After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin, the northern nationalities merged, and the people of all ethnic groups lived together and influenced each other. Northern minorities gradually changed their nomadic life, learned advanced agricultural production techniques and became agricultural residents. The Han people also learned from their brothers' experience in animal husbandry, enriching and improving their production knowledge. They also strengthened their ties and friendship in the struggle against rulers of all ethnic groups. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty was carried out under the background of the integration of northern nationalities, in order to consolidate the rule, develop the economy and enhance the national strength. Among them, the most important measure is the equal land system, which makes the northern economy gradually recover and develop, is conducive to the transformation of ethnic minorities from nomadic life to agricultural life, and has a strong role in promoting national integration. Other measures, such as moving the capital to Luoyang and accepting the advanced culture of the Han nationality, have accelerated national integration and become an indispensable condition for national reunification. The first stage: the establishment of a new system (mainly presided over by Feng Taihou). Politically, the salary system and the three-long system (neighborhood, village and party leadership) are adopted, and economically, the land equalization system and rent modulation are adopted. Establish a three-long system at the local level. In order to cooperate with the implementation of the land equalization system and strengthen the central government's control over local governments, the court adopted the proposal of Li Chong, the minister, and stipulated that: five households have one neighbor, five neighbors have one mile, and five miles have one party. The implementation of the new rent adjustment stipulates that a couple should pay a certain amount of rent adjustment fee to the government every year, which will greatly reduce the burden on farmers and increase the national income. The second stage: sinicization 1. Move the capital to Luoyang (494). 2. Change customs: Yi Hanfu, can speak Chinese, change the surname of Han nationality, marry Han nationality, settle family background and change native place. 3. Learn the laws and regulations of the Han nationality: respect Confucianism and worship classics, and set up schools. Restore the ritual and music system of the Han nationality. Adopt the feudal rule system of the Han nationality. Reform background Xianbei nationality is an ancient nationality in the history of our country, and Tuoba is a branch of Xianbei nationality active at the eastern foot of the northern end of Daxing 'anling Mountains. Tuoba Department moved southward continuously. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Tuoba Yao Lu, the tribal leader, was named as the acting king and established the acting country for helping the rulers at that time to fight against Liu Yuan and Schleswig. But soon, Daiguo was destroyed by the rising pre-Qin dynasty, and the history of Tuoba Department was temporarily interrupted. After the Battle of Feishui, the pre-Qin rule collapsed. Tuoba Tuoba took the opportunity to restore the country, held a tribal assembly, acceded to the throne as king, changed the country name to Wei, proclaimed himself emperor, and was called the Northern Wei in history. Since then, several generations of northern Wei rulers have devoted themselves to the war of unification and annexation, and successively eliminated the last remaining Daxia, Beiyan and Beiliang in the north, and unified the north in 439. In the process of national conquest, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out ethnic discrimination and cruel ethnic oppression policies against people of all ethnic groups, and crazy ethnic killings often occurred in the conquest war, which intensified ethnic contradictions (the necessity of reform). By the mid-Northern Wei Dynasty, although ethnic contradictions gradually eased, class contradictions became increasingly acute due to the excessive exploitation and oppression of the ruling class. Peasant uprisings break out every year, especially the uprising led by Gaiwu, a semi-finalist of the Green Water Conference in Xingcheng, Shaanxi Province in 445 AD, which mobilized more than 10 million people to participate in the uprising. The northern Wei government sent 60 thousand cavalry to suppress it, and the ruler Tuoba Tao personally commanded it. In the end, Gaiwu was killed by traitors, and the Gaiwu uprising failed, but the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty suffered great losses. In 473, TaBaHong ascended the throne as Emperor Xiaowen. Since then, the peasant uprising has continued unabated, and the cruel suppression by the court has not quelled the people's uprising, but has stimulated more contradictions and struggles. In order to alleviate the social and ethnic contradictions, Emperor Xiaowen of Feng Taihou successively carried out a series of reforms, collectively known as the reform of Emperor Xiaowen.

Economically:

The economy and culture of the Northern Wei Dynasty were relatively backward, the level of social development was backward, and ethnic contradictions were sharp. Renting corvee and transferring corvee are extremely heavy.

Politically:

The rise of the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North, ending the political situation of the northern separatist regime, and the social contradictions were sharp. Political darkness. Officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty relied on corruption and exploitation to maintain their luxurious life.

Culturally:

The trend of ethnic integration has emerged.

Edit the reform content of this paragraph.

Overview of reform

Emperor Xiaowen's reform involves politics, economy, culture and other fields, with extremely extensive scope and rich content. Generally speaking, there are the following four points: first, the system of land equalization is implemented. At the same time, the related three systems and rent adjustment were promulgated. The land equalization system enables farmers to share a certain amount of land, firmly binds farmers to the land and becomes state households, ensuring the basic interests of landlords and private ownership of land. On the other hand, rent adjustment has relatively reduced the burden on farmers, improved their production and living conditions, and promoted the development of productive forces on the other hand. Second, implement the official salary system and severely punish corruption. Corruption in official administration not only intensifies social contradictions, but also causes contradictions within the ruling class. In this reform measure, the quality of governance performance is the standard. Eliminate bureaucracy and consolidate feudal rule. Third, move the capital to Luoyang. In order to accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and strengthen the control of the Yellow River Basin, Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang. In 495, it officially moved to Luoyang. Fourth, get rid of the old customs of Xianbei and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality. The main contents include changing the official system, banning Khufu, breaking the northern dialect, changing the surname, deciding the surname, and moving the capital to Luoyang. This is the most important measure in Emperor Xiaowen's reform.

Implement equal land system

Implement the land equalization system: that is, according to certain standards, the taxi land controlled by the state will be allocated to farmers for farming, and the land may not be bought or sold. The equal land system has promoted the recovery and development of the northern economy. Set up the three-long system: this is the grass-roots administrative organization of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Its duties are to check household registration, collect rent and taxes, levy military service and implement the land equalization system. The implementation of the "three-long system" has improved the local grass-roots political power, replaced the supervision and protection system of the patriarch, and ensured the effective control of the state over the people. Implement the "land equalization system", and distribute the land (open land) controlled by the state to farmers, 40 mu for adult men and 20 mu for women, so that they can grow grain and distribute it to mulberry fields. Farmers must pay rent and serve the government. When farmers die, they should all be returned to the government, except Sangtian. As a result, more fields were cultivated, farmers' production and life were relatively stable, and the income of the Northern Wei regime also increased. Implement a new rent adjustment: a couple is required to pay a certain amount of rent adjustment to the government every year. Reformed the original situation of tax confusion. Greatly reduce the burden on farmers.

Implement the official salary system and severely punish corruption.

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty formulated the official salary system and reorganized the official administration. Wages are uniformly raised by the state, and officials are not allowed to raise wages by themselves. Punish corruption. These measures have improved official management;

Move the capital to Luoyang

Emperor Xiaowen of Wei was a politically successful man. He believes that in order to consolidate the rule of Wei Dynasty, it is necessary to absorb the culture of the Central Plains and reform some backward customs. At the same time, it has been nearly a hundred years since Pingcheng, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The climate in Pingcheng is bad, and grain production can't meet the needs of Beijing gradually. Pingcheng is located in a remote place, which makes it difficult for the northern Wei government to effectively control the Central Plains, and the northern ethnic minorities are becoming stronger and stronger, posing a threat to the northern Wei Dynasty. In order to learn the advanced culture of the Central Plains, strengthen the control of the Yellow River Basin and consolidate the Northern Wei regime. He was determined to move the capital from Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang. He was afraid that ministers would oppose the idea of moving the capital, and first proposed a massive attack on Nanqi. Once in court, he put forward this plan, and ministers opposed it. The most intense one was Ren Tuoba Cheng. Emperor Xiaowen was angry and said, "The country is my country. Do you want to stop me from fighting? " Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am the minister of the country, and I know the danger of using troops. How can I not talk about it?" After thinking for a moment, Emperor Xiaowen announced his retirement from the DPRK and returned to the palace. He summoned Tuoba Cheng alone and said to him, "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone. What I really mean is that I think Pingcheng is a place where soldiers are used and it is not suitable for political reform. Now I want to change the customs, but I have to move the capital. In fact, I want to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to move to the Central Plains. What do you think? " TaBaCheng suddenly enlighted, immediately agreed with Wei Xiaowen. In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen personally led more than 300,000 infantry and cavalry south, starting from Pingcheng and arriving in Luoyang. It happened that the autumn rain lasted for a whole month, and the roads were muddy everywhere, making it difficult to March. However, Emperor Xiaowen still rode out of the city wearing a helmet and armour and ordered to continue marching. Ministers didn't want to send troops to cut Qi, so they took advantage of the heavy rain to stop it. Emperor Xiaowen said seriously: "This time, if you choose to mobilize the masses, if you give up halfway, it will be a joke for future generations. If you can't go south, move the capital here. What do you think? " Everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said: "You can't hesitate. The station that agrees to move the capital is on the left, and the station that disagrees is on the right. " A nobleman said, "As long as your majesty agrees to stop the expedition to the south, then we are willing to move the capital to Luoyang." Although many civil and military officials are not in favor of moving the capital, they have heard that the southern expedition can be stopped and have to express their support for moving the capital. Emperor Xiaowen arranged one end of Luoyang and sent Wang Cheng Tuoba Cheng back to Pingcheng to publicize the benefits of moving the capital to the princes and nobles there. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng, and called the nobles and the old ministers to discuss the relocation of the capital. There are still many voices of opposition among the nobles of Pingcheng. They moved out one reason after another and were refuted by Emperor Xiaowen. Finally, those people really couldn't figure it out and had to say, "Moving the capital is a big deal. Whether it is bad luck or bad luck, let's divine. " Emperor Xiaowen said: "Divination is to solve difficult things." There is no doubt about moving the capital. There is nothing to worry about. If you want to rule the world, make the four seas your home. There is no fixed reason for going south today and going north tomorrow. Besides, we moved several times in the last generation. Why can't I move? "Noble ministers were rendered speechless by refutation, so it was decided to move the capital to Luoyang. After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, he decided to further reform the old customs and habits. Get rid of the old customs of Xianbei and accept the advanced culture of Han nationality. The main contents include changing the official system, banning Hu fu, breaking the northern dialect, changing the surname, determining the surname and moving the capital to Luoyang. This is the most important measure in Emperor Xiaowen's reform. Reasons for moving the capital to Luoyang: Luoyang is an ideal place for ancient emperors to build their capital and establish their businesses, and it is also a place with profound cultural accumulation in the Han Dynasty. Moving the capital to Luoyang is one of the most important achievements of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty. As a politician and a reformer of ethnic minorities, this move embodies the great talent of a generation of emperors. Why Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang is still worth exploring today. First, it is related to the admiration of Chinese culture. TaBaHong, Emperor Xiaowen, received a good cultural education in China and worshipped the culture of the Chinese nation. He was brought up by his grandmother Feng Taihou. Feng Taihou, a Han nationality, is knowledgeable, intelligent and decisive. She was in charge of the Northern Wei Dynasty for more than 20 years. She promulgated many important reform measures for the cultural system of the Han nationality. Under her influence, Emperor Xiaowen became a loyal promoter of China culture. Emperor Xiaowen once said: "This place (referring to Pingcheng) is hard to believe unless it can be governed by culture and change customs." This passage clearly shows that if we want to learn advanced Chinese culture and change the backwardness of our nation, we must move the capital to the political, economic and cultural center of the Han nationality, and Luoyang is a place where China culture is relatively concentrated. After Emperor Xiaowen moved to the capital, he carried out a series of sinicization policies, which shows that Emperor Xiaowen's move to the capital is related to his admiration of Chinese culture. Second, the need to rule the Central Plains. Emperor Xiaowen is an accomplished politician. He doesn't want to be the king of China, nor does he want to be the king of the people. If you want to be the king of the people of China, you should naturally put your capital in the orthodox capital of China. Emperor Xiaowen once said: "The country started in the northern soil and moved to Pingcheng. Here, there is no place to use it, and it is impossible to be civilized ... I wrote to the emperor's home, Heluo Wangli, and because of this, I made a big move. I live in the Central Plains. "This shows that an important reason why Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang is that Pingcheng, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, is located in the north, which is not conducive to the rule of the vast Central Plains. His remarks about "imperial residence" and "royal residence" indicate that he wants to gain the orthodox status recognized by the Han landlords by moving the capital to Luoyang. In addition, after Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang, he fought against Nanqi for years until he died in the military action of the Southern Expedition. It can be seen that Emperor Xiaowen also hoped to achieve the goal of unifying the whole country by moving the capital to Luoyang. Third, solve the problem of food supply. The north of Pingcheng is cold, and the grain output is very limited. At that time, someone wrote a poem "Sad for the city of peace": "Sad for the city of peace, drive the horse into the square, the mountains often snow, and there is no wind to stop. "Later, the population of Pingcheng, as the capital, increased day by day, and the number of officials gradually increased, and the problem of food supply became prominent. At that time, there was no land and water transportation in Pingcheng, and the traffic was extremely underdeveloped. It is not only time-consuming and laborious to transport grain from Shanhaiguan to Pingcheng, but also extremely expensive. Luoyang is located in the center of the north, in the plain area, with convenient transportation. Moving the capital to Luoyang solved the most fundamental food problem. Fourth, the influence of geographical environment. Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong, Shanxi) is located in the north, with mountainous terrain, arid climate and low temperature, which is not conducive to the growth of crops, and natural conditions restrict the further development of the northern Wei economy. Luoyang is located in the west bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, in the Central Plains, surrounded by mountains and waters, and is known as the "land of Kyushu". It has four distinct seasons and a pleasant climate. Since ancient times, it has been a battleground for military strategists and naturally became an ideal place for ancient emperors to build their capital. It was once the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei and other dynasties. Emperor Xiaowen's move to Luoyang is a wise move and a necessity of historical development. Fifth, reduce the resistance to reform. The conservative forces in Pingcheng are powerful, which is a huge obstacle to reform. Moving the capital to Luoyang is conducive to reducing the resistance to reform and ensuring the smooth progress of reform. Emperor Xiaowen's move to Luoyang not only showed the great talent of a generation of emperors, but also made Luoyang prosperous again after Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen is also an outstanding minority politician and reformer.

Carry out the Han system, change customs and customs

1. Easy clothes: all Xianbei nobles changed into Hanfu. 2. Speaking Chinese: Emperor Xiaowen declared that Chinese was "pronunciation" and Xianbei was "northern language", and asked the courtiers to "break the northern languages and follow the pronunciation". 3. Change China's surname: determine the family level. Emperor Xiaowen issued a letter to change the original surname of Xianbei people to Han surname. He also referred to the Han people's gate system to determine the rank of Xianbei nobles, and selected talents and appointed officials according to the rank. 4. Marriage: Emperor Xiaowen advocated the intermarriage between Xianbei people and Han people. Through this political marriage, the interests and destiny of the rulers of the two ethnic groups were closely linked to consolidate their rule. 5. Change the place of origin: All Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang will take Luoyang as their place of origin. Objective: To further study and adopt the rules, regulations and lifestyle of the Han nationality, and promote Xianbei nobles to actively accept Chinese culture. Function: It promoted Xianbei people's recognition of Chinese culture, won the support of Han landlords, and effectively promoted the transformation of political power to the ruling mode of Han Dynasty. Historical fact On one occasion, he discussed state affairs with ministers. He said, "Do you think it is better to change the customs or stick to the rules?" Tuoba Xi, the king of Xianyang, said, "It is certainly good to change customs." Emperor Xiaowen said: "Then I will announce the reform, and no one can violate it." Then, Emperor Xiaowen announced several decrees: it is difficult for people over 30 to change their words and they can go slow. At present, all those under the age of 30 who are officials in the imperial court must change their words into Chinese, and those who violate this rule will be demoted or dismissed; It is stipulated that all officials and people should wear Han clothes; Encourage Xianbei people to intermarry with Han gentry and adopt Han surname. The northern Wei royal family was originally named Tuoba, and later changed its surname to Yuan. Emperor Xiaowen's name is Justin, which is the surname of Han nationality. The drastic reform of Emperor Xiaowen of Wei made the political economy of the Northern Wei Dynasty develop greatly, and further promoted the integration of Xianbei and Han nationality. After Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang, he was determined to start reform. His China-oriented reform can be carried out because he knows people well and is good at their duties. He not only reused Xianbei nobles who presided over the reform and advocated sinicization, but also reused many talented Han Chinese. He knew the importance of netting the landlords of the Han nationality to consolidate the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, so he never held national prejudice and attached importance to the Han nationality. There is no doubt that he can be polite to the officials who surrendered in the Southern Dynasties. Emperor Xiaowen selected talents in an eclectic way and organized a think tank for his own reform. With the support and help of these think tanks, Emperor Xiaowen began his own reform by reforming old customs and learning the lifestyle and laws of the Han nationality. First, he ordered Xianbei nobles to be forbidden to wear Hu clothes, and all of them were changed to wear Hanfu. Later, Xianbei nobles were forbidden to speak Xianbei language, and all of them changed to Chinese. In 496 AD, Emperor Xiaowen ordered Xianbei nobles to change their surnames. He first changed the surname of the royal family, TaBaHong, to Yuanshi County, so Emperor Xiaowen, TaBaHong, was also called Justin. Other 100 Xianbei surname changed to Han surname. At the same time, it ordered to change the native place of Xianbei people. It is stipulated that all Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang are Luoyang people and are not allowed to be buried in Saibei after death. These compulsory policies of Emperor Xiaowen are all aimed at reducing ethnic differences and ethnic barriers. Although many nobles are dissatisfied, they can only implement it. In order to win over the landlords of the Han nationality and expand the ruling foundation, Emperor Xiaowen also advocated intermarriage with the Han nationality. He took the lead in marrying the daughters of four Han families, Lu, Cui, Zheng and Wang, and married his daughter to a Han family. He also married the daughter of a Han landlord for his six younger brothers. This relationship linked the interests of Han landlords and Xianbei nobles and strengthened the ruling power of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Moreover, the blending of lineages accelerated the sinicization of Xianbei. Emperor Xiaowen also abolished the original political system of Xianbei people and asked Wang Su to imitate the Southern Dynasties, re-establish a set of official etiquette, amend laws and reform official titles. Emperor Xiaowen also continued the gate valve system of the Han nationality. He divided Xianbei nobles and Han landlords into four classes according to their families, and determined the level of official positions according to their families. This system has been used until the Northern Dynasties, thus forming the Guanlong and Daibei ethnic groups. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that Wu Zetian revised the records of surnames that he completely denied the gate valve system. The measures taken by Emperor Xiaowen to promote ethnic integration made the northern ethnic minorities gradually converge with the Han nationality in terms of language, clothing, customs and habits, enriched and developed the culture of the Central Plains, and gradually integrated the diet, clothing, art and daily utensils of ethnic minorities into the lives of the Han people. Emperor Xiaowen also promulgated the "Land Equalization Order" and implemented land rent modulation, which promoted the recovery and development of the northern economy and made the lifestyle of ethnic minorities feudal. Emperor Xiaowen is also very interested in the culture and art of the Han nationality. He was educated in Chinese culture since he was a child. He not only talks about the significance of the Five Classics, but also dabbles in historical biographies and a hundred schools of thought contend. He is also good at studying Han poetry. Emperor Xiaowen not only reformed the life customs of Xianbei nobles, but also educated them to learn Chinese culture and transformed them from a deeper cultural level. Emperor Xiaowen has a clear understanding of the backwardness of his own nation, and is not arrogant, impetuous, complacent and open-minded. He actively established schools, disseminated cultural knowledge, and collected books from all over the world, so that the northern culture, which had declined due to the war, began to revive. Driven by him, Xianbei people made rapid progress. Emperor Xiaowen also made great contributions to the development of religious art in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen's father Xianwen is an extremely devout Buddhist, and he himself believes in Buddhism. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen strongly advocated Buddhism. Buddhism developed rapidly during his reign. The development of Buddhism promoted the development of Buddhist art. At that time, the most important Buddhist art form was grotto art. The Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, one of the three largest grottoes in China, was dug in the year when Emperor Xiaowen officially moved to Luoyang. Through the reform of Emperor Xiaowen, the economy and culture of Xianbei nationality have developed rapidly. Compared with other ethnic groups who entered the Central Plains at the same time, such as Jie and Di, Xianbei undoubtedly has the highest degree of sinicization.

The historical role of editing this reform

Emperor Xiaowen's reform is the inevitable result of the political and economic development of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the further feudalization of Xianbei nationality. On the other hand, Emperor Xiaowen's reform also promoted the political and economic development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which reflected the great role of national integration. Xianbei people conquered the Han nationality and other ethnic minorities by force, but they had to be conquered by the higher culture of the Han nationality, and absorbed the essence of the Han culture from it, further promoting their own development and consolidating feudal rule. At the same time, the Han nationality also absorbed the excellent part of Xianbei culture, making its own development more perfect. Emperor Xiaowen's reform has greatly promoted national integration. The civilization of the whole Chinese nation is produced by the continuous exchanges and integration of all ethnic groups. The Chinese nation is a big family. We should have a high degree of national cohesion and feelings, and understand the respect and friendship among all ethnic groups. However, Emperor Xiaowen's reform was strongly opposed by the old nobles of Xianbei. Only under the resolute suppression of Emperor Xiaowen can the policy of sinicization be carried out and the reform achievements be consolidated, which shows Emperor Xiaowen's courage and determination to reform and his far-sighted vision for reform. However, the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was once strong because of reform in history, quickly fell apart and went to extinction only 30 years after the death of Emperor Xiaowen. This fact naturally caused historians to think deeply about the function and significance of Emperor Xiaowen's reform (especially his sinicization measures) and formed different views. Therefore, there are also many people who hold a negative attitude towards Emperor Xiaowen's reform (although only a few). As early as ancient times, comments criticizing Emperor Xiaowen's localization policy were often found in related books. Ma Duanlin, Ye Shi, Wang Fuzhi, Zhao Yi and others all denounced Emperor Xiaowen's move to Luoyang and the promotion of sinicization in their own works as "a plan to put a good name before the country" (preface to learning Ji Yan from Xi), emphasizing that "the decline of the national situation actually began here. Once spread and Xuanwu, later spread and filial piety, Ding moved "("Twenty-two History "Volume 14). It is pointed out that Emperor Xiaowen is a typical hypocrite. "TaBaHong lies is also a disgrace to Confucianism. Fu Hong's vanity has been deceiving himself for a long time "(Reading as a Mirror, Volume 9). In recent years, the number of works with negative opinions on the reform of localization of Emperor Xiaowen has increased significantly. , Hao Songzhi's On Emperor Xiaowen's Reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty (China Historical Research No.4, 1982), Hao Songzhi's Complete Sinicization and the Death of the Northern Wei Dynasty-Experiences and Lessons of Emperor Xiaowen's Reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty (Journal of Shaanxi Normal University, No.2003 1 issue), Zhao's On Emperor Xiaowen. It is believed that Emperor Xiaowen's sinicization reform lost the advantages of arrogance-bravery and simplicity, and weakened the military strength of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is an important reason why Emperor Xiaowen could not finally strengthen the Wei State. Thirdly, Emperor Xiaowen's overall sinicization without sublation, especially the system of determining clan names and transplanting gentry, made Xianbei Tuoba nobles without cultural accumulation corrupt rapidly, seriously eroded the spirit and vitality of the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty, intensified social contradictions and conflicts, and led to the rapid decline of the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In a word, Emperor Xiaowen's sinicization reform was not suitable for the national conditions and feelings of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and it was the beginning of the political crisis in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The revolutionary essence in the north was completely replaced by the virtual corruption in the south, and the lesson was extremely profound. Integration: 1. The social and economic development in the north is obvious: agricultural production tools are improved, water conservancy projects are built, wasteland is reclaimed, grain production is increased, and animal husbandry is developed. Handicraft production is increasingly active, and business activities are also increasingly active. 2. Acceleration of feudal regime: After the Xianbei rulers moved to Luoyang, they accepted the advanced cultural system of the Han nationality, which greatly accelerated the feudal process of the Northern Wei regime and had a far-reaching impact on the social and political life of the Northern Wei Dynasty and even the whole history of China. 3. Promoted ethnic exchanges and integration: Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty not only eased ethnic contradictions and consolidated feudal rule, but also promoted ethnic integration, laying the foundation for ending long-term division and moving towards national reunification again. It promotes national integration.

The way to edit this paragraph of national integration

(1) National immigrants:

Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, Huns, Xianbei, Monkeys, Bians, Qiang and other ethnic groups have moved in in large numbers, living together with the Han people in northern China.

(2) Joint struggle:

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the cruel exploitation and oppression of the rulers of all ethnic groups, the years of war in the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the serious economic damage in the north and the poor life of the people forced the people of all ethnic groups to unite and fight against each other, thus making the ties between all ethnic groups closer.

(3) Friendly exchanges:

Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, there have been several unified situations in northern China. In a peaceful environment, frequent exchanges between people of all ethnic groups have accelerated the pace of national integration (even in wartime, such exchanges have never stopped)

(4) Reform minority rulers:

For example, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty reformed, implemented the policy of sinicization, and promoted national integration. * Features: Long time, diverse nationalities and wide range.

Reform background

In 439 AD, after Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin, people of all ethnic groups lived in harmony and influenced each other, and the trend of national integration was enhanced.

Content of reform

Before moving the capital: carrying out political and economic reforms and moving the capital to Luoyang: in order to accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and strengthen the control of the original residence, after moving the capital: switching to Chinese; Wear Hanfu to change the surname of the Han nationality (such as Tuoba Yuan), encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with the Han nationality, adopt the official regulations of the Han nationality to learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius and govern the country with filial piety, and advocate respecting the elderly.

The purpose of reform

In order to get rid of the old customs of Xianbei, absorb the advanced culture of Han nationality and consolidate the rule of Northern Wei Dynasty, it conforms to the historical trend.

The role of reform

It is conducive to the recovery and development of the northern economy, promoting the progress of all ethnic groups, accelerating the process of great integration of northern ethnic groups, and consolidating the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty.