The Dai people have a long history, and there are records about the ancestors of the Dai people in the history books of China in 1 century BC.

In 109 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yizhou County, and the Dai area was under the jurisdiction of Yizhou County. In 69 AD, the Dai area belonged to Yongchang County.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, after the policy of abolishing hereditary chieftain and being ruled by temporary officials, Dai areas gradually came under the direct rule of the imperial court. During the Republic of China, counties and bureaus were established in Dai areas.

The bamboo building where Dai people live is a dry-column building. The bamboo building is approximately square, supported by dozens of large bamboos, and the floor is suspended; The roof is covered with thatched rows, and the bamboo wall has a large gap, which is both ventilated and light-permeable. The slope on both sides of the roof is very large, showing an "A" shape.

The bamboo building is divided into two floors, where people live upstairs, livestock are raised downstairs and sundries are piled up. It's also a place for rice and weaving. Dai men usually wear collarless double-breasted shirts and long-sleeved trousers wrapped in white or blue cloth.

Dai women's clothing varies from place to place, but it is basically characterized by bunches of hair, skirts and shirts. The skirt is ankle-deep, the clothes are tight and short, the hem only reaches the waist, but the sleeves are long and narrow.

The Dai people take rice as their staple food, and the most distinctive one is bamboo tube rice. The production method is to put rice in a fresh bamboo tube, add water, and barbecue on the fire, which is fragrant and delicious.

Pu 'er tea, a specialty of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, was exported to all parts of China in the Tang Dynasty and Southeast Asia and South Asia in the Qing Dynasty. Now it has entered the markets of Japan, Western Europe and other countries and regions and become a famous tea at home and abroad. Dai people have their own unique calendar.

The difference between Dai calendar and Gregorian calendar is 638 years, that is, Gregorian calendar is 639 years as the first year of Dai calendar. The year of Dai calendar is solar year, but the month is lunar month.

Dai calendar is divided into three seasons, from 1 month to April as the cold season, from May to August as the hot season, and from September to1February as the rainy season. Dai people love poetry very much, especially long narrative poems.

Narrative poems such as Zhao Shuli, Nan Manna, He E and luo sang are valuable cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. There are many kinds of Dai dances, and their movements and contents mainly imitate the activities of local common animals, and on this basis, they are personalized.

Peacock dance not only comes from imitating the graceful movements of peacocks, but also from the beautiful and moving legends of Dai people. The famous dancer Dao Meilan is famous at home and abroad for her performance in peacock dance.

Songkran Festival is the most national festival of Dai people. Songkran Festival is the New Year of Dai calendar, which lasts from June 6th to July 6th, equivalent to April in Gregorian calendar.

At the Water-Splashing Festival, people will worship Buddha. The girls will wash the dust for the Buddha with fresh water floating with flowers, then splash water on each other and bless each other. At first, water was splashed with hands and bowls, and then songs were splashed with pots and barrels. The more intense the splashing, the drums, gongs, water splashing and cheers became one.

During the Songkran Festival, traditional entertainment activities such as dragon boat racing, flying high and flying lanterns and various song and dance parties will be held.

What are the characteristics of Dai people?

Dai nationality's characteristic clothing, men wear collarless double-breasted or large-breasted small sleeve coat, black or white long-sleeved trousers, blankets when it is cold, and white or blue cloth on their heads. The custom of tattooing is very common. When the boy was eleven or twelve years old, he was asked to tattoo various animals, flowers, geometric patterns or Dai patterns on his chest, back, abdomen, waist and limbs as decorations. Women traditionally wear short sleeves and skirts. Dai women's dress is famous for its beauty and generosity, with strong national characteristics and different places. But that bundle of hair, skirt and shirt are the same. Dai women in Xishuangbanna wear white or scarlet underwear with small waist, wide hem and various tube skirts. Women in mangshi and other places wear light-colored double-breasted blouses, trousers and small waists before marriage, but after marriage they change to sheepskin double-breasted blouses and black skirts. The hair tresses of Dai women are different from those of Miao, Yao and other ethnic groups. They tie their hair in a bun at the back of the head or slightly to the side of the brain. This kind of bun is generally not tied, and some only wear a comb or a flower scarf. Dai women's tube skirts, like buckets, are different from Jingpo, Wa and Bulang nationalities in that they grow to the instep. Dai blouses, especially the western double-edition narrow-sleeved shirts, have a more unique national style, with slender sleeves that can only be stuffed into one arm; The body of the shirt, except tight, only reaches the waist, and the swing of the back is not as good as that of the waist, revealing a little back, which adds a lot of color to the whole clothing. The women's clothing of the Dai nationality in the mainland is basically the same as that of the frontier, but it has regional characteristics, and is often called "Huayao Dai" and "Sleeve Dai" by other ethnic groups.

Dyeing teeth with black smoke is regarded as a kind of beauty by Dai women, just like male and female tattoos. Outside Xishuangbanna, the elderly women in Blackpool can be seen everywhere, but they have disappeared among young people.

Dietary characteristics of Dai people

Dai people live on the river bank, where the climate is hot and the rainfall is abundant. There are no four seasons throughout the year, only obvious dry season and rainy season. Fertile land and convenient irrigation are suitable for planting rice and various cash crops.

Dai people are mainly engaged in agriculture, taking glutinous rice as their staple food, and delicacies and even some small animals, fish and shrimp, pork and beef are their main cooking materials. Because I often eat in the wild, I am used to kneading rice balls with my hands. Sour meat, roast chicken, glutinous rice, moss pine, dried eel and bamboo rice can be cooked at home or roasted in the wild.

The cooking methods are deeply influenced by Buddhist and Chinese cuisine, and they are good at cooking, roasting, roasting, pickling, mixing, frying, roasting and stewing.

In addition to fish, cattle, pork, chicken, snails and vegetables, common raw materials include moss, ants, sour bamboo shoots, fire finches, dog pupae, cow excrement eggs, bamboo maggots, SINONOVACULA constricta,

Bamboo worms, turtles, spiders, brown maggots, etc. Dai people love drinking and chewing betel nuts.

Dai festivals include Water-splashing Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Spring Festival and Bathing Festival on the seventh day of the first month. The Spring Festival lasts for five or six days, and the last day is called "tender" in Dai language. In the afternoon, the whole village will have a reunion dinner.

Dai specialties include beef salsa, assorted vegetables, shredded fish and ginseng, sour meat, crab Mi Nan, herb chicken, hedgehog sour meat, braised chicken with sour bamboo shoots, dried frog, moss pine, three kinds of ant eggs, fragrant bamboo rice, fried sesame crisp, elephant ear Baba and so on.

What are the characteristics of Dai people?

The characteristics of the Dai nationality:

1. Trust

In terms of religion, the Dai people in the frontier generally believe in Southern Buddhism, belonging to Hinayana Buddhism, while retaining the remnants of primitive worship of ghosts and gods. Dai people in mainland China worship "Dragon God" and "Dragon Tree", and religious professionals "Bo Meng" and "Shi Niang" perform divination and cure diseases on behalf of others. In Jinggu and other areas, there are also people who believe in Buddhism in the upper class.

2. Clothing:

Women traditionally wear short sleeves and skirts. Dai men wear collarless double-breasted or large-breasted small sleeve jackets, long-sleeved trousers, blankets when it is cold, and white or green cloth on their heads. The custom of male tattoos is very common, which not only shows courage, but also can ward off evil spirits, protect the body and decorate the body.

Step 3 prescribe diet

The Dai people's staple food is rice. Dehong area eats japonica rice, Xishuangbanna and other places like to eat glutinous rice, which is usually eaten immediately. The famous fragrant bamboo rice of Dai people is also called bamboo rice. Migrant workers often eat in the wild. They can eat bananas with glutinous rice balls in Ye Sheng, plus salt, pepper, sour meat, roast chicken, glutinous rice and pine. Meat includes pigs, cows, chickens and ducks. They don't eat or eat less mutton. They are good at roast chicken and roast chicken, and like to eat fish, shrimp, crab, snails, moss and other aquatic products. The vegetables we often eat are cabbage, radish, bamboo shoots and beans.

4. Architecture

Column architecture is the characteristic of Dai folk houses. Dai bamboo houses in Xishuangbanna and Dehong Ruili have unique styles. The building is nearly square, with two floors. People live on the upper floor, about 7 feet from the ground, and there is no wall on the lower floor, which is used for raising livestock and stacking things. The top is double oblique and covered with woven "grass rafts". Climb the stairs, there is a corridor, there is a drying platform, you can dry things, you can also enjoy the cool.

Dai people in most areas of Dehong live in bungalows, with bamboo as the wall or adobe as the wall, covered with thatch and mostly quadrangles. The Dai bamboo building in Yishan, Chuxiong, has a wide and gentle roof. Its main functions are ventilation, sun protection and cooling, followed by rain protection. Houses are overhead and people live upstairs, which can avoid the hot summer heat and humidity on the ground and prevent insects from invading; The beams and columns are connected inside and outside, which is seamless and very strong, which can prevent the worry of earthquake; There are only a few pillars downstairs. If the river overflows, the bamboo building is safe under normal circumstances. In Yishan Dai area, bamboo houses are built in every household, most of which are the main residence of Dai people.

5. Dai opera

Dai people have traditional Dai dramas. There used to be a form of musical words in Xishuangbanna, which is the embryonic form of Dai opera. Its plot is relatively simple, mainly showing the disguised struggle between knife hunters and dragons, phoenixes, turtles and cranes. The development and perfection of Dai opera is mainly in Dehong area. Therefore, Dai drama is also called "Dai drama in western Yunnan". Produced in Zhanxi and Ganya of Yingjiang River in Dehong at the beginning of19th century.

6. festivals

Dai festivals are mostly related to religious activities. The main festivals are Door Festival, Opening Day and Water-splashing Festival.

Extended data:

Dai, also known as Dai and Shan, has a national language of Dai, which belongs to Zhuang-Dai branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family.

Dai people regard peacocks and elephants as mascots, and folk stories are rich and colorful. Dai people like to live by the water, love cleanliness, often take a bath, and women like to wash their hair, so they have the reputation of "water nation". In the past, Dai people generally believed in Buddhism, and primitive religion spread to the south.

According to their distribution areas, the Dai people in China call themselves Dai Lu, Dai Na, Dai Ya, Dai Zhan and Dai Duan. Xishuangbanna and other places call themselves "Dai Lu", Dehong and other places call themselves "Dai Na", Xinping and Yuanjiang in the middle and upper reaches of the Red River call themselves "Dai Ya", Ruili, Longchuan and Gengma border areas call themselves "Dai tension", and Mangjing and Mangna in Lancang are branches of Dai tension. Han people call Dai Lu Shui Dai, Dai Na Handai and Dai Ya Huayaodai.

Dai is the main ethnic group in Thailand and Laos, accounting for 40% of the total population in Thailand. Dai is the second largest ethnic group in Myanmar and a minority in China, India, Viet Nam and Cambodia. According to the data of the sixth census in 20 10, there are more than 260,000 Dai people in China.

References:

Dai-sogou encyclopedia

Dai culture and its characteristics

Secondly, Dai language belongs to the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family.

Divided into Xishuangbanna dialect, Dehong dialect and Jinping dialect. The phonetic characters of the Dai people are derived from Sanskrit letters, which vary from place to place.

During 1954, the characters were reformed and divided into Dai Na (Dehong), Dai Lu (Xishuangbanna), Dai Zhan (Ruili, Gengma and Lancang) and Jinping Dai. Xishuangbanna and Dehong are two Dai languages.

Third, the astronomical calendar of the Dai nationality The Dai nationality has its own traditional calendar. Dai language is called "Zulasaha", which means "Little Calendar".

Its origin can be traced back to the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and the current Dai calendar began before the Ming Dynasty. It is a kind of lunar calendar.

The year of the calendar is the solar calendar year, that is, one revolution around the sun; The month of Dai calendar is lunar month, that is, the period is full moon. A year is divided into 65438+February, 30 days in a single month and 29 days in a double month.

Taking June as the beginning of a year, its first month is equivalent to October in the summer calendar. The average year is 350 or 355 days, and leap year is 384 days.

The Dai calendar began in 638 AD. Four. Dai medicine and health as a science, Dai medicine is an important part of Dai science and culture.

For thousands of years, in the struggle against diseases, the Dai people have constantly summed up their experiences, collected rich folk remedies and collected thousands of kinds of herbs. Among them, Danghaya is an important medical document of the Dai people.

According to the literature, when the Dai people moved to Jingyong, many villages died of epidemic diseases, but only one village in Bart, Jingyong, no one died, and everyone was strong. They have opened up many fields and their production has developed rapidly.

One day, an old man named Bo went up the mountain to pick wild fruits. He passed by the village and was surprised to find that everyone in the village was healthy. He asked the villagers, "What do you eat? Why is everyone strong? " People in the village told him: "I didn't eat anything else, but when I first came, everyone went up the mountain to pick wild fruits and vegetables to eat every day." Maybe there is a reason for this. " When Boya went back, he told the people in other villages about this situation and advised everyone to give it a try and pick wild vegetables up the mountain to eat.

Everyone wanted to cure the disease, so they did as Bo Ya said. After a period of time, it really worked and the epidemic situation was significantly reduced.

Boya pays attention to picking out samples from wild fruits and vegetables picked by everyone for preservation. In the future, as long as someone in the village is sick, he will find these fruits and vegetables for the patients according to the samples. Some people get better when they are sick, while others are not so good, but they get better when they eat differently.

In this way, he slowly summed up and accumulated experience. Whenever someone gets sick (mainly malaria at that time), they are treated according to different types of diseases. With the gradual reduction of diseases and people's health, Dai people call Bo's teeth "cliff", which means people who can cure diseases.

Since then, Dr. Dai has appeared. After writing it down, it became a relatively complete Dai medical book today.

Traditional medical manuscripts of the Dai nationality: classic medical works of the Dai nationality. The theory and treatment methods of Dai medicine in medicine, prescription and preparation are recorded.

Up to now, there are many kinds of "laurel leaf books" written on laurel leaves and "cotton paper books" made of paper supported by Broussonetia papyrifera bark. This is a treasure in China's medical heritage. At present, according to these manuscripts, Dehong Dai Medicine Prescriptions and Xishuangbanna Dai Medicine Records have been compiled and published in both Chinese and Dai languages.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Dai people's religious belief The Dai people are a people who believe in Southern Buddhism, and the Dai language is called "Butashasanna". It has a far-reaching influence on the politics, economy, culture and art of Dai society.

It was introduced into Dai areas in the 6th-8th century. Prior to this, Dai ancestors believed in polytheism, that is, primitive religion.

Due to the widespread spread of Buddhism, Buddhist temples are very common in Dai areas. It seems natural to send one's son to a temple as a monk, especially in Xishuangbanna, where almost all boys have to enter the temple to become monks at the age of 8- 10.

They learned to read scripture there and usually returned to China in 1~5. There are 84,000 Tibetan scriptures in Dai language, most of which are engraved on the leaves of Bayeux, which is called Bayeux.

Some of them are the works and customs of Dai monks, which are developed and supplemented according to the Buddhist meaning. Dai literature: Dai people have rich folk literature works, including long narrative poems, fables, myths, legends and fairy tales.

Many famous narrative poems, such as Zhao Shutun and Moody Nano, He E and luo sang, and Aunt's Story, are famous at home and abroad. Epic: Bata Magaro, also known as the Southern Division Bata Maga Pasadai.

Dai epic of creation. The content includes the creation of the world, the formation of human beings, the rise, migration and settlement of Dai ancestors.

Among them, there are many Dai myths and legends of historical figures, which are ancient books and documents for studying Dai ancient myths and society. History Book: The original name of Lu's history is Silk (Xishuangbanna Chronicle).

This book records the main historical facts of the Dai people from 1 180, when Ba Zhen, the leader of the Dai nationality, entered Xishuangbanna to establish the Kingdom of Jin Jing, to 1950, when Xishuangbanna was liberated. There is a translation of Li published by Yunnan University 1947, which is called History of the Dead. The translations range from 1 180 to 1864.

1958 Zhang's supplementary translation 1844~ 1950, entitled "Continuation of History-Events in Xishuangbanna in the Last Hundred Years". There are other detailed editions of this book.

Lushi provides many valuable materials for future generations to understand the social history of the Dai people, and it is an important historical document of the Dai people. Seven, Dai drama Xishuangbanna has Thai-Burmese song and dance drama, Longteng border has China Dai drama.

Musical dramas are performed in a larger religion. For example, Xuanwei Street has a song and dance performance in the car for three consecutive nights every winter. There are historical stories, religious myths and love legends, while the costumes are varied, including paper-tied dragons, peacocks, turtles, cranes, deer mussels and colorful paintings. The actor dressed as a beautiful woman split the peacock wrapped in paper in two, grabbed its wings with both hands and flew.

An actor dressed as a young man dances with a paper deer on his back. Chinemys reevesii used a person to lie in the turtle's stomach, with four feet on his hands and feet, and an organ in the turtle's neck; It can make * * * suddenly stretch a few feet, then retract the abdomen and make the audience laugh.

Dai Opera: Dai Opera has a history of about 200 years. His early plays include Twelve Horses, Gongsun Tilling the Field, etc.

Dai characteristics

Religion: The Dai people in the border areas generally believe in Southern Buddhism, belonging to Hinayana Buddhism, while retaining the remnants of primitive worship of ghosts and gods.

Dai people in mainland China worship "Dragon God" and "Dragon Tree", and religious professionals "Bo Meng" and "Shi Niang" perform divination and cure diseases on behalf of others. Clothing: Women traditionally wear short sleeves and skirts.

Dai women in Xishuangbanna wear white or scarlet underwear with small waist, wide hem and various tube skirts. Women in Dehong, mangshi and other places wear light-colored big-breasted jackets, trousers and small waists before marriage, and change them into double-breasted jackets and black skirts after marriage.

Male Dai men wear collarless double-breasted or large-breasted small sleeve jackets, long-sleeved trousers, blankets when it is cold, and white or green cloth covers. The custom of male tattoos is very common, which not only shows courage, but also can ward off evil spirits, protect the body and decorate the body.

Diet: The main staple food of Dai people is rice. Dehong area eats japonica rice, Xishuangbanna and other places like to eat glutinous rice, which is usually eaten immediately.

Meat includes pigs, cows, chickens and ducks. They don't eat or eat less mutton. They are good at roast chicken and roast chicken, and like to eat fish, shrimp, crab, snails, moss and other aquatic products. The vegetables we often eat are cabbage, radish, bamboo shoots and beans.

Raw, fresh, sour, spicy and wild are the characteristics of Dai cuisine. Dai people believe that eating sour heart makes eyes bright, helps digestion and relieves summer heat; Eating sweet food can increase calories, relieve fatigue and prevent hepatitis; Eating spicy food can stimulate appetite, increase appetite, enhance body resistance and prevent colds; Eat raw, the food is delicious.

In Dai flavor, acid is the most delicious, and all dishes and snacks are mainly acid, such as sour bamboo shoots, sour pea powder, sour meat, wild sour fruit and so on. Special flavor foods include: flowers, insects and various wild vegetables.

Ganlan architecture is the characteristic of Dai folk houses. Dai bamboo houses in Xishuangbanna and Dehong Ruili have unique styles.

The building is nearly square, with two floors. People live on the upper floor, about 7 feet from the ground, and there is no wall on the lower floor, which is used for raising livestock and stacking things. The top is double oblique and covered with woven "grass rafts". Climb the stairs, there is a corridor, there is a drying platform, you can dry things, you can also enjoy the cool.

Language and writing Dai people have their own national languages, which are called Dai, Thai and Lao respectively because of their distribution, and belong to the Taiwanese branch of the Dong-Tai language family (Zhuang-Dong language family) of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The written language used by Dai people is Dai language, which is a kind of phonography, and its written language is Dai language.

There are many dialects of Dai language, four of which are spoken by Dai people in China, namely Dai language (Xishuangbanna Dai language), Jinping Dai language, Dai language (Dehong Dai language) and Dai language, and there are also Thai and Lao languages outside China. After improvement in 1950s, Xishuangbanna and Dehong Dai languages are widely used in China.

Dai burial customs are common, but there are obvious class differences, and the burial places of nobles and poor people are strictly separated. After the monks and buddhas died, they were cremated first, and then their ashes were buried in a crock behind the temple.

Extended data:

Dai language (Roman alphabet: Dai), also known as Thai (Thai:? , Roman alphabet: Thai), Shan nationality (Roman alphabet: Shan nationality), etc. The national language is Dai (Thai), which belongs to Zhuang-Dai branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Dai people regard peacocks and elephants as mascots, and folk stories are rich and colorful. Dai people like to live by the water, love cleanliness, often take a bath, and women like to wash their hair, so they have the reputation of "water nation". In the past, Dai people generally believed in Buddhism, and primitive religion spread to the south.