Jinjiang County. For example, during the Yongzheng period, 32 people went abroad, including Annan 18 people; During the Qianlong period, 73 people went abroad and 37 people went to Annan; During the Jiaqing period, 29 people went abroad. 20 people go to Annan.
During Vietnam's independence, Sino-Vietnamese cultural exchanges involved many aspects, such as language, music and drama, water conservancy, architecture, medicine, customs and habits. This is not only the inheritance and continuation of the past, but also the progress and development in a wider field and at a deeper level.
Chinese and Vietnamese (Beijing) belong to monosyllabic language family. During the period of 1000 from Han Dynasty to Five Dynasties, Beijing dialect absorbed a large number of Chinese words. According to the survey of linguists, about half of Vietnamese vocabulary contains Chinese vocabulary or vocabulary derived from Chinese. In modern Beijing dialect, there are still a large number of Chinese loanwords. Chinese characters, also called "Confucian characters" by Vietnamese, were introduced to Vietnam in the 2nd century BC and were the earliest characters used by Vietnamese. It can be divided into two stages: the first stage was before the middle of the sixth century, that is, the initial broadcasting stage, when Chinese characters were the official language of Vietnam; The second stage is1after the middle of the 0 th century. Although Vietnam has declared its independence, it still continues to use Chinese characters, which is a borrowing stage.
/kloc-At the beginning of the third century, Vietnamese people felt that Chinese characters could not meet their own needs, so they adopted the structure of Chinese characters and word formation methods such as pictophonetic characters, knowing words and borrowing words, and created a new folk word, namely "Chu Nom；; Or the south word, meaning "south word"). In the Li era, some people began to write inscriptions in Chinese characters. The first work recorded in Vietnamese history books written entirely in Chinese characters was quán (also known as Han Quan), a writer of the Chen Dynasty, who wrote Sacrifice to Crocodiles (this article has been lost today). /kloc-after the 0/4th century, lyrics began to be systematized and widely used in literary creation. Zinan literature prevailed in 17 and 18 centuries, and by the first half of 19 century, Zinan's works had occupied a dominant position in Vietnamese literary circles.
China invented block printing at the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, it gradually prevailed and spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Iran and other countries. /kloc-in the third century, printing in Vietnam also developed, which greatly promoted the cultural and educational undertakings in Vietnam.
After the publication of Confucian classics and Tripitaka in the Northern Song Dynasty, Vietnamese authorities demanded it many times. As early as the former Li Dynasty, I asked Song Zhenzong for the Nine Classics and Sanzang. When he was in Li Taizu, he asked Emperor Zhenzong for the Tripitaka and Taoist scriptures. In the past 80 years, Viet Nam has invited three Tripitaka Sutras and one Daozang Sutra from China. 1288, Chen shengzong also sent an envoy Chen Ke to obtain the tripitaka with human resources. By the middle of15th century, Vietnam began to publish the official version of the Five Classics. In the second year of Shao Ping (1435), Si Ku Quan Shu was officially published. At the end of 15, due to the increasing number of Confucian classics printed, the court ordered to build a warehouse in the Confucian Temple.
At that time, although Vietnam did not have a vast and well-carved Tripitaka like North Korea, the number of Buddhist scriptures published and engraved by folk men and women was considerable, and there were more than 400 kinds preserved by the former Far East Archaeological Institute in Hanoi alone. In folk printed matter, besides classics, there are children's books, poetry collections, genealogy, history books and so on. There are many kinds of novels and biographies.
Hanoi has always been the political, economic and cultural center of dynasties, and also the center of book carving. At the beginning of the19th century, the old Ruan Jingcheng Hue replaced Hanoi as a new political center, and the book engraving business flourished. After the Li Dynasty, Liang Ruhu (the third chair in the imperial examination system) was ordered to make announcements twice in 1443 and 1459. He learned to engrave books in China and taught them to his fellow villagers after returning home. He copied the classic version and published it all over the world. For more than 500 years, the whole carving technology in Vietnam has been influenced by him. Vietnamese engravers will always remember Liang Ruhu's achievements and respect him as the ancestor of engraving. /kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Viet Nam bought a set of wooden movable type printing from China and began to print books with movable type. Later, overprinter appeared, overprinter color New Year pictures. Although Vietnamese New Year pictures are almost copies of Chinese New Year pictures, they are full of southern sentiment and unique style.
Musical "Music of China" spread to the south with immigrants very early. Shi Xie's In-Out Disc (Qing: Qing, an ancient percussion instrument); During the Chen Dynasty, a group dance was popular in Vietnam, with lyrics such as Zhuang, poems such as Mubiezi, and music such as Xiahuanglong and Yanyaochi, all of which were handed down from China. In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, Li Yuanji, an outstanding figure from China (formerly known as an actor), went to Vietnam to "preach drama", which enriched the cultural life of Vietnamese. Li Yuanji lived in Vietnam for a long time. With his wisdom and creativity, he absorbed Vietnamese folk stories, compiled vivid scripts and taught them to sing. Actors dressed in silks and satins on the stage, accompanied by music or singing or dancing, infected the audience.
Old Vietnamese operas, including music, costumes, facial makeup, props and even performance methods, are all influenced by China, which is very similar to old China operas (such as Peking Opera). In the past, Vietnamese musicians (formerly known as opera actors) were Dong Fangshuo (65438 BC+054 ~ 93 BC), a writer of the Western Han Dynasty. Honest, funny and eloquent, there are many legends about him in later generations. China's plays are often adopted by Vietnamese dramatists. Books such as History of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Romance of the West Chamber and The Journey to the West are widely circulated in Vietnam, which can be said to be household names. Wu Zixu, Lin Xiangru, Guan Yu, Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang, Song Jiang, Li Kui jy, Zhang Sheng, Matchmaker, the Monkey King, Pig Bajie, etc. It is very familiar and loved by the Vietnamese people.
Calendar Guo Shoujing (1231~1316), Wang Xun (xún), Xu Heng and others * * * compiled a chronograph calendar (128 1 year). The calendar promulgated by the Ming Dynasty is basically a time calendar. The "chronograph" has high accuracy, 365.425 days a year and 29.993 days in January; Taking 1/24 of a year as gas (solar terms), 24 solar terms are calculated, indicating climate change and agricultural time; Leap month is a month without neutral gas. It broke the habit of making calendars in ancient times and was regarded as the fourth great reform in the legal history of China.
In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (1334), the Yuan Dynasty sent envoys to Vietnam and presented a chronicle to the then Chen Dynasty. The spread of "chronograph calendar" has played a positive role in Vietnamese people's life and agricultural production. This calendar was used until the end of the Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), the court of the Ming Dynasty gave the Vietnamese calendar. In the sixty-first year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1722), Qin ordered to rebuild the Almanac of Western New Law and compile it into a book, Almanac Examination. In the eighth year of Jialong (1809), Nguyen Youshun, the Vietnamese envoy, went to Beijing and bought a copy of Li Xiang Kao Cheng. After returning to China, Ruan Youshun consulted this book and asked the court to issue the "Xie Ji Li". The Vietnamese calendar has since been officially determined.
Twenty-four solar terms are outstanding creations of astronomers in China, and they are still used by the people, especially for agricultural production. This is also adopted in the Xieji Calendar issued by Nguyen Dynasty in Vietnam, and its name is exactly the same as that of China Calendar. Another creation of China's ancient calendar, Ganzhi Jiri, was also adopted by Xie Jili. "Ganzhi" is a general term for heavenly stems and earthly branches. It matches the ten branches of "A, C, E, G and N" with the twelve branches of "Zi, Yin, Chen, Wu, Shen and Xu", and the ten branches of "B, D, Zi, Xin and Gui" with the twelve branches of "Ugliness". At first, trunks and branches were used to record the days. Later, most of them were used to record the years. Now, trunks and branches are still used in China in the lunar year.
During the Three Kingdoms period, there was a doctor named Dong Feng. His name was Yi Jun, and he was a Hou Guan (now from Fuzhou, Fujian). He once traveled south to cross his toes. The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Shu Shi Xie quoted Ge Hong's Biography of Immortals, and recorded his story of treating Tu Xie: "On three days, the immortal Dong Feng took a pill, took it with water, shook his head and ate it, that is, he started to work, and his color gradually recovered, and he could sit up for half a day. After four days of rehabilitation, I will return to normal. " The development of traditional Chinese medicine cannot be separated from the exchange of medicinal materials between China and Vietnam. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Chinese medicine became the main commodity of trade with Vietnam. History: In the tenth year of Song Chengchun (the second year of Chen Shengzong's Fu Bao, namely AD 1274), the Song Dynasty took "satin, medicinal materials and other things as the market"; In the second year of Song Detuo (1276, the fourth year of Chen Shengzong in Fu Bao), in the spring of February, Sheng Zonghuang Chen "sent Tao Guang to Longzhou to buy medicine and inquire about the Yuan people". In the Chen Dynasty of Vietnam, there were not only doctors who specialized in treating princes, but also a medical department related to the sufferings of ordinary people-"Guangji Department". The government also selects talents through examinations, so many famous doctors have been trained.
China's acupuncture method was widely used by Vietnamese doctors in14th century. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Vietnamese drugs were mainly supplied by China. Li Renzong sent envoys to China to exchange local spices for medicinal materials and books. Tomorrow, in the first year of Shunyi (1457), the Vietnamese envoy Li Wenlao played, demanding to exchange Vietnamese native spices and other items for China's books and medicinal materials. Ming Yingzong agreed to this request. At the end of 19, Viet Nam imported Chuanxiong (Xiang), Atractylodes macrocephala (zhú) and Angelica sinensis from China, with an annual output of about 654.38+10,000 tons (Dan, weight unit, 100 kg equals one ton), which is considerable.
China's medical literature is vast, and there are nearly 8,000 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines, which are the result of people's long-term practice and accumulation. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chinese medicine books, such as Neijing (short for Huangdi Neijing written in the Warring States Period) and Pulse Classic (written by Wang Shuhe in the Wei and Jin Dynasties), spread to Viet Nam. Famous medical works, such as chān's Introduction to Medicine, Zhang Jingyue's Complete Book of Pure Moon and Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, were also introduced into Vietnam, which greatly promoted the development of Vietnamese medicine.
Due to various conditions, there are few Vietnamese medical books spread to China. 1962, the Beijing Library and the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine jointly compiled the Joint Catalogue of Chinese Medicine Books, which included more than 7,000 kinds of medical books collected by 59 major libraries in China, including hundreds of Korean and Japanese Chinese medicine books, but none of them came from Viet Nam. In fact, Vietnamese doctors have not only played a role, but also made great achievements on the basis of in-depth study of Chinese medicine and their own medical practice. Compendium of Materia Medica, Compendium of Chinese and Vietnamese Medicinal Properties, and Miraculous Effects of Southern Medicine are medical works with high academic or documentary value.
There are about twenty or thirty kinds of ancient medical books in Vietnam, the most famous of which is the Heart of the Lazy Man written by Li Youzhuo at the end of the Li Dynasty (or the suicide note of the Heart of the Sea, the Lazy Man at Sea and the Heart of the Medical Doctor). The book ***28 episodes, 66 volumes, rich and complete. Theoretically, the lazy heart collar adopts the classic meaning of Neijing; In terms of medication, half of them use traditional Chinese medicine and half use Vietnamese medicine, which provides a good example for the combination of medical theory and medical practice according to local conditions.
Among the cultural relics unearthed in Dongshan, Vietnam, there are five baht (zhū, ancient unit of weight) in the Han Dynasty. Five baht was probably handed down from generation to generation in Hanping and South Vietnam. Ancient coins have also been found in excavations in other places, such as "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" (referred to as Kaiyuan Money; Kaiyuan ","Yuanhe Bao Tong "and so on. , are the monetary system of the Tang Dynasty. According to the Old Tang Book, the five baht money of Sui Dynasty was still used in the early Tang Dynasty. In the fourth year of Wude (AD 62 1 year), five baht was abolished, "Kaiyuan" currency was minted, and money supervisors were established in Luohe, Binhe, Yan, Yi and Guangxi. In the Tang Dynasty, Guizhou and Vietnam were close at hand, and Guizhou naturally established a production currency, and production methods and technologies also spread to Vietnam.
The currency in circulation in ancient Vietnam was mainly copper coins or coins. The oldest coin handed down today is the "Treasure Money of Tianfu Town" cast in the fifth year of Tianfu in the previous dynasty (AD 984), with the word "Li" on the back. Vietnamese history books call this "the beginning of South Money". Li's Tianfu money was circulated in Guangzhou in the Song Dynasty, and it was called "Li Qian in the toe-to-toe country". After Vietnam's independence, all previous dynasties were based on the monetary system of Han and Tang Dynasties. On the basis of coinage technology in Han and Tang Dynasties, Vietnamese currencies were successively minted, including Shao Feng Bao Tong, Qin Long Bao Tong and Sogo Bao Tong. In the late Li Dynasty, there were Shuntian Yuanbao, Hongde Bao Tong, Guang Shun Bao Tong and Zhaotong Bao Tong. Ruan Chao has Ted Bao Tong and Guangzhong Bao Tong. The "Jialong Bao Tong" cast by Ruan Shizong and Nguyn Phuc Anh was not only used in China, but also flowed into China in large quantities, which impacted the China market and attracted the close attention of China rulers.