Sino-Japanese Agricultural Trade Relations China has a long history of agricultural economic and trade exchanges with its close neighbor Japan. Since the 1990s, the exchanges and cooperation between China and China in the fields of agricultural trade, investment, science and education, fisheries and so on have been continuously strengthened. Japan is not only two important markets for China's agricultural exports, but also an important source of foreign investment in China's agriculture. After entering the new century, Sino-Japanese agricultural economic and trade relations are facing a new situation. The export of agricultural products is growing rapidly, the frequency of trade friction is obviously increasing, and Japanese agricultural investment in China is heating up rapidly. Therefore, it is necessary to study Sino-Japanese agricultural economic and trade relations under the new situation. The relationship is as follows: 1. Competitiveness and complementarity of agriculture between China and Japan. The similarities and differences between China and Japan in agricultural basic production conditions, material input level, agricultural production structure, productivity, farmers' income level and food consumption determine the competitiveness and complementarity of Chinese and Japanese agriculture. Among them, the competitiveness is mainly manifested in the similarity of export agricultural products, and the competition in the world deep-processed agricultural products market is becoming increasingly fierce: in addition to the complementary advantages of agricultural resources and agricultural science and technology, China and Japan also have strong complementarities in agricultural products trade. The index analysis shows that China and China have not only formed close agricultural trade ties, but also have significant differences in the comparative advantages of agricultural products, that is, has strong comparative advantages in labor-intensive products such as aquatic products and horticultural products. 2. The growth and structural changes of Sino-Japanese agricultural trade. The analysis shows that (1) China's agricultural exports to Japan are growing rapidly, mainly labor-intensive agricultural exports; The types of promotion to Japan's agricultural export growth have changed before and after China's entry into WTO, that is, for a period before China's entry into WTO, export growth was driven by competitiveness effect, while for five years after China's entry into WTO, export growth to Japan was mainly driven by competitiveness effect and demand effect. (2) China's exports to Japan are mainly aquatic products and horticultural products, among which fish products and crustacean software products are mainly exported to Japan. Fruits and meat products exported to Japan are deeply processed. Vegetables exported to Japan are mainly processed, salted and frozen, and the proportion of frozen vegetables is increasing; From the perspective of import structure, China mainly imports aquatic products and miscellaneous grains from Japan, and the proportion of these two products is increasing; (3) The overall terms of trade of China's agricultural products with Japan tend to deteriorate, but the quantitative index of agricultural products exported to Japan keeps rising rapidly, indicating that the increase of agricultural products export benefits to Japan mainly depends on quantitative expansion. The analysis of the growth and structural changes of agricultural means of production trade shows that China and Japan not only occupy a very important position in the world agricultural trade, but also are important agricultural trade partners between China and Japan. China's agricultural products exported to Japan are mainly agricultural machinery, feed and fertilizer, and imports are mainly agricultural machinery products; The technology gap is an important reason for the above trade pattern. Sino-US agricultural trade relations Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation is an important part of Sino-US economic and trade relations. Both China and the United States are big agricultural producers and big agricultural trade countries. With the development of Sino-US economic and trade relations, Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation has been expanding. Especially in recent years, driven by the relevant departments of the Chinese and American governments, business circles and people of insight who care about the healthy development of Sino-US economic and trade relations, Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation has been deepening, the total trade volume of agricultural products has increased rapidly, agricultural scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation have become increasingly close, and Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation has achieved fruitful results. It is embodied in the following aspects: First, the total trade volume of agricultural products between China and the United States has increased rapidly. According to statistics, from 200 1 to 2005, the total bilateral agricultural trade increased from 4 1 billion dollars to 1 billion dollars, an increase of nearly 2.4 times. During this period, the proportion of Sino-US agricultural trade in China's total agricultural trade increased from 4.5% to 17.2%. Second, the scope of agricultural trade between China and the United States has been expanding. The United States has become one of the main sources of China's agricultural products imports. In 2005, China imported more agricultural products from the United States, such as soybeans and cotton. For example, soybeans reached 26.59 million tons and cotton reached 2.65 million tons. From June 5438+0 to June 5438+0, 2005, the export of American agricultural products to China increased by 28%, and the range of navel oranges and dried fruits in the United States also increased to some extent. 3. China-US agricultural exchanges and cooperation have made positive progress. The fields of scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation between China and the United States have been continuously expanded, and cooperative projects in animal and plant genetics and breeding, protection and utilization of water and soil resources, forest resources and forest improvement have been effectively carried out and implemented. Important progress has been made in agricultural scientific research and education, agricultural products processing, storage and transportation, prevention and control of animal and plant diseases, and agricultural biotechnology research. In particular, cooperation in animal and plant quarantine has been strengthened in the prevention and control of animal and plant diseases, and the areas of agricultural cooperation between the two countries have been continuously expanded, and agricultural scientific and technological exchanges have achieved positive results. 4. Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation mechanism is improving day by day. In 2004, the China-US Commission on Commerce, Trade and Food set up a vice-ministerial agricultural group, and the agricultural departments of China and the United States set up a joint agricultural committee, and set up a special working group to be responsible for specific business exchanges. The two governments have also signed a series of agreements on agriculture and agricultural products trade, such as the Sino-US agricultural cooperation agreement. These working mechanisms have played an important role in promoting Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation. Sino-Japanese industrial trade relations Sino-Japanese trade has reached a new high for three consecutive years. China's entry into the WTO has brought into full play the complementarity between China and Japan. The complementarity of Chinese and Japanese economies, the asymmetry of the basic conditions of the two countries, the need for cooperation arising from the economic development of the two countries and the need to solve their respective problems are the fundamental factors that lead to the sustained development of economic and trade relations between the two countries, and this fundamental factor has become increasingly prominent after China's accession to the WTO. Sino-Japanese economic and trade cooperation will be further developed and expanded at the bilateral, regional and even global levels. China and Japan are both "reform countries", and the economic relations between China and Japan will further develop in the process of continuous reform and opening up. It is estimated that in two or three years, Sino-Japanese trade will exceed 1000 billion US dollars, and in another seven or eight years, Sino-Japanese trade will surpass Japan-US trade. At the same time, Japan's direct investment in China will continue to grow and will remain one of the countries with the largest direct investment in China. One of the basic reasons why Japan's economic and trade relations with China may develop faster than those in Europe and America lies in the close relationship between China and Japan in geography, culture and history. Especially after 911,the security expenses in logistics and other aspects increased greatly, which will make Japan's geographical advantage in cooperation with China more prominent. With the deepening of general industrial cooperation, the cooperation between the two countries in human resources development, science and technology, finance, energy, environmental protection, tourism, electronics and other fields will be particularly valued. The technology transfer of Japanese enterprises to China will probably be strengthened, because Japan's technological competitiveness ranks second in the world after the United States. At the regional level, energy, environmental protection and finance have become important topics in Sino-Japanese cooperation in East Asia. At the same time, although the economic ties between East Asia and the United States will remain important, the situation that East Asian countries rely too much on the American economy will change, and it is the general trend to strengthen intra-regional economic and trade cooperation. As two big countries in East Asia, China and Japan will play an increasingly important role in promoting regional cooperation in East Asia. Compared with Europe, the differences and diversity in the development stages of East Asian countries were once considered as obstacles to regional cooperation. However, European integration is industrial economic integration, while future Asian integration is the integration of economic globalization and information technology revolution. In the era of economic globalization and information technology revolution, diversity may be an advantage. Facts show that the better the economic complementarity, the better the economic effect, and the greater the political difficulty of establishing regional or bilateral cooperation mechanisms between countries. This is because the establishment of regional or bilateral cooperation mechanisms needs the cooperation of domestic reforms in relevant countries. If Japan wants to establish an economic cooperation mechanism with other countries, it cannot protect its backward industries, especially agriculture. However, it is extremely difficult to do this politically. At the global level, deepening the cooperation between China and Japan on global economic issues such as environmental protection, energy, food and e-commerce development will make positive contributions to world peace and development, promoting the information technology revolution and protecting the global environment. In short, considering the economic relations between China and Japan in East Asia and even the world, by developing cooperation between the two countries, promoting cooperation in East Asia and promoting the solution of global economic problems, it is possible to win not only a "win-win" but also a "win-win" effect. Sino-US Industrial and Trade Relations After the normalization of Sino-US relations, especially since the 1990s, the position of economic and trade relations in bilateral relations has risen rapidly, which has become an important strategic basis for the development of bilateral relations between the two countries in the new century. After the Bush administration took office, it took the development of economic and trade relations as one of the core contents of its China policy. China government and trade associations face up to the current international trade environment and have made extensive contacts with American industry. The economic contrast between China and the United States has enhanced the momentum of cooperation between the two countries. The economic interdependence between China and America has deepened. Just as the Olympic Games are held in different countries in turn, China is not only the host country of the upcoming sports Olympic Games, but also the most important venue for the world economic Olympic Games. The reason is that only China, a huge market, can meet the requirements of sharing and recovering capital investment in R&D in a short time. World-class enterprises are competing to come to China, which shows that the most scarce thing in the world today is not resources, but the market. In the past, the main means to compete for resources was war, but now the main means to compete for the market is competition. It is against the background that companies from developed countries and other countries are coming to China to show their talents that American companies are not far behind. Generally speaking, American enterprises have invested and set up factories in China, and some traditional industries in the United States have turned to China, which has played a positive role in promoting the adjustment of the industrial structure of the whole United States and promoting the development of American industries to high value-added industries. The production of American enterprises in China may temporarily lead to the decline of American GDP. However, due to American enterprises' investment in China, China will increase the import of high value-added technology and equipment from the United States, which will increase the GDP of the United States. According to the statistics of China Customs, the trade volume of textiles and clothing between China and the United States reached 9.945 billion US dollars in 2003, accounting for 7.9% of the total trade volume between China and the United States, of which China's exports of textiles and clothing to the United States accounted for 10.5% of the total exports to the United States. Over the years, the development of industrial cooperation and trade between China and the United States has played an important role in promoting complementary cooperation between the two countries in the economic field and enhancing the friendship between the two peoples. Textile and clothing trade is about to enter a new era of trade liberalization. With the end of the world trade system distorted by trade protectionism in the past, it will bring higher labor productivity and more adequate and higher-quality material and cultural enjoyment to producers and consumers in various countries. Looking back at the history of human economy and society, it is not difficult to find that the structural adjustment of any traditional industry is not carried out in isolation under the condition of the unification of the world market. In developed countries, it is always accompanied by the rise of emerging industries with higher scientific productivity as the core. Free trade based on comparative advantage will develop complementary relations and create more opportunities for countries with different economic levels. China's textile and garment industry is taking a new road of industrialization with the goal of improving quality, innovation and quick response, while continuing to actively develop extensive cooperation with American counterparts or related industries on the principle of equality and mutual benefit. The "hollowing out" of Sino-Japanese service industry economic and trade relations refers to an economic phenomenon in which the production and employment of the domestic manufacturing sector in the home country are greatly reduced, the competitiveness is reduced and the structural unemployment is increased due to the rapid development of overseas direct investment by multinational companies. With the rapid development of Chinese mainland's economy, the huge domestic market attracts the manufacturing industry all over the world, especially the separation and transfer of Japanese manufacturing industry, which has attracted great attention from all walks of life in Japan. Many people in Japan believe that Japanese manufacturing industries have been transferred to Chinese mainland and other Asian countries, resulting in the hollowing out of domestic industries and increasing unemployment and other social problems. Is there really a phenomenon of "industrial hollowing out" in Japan? Our research results show that Japan, like other developed countries, is experiencing the process of industrial upgrading, but the difference is that Japan has not experienced "industrial hollowing out" and remains a big manufacturing country and a big exporter of finished products in the world. According to the World Development Index 2000 published by the World Bank, we find that the proportion of Japanese manufacturing industry in GDP has declined since 1980s, but it is obviously higher than that of developed countries. From the perspective of output structure, the proportion of Japan's manufacturing added value to GDP has dropped from 29% in 1980 to 24% in 1998; Compared with the same period, the percentage of added value of American manufacturing industry in GDP dropped from 22% to18%; 1998 the proportion of high-income countries is 2 1%. This is actually related to the industrial adjustment of various countries during this period. According to the statistics of 1980 and 1998, the proportion of added value of service industry in the gross national product of various countries has obviously increased. The proportion of added value of Japanese service industry in GDP increased from 54% in 1980 to 61%in 1998; Compared with the same period, the added value of service industry in China has also increased from 2 1% to 33%. The proportion of added value of service industry in GDP in the United States rose from 64% to 72%; High-income countries rose from 59% to 65%. China has become the first choice for Japanese companies to invest overseas. According to the survey of 2567 Japanese enterprises conducted by Japan External Trade Organization, 49. 1% enterprises will increase their overseas direct investment in 2002 -2004, in order to meet the present situation and prospect of Japanese enterprises' overseas direct investment strategy in 2 1 century. In February this year, Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry published an investigation report on Japanese enterprises' overseas production transfer. The results show that on average, 1 out of every seven manufacturing enterprises have transferred their production overseas in the past few years, and nearly 80% of the transfer areas are in Asia, and 40% of them have chosen China. At the same time, the survey shows that 80% of Japanese enterprises' overseas production is labor-intensive assembly and processing industry; The other part is a subsidiary or component manufacturer, which provides supporting products and bulk components for the parent company assembled and processed locally or for related customers. Japan's R&D department has hardly moved to Asia. This shows that it is a normal market behavior for Japan to transfer production and investment abroad in recent years, especially to China, in order to reduce labor costs and transaction costs. In recent years, Japan's international competitiveness has declined, which is related to its low degree of domestic market opening and high production cost. The main purpose of Japanese manufacturing transfer to foreign countries, including China, is to adjust the domestic industrial structure and improve the international competitiveness of domestic industries. Sino-US service trade and economic relations In the bilateral trade relations between China and the United States, the proportion of service trade is far lower than that of commodity trade, with an average annual growth rate of 8%, and far lower than the average annual growth rate of commodity trade 17.5%. In this field, the United States has an absolute advantage and a complete surplus with China. 196 The US service trade surplus with China reached 10 billion US dollars, and American films alone earned 500 million yuan in the China market every year. After China's entry into the WTO, as the new market that China promised to open is mainly in the service field, the bilateral service trade between China and the United States will surely achieve greater development and become a new fulcrum of Sino-US economic and trade relations. The specific performance is: 1 Trade in services will increase substantially. Due to the restrictions on technology export in the United States and China's strict control over many service industries, the bilateral service trade volume between China and the United States has been low and the growth rate is not high. After China's accession to the WTO, various restrictive measures will be relaxed and phased out. In addition, with the increasingly close economic and trade relations between China and the United States and the rapid growth of commodity trade, it will inevitably lead to the growth of service trade related to commodity trade, thus promoting the rapid growth of bilateral service trade between China and the United States. 2. The field of Sino-US service trade will be greatly expanded. At present, Sino-US service trade is mainly confined to a few limited fields, such as tourism, labor export and technology licensing. After China's entry into WTO, China has promised to open more than 30 industries, such as communication, insurance, banking, securities, distribution, professional services, real estate, transportation, film and television, which basically involve all fields of service industry, which will undoubtedly greatly expand the cooperation field of Sino-US service trade. 3. The US service trade surplus with China may be greatly expanded. The United States is a country with a highly developed service industry. According to the data provided by World Development Report 1999/2000 of the World Bank, the output value of service industry in the United States accounts for 7 1% of its GDP in 1998, while the development level of service industry in China is seriously lagging behind. 1998 The output value of China's service industry only accounts for 33% of GDP. Moreover, the scientific and technological level, management level and operation scale of the service industry in the United States are far higher than those in China. Comparatively speaking, the competitiveness of American service industry is overwhelming. At the same time, judging from the bilateral agreement reached between China and the United States on China's accession to the WTO, it is mainly China's commitment to cancel or relax a large number of control measures in the service industry after its accession to the WTO. This will enable the US service industry to fully expand its service exports to China and further expand the existing surplus.