Cave in northern Shaanxi
A long time ago, strong winds brought loess from far away to northern Shaanxi, creating this vast golden land. In this land, there are simple people, and the house they live in is the cave in northern Shaanxi that I want to introduce to you today.
This kind of cave is usually built on a hillside facing south. Xiangyang, with its back to the mountains. The door faces the clearing, and few trees cover it. Generally, only three to five caves are built in a hospital. In the middle is the main kiln, where sundries or small rooms are often placed on both sides, and food can also be stored.
Into the cave, there are stoves, pots and so on. There is a heatable adobe sleeping platform at the entrance of the cave. There is a fire hole in the middle of the heatable adobe sleeping platform, so that it won't feel cold in winter. This kind of cave is also cool in summer. It is really warm in winter and cool in summer!
Qiangdiaolou
Qiang nationality is a minority in Sichuan, and their unique residence is Diaolou.
In Qiang language, Diaolou is called "Deng Cage", which means a beautiful and noble house.
Qiang people have the custom of "living by the mountain, building houses with stones, and the highest one is more than ten feet". The height of the watchtower is between ten and thirty meters. Used to guard against enemies and store food and firewood. Qiang people's houses are made of slate, flat-topped and square. Most of them are three floors, each floor is about three or four meters high. It has a strong traditional folk culture.
In short, each nation has its own characteristics, and different cultures have created different folk houses. But I think they are all simple and pure beauty!
8* Original text of residential houses with their own characteristics
Hakka dwellings
Thousands of round houses or earth buildings are scattered in the mountains of southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, and are known as "strange houses in the world".
Hakka people moved to the south from the prosperous areas of the ancient Central Plains, and most of them lived in remote mountainous areas. In order to guard against the harassment of bandits and the exclusion of local people, they built camp-style houses. On the way, they mixed lime, used glutinous rice and egg white as adhesives, and used bamboo chips and wooden strips as bones and muscles, and rammed earth buildings with wall thickness 1 m and height 15 m. Most of them are 3-6 floors, and100-more than 200 houses are arranged in orange petals, and the layout is uniform and magnificent. Most earth buildings have a history of 200-300 years or even 500-600 years. They have withstood numerous earthquakes, storms and artillery attacks, showing the charm of traditional architectural culture.
Hakka ancestors advocated the circle and thought it was a symbol of auspiciousness, happiness and peace. Houses surrounded by earth buildings are in a gossip layout, and there is a firewall between the hexagrams, which is uniform.
Hakka people show obvious cultural characteristics in managing their families, doing things, treating others and establishing a career. For example, many houses are engraved with such a couplet: "Inherit the frugality of our ancestors Deloitte, and inspire future generations to study and farm", which shows the ancestors' desire for their children and grandchildren to live in harmony and manage their families diligently.
The harmonious and thrifty character of Hakkas is worth learning, and the folk culture preserved in tulou makes people feel the profoundness and long history of China traditional culture.
Daijiazhulou
When you set foot on the land where the Dai people live, you enter the green world. From a distance, green bamboos and oil palm forests cover the sky. From time to time, the sound of chickens and dogs came from the depths of the bamboo forest, but there was no village or house. Obviously, all bamboo buildings are hidden in dense green bamboo forests.
Bamboo House is a traditional architectural form of Dai people. The Dai residential area is located in the subtropical zone with high ground temperature. It is said that bamboo buildings are good for heatstroke prevention and moisture prevention. Therefore, the Dai people still maintain the habit of "living with many bamboo buildings by the water".
There are as many as 10, 20, 200 and 300 Dai villages, all of which are made up of bamboo houses with their own characteristics. There are shelterbelts around the village. Every bamboo house is surrounded by bamboo fences. There are all kinds of flowers, trees and fruit trees in the fence. It can be described as "the village is full of trees and the garden is full of flowers". There is a large open space under the bamboo building as a yard. The whole bamboo building is square and divided into upper and lower floors. People live upstairs, and downstairs is generally used to put livestock and firewood. This bamboo building is supported by twenty to twenty-four pillars. The beams of the house pass through the columns. Some beams are engraved with patterns. Seven or eight feet from the ground floor or bamboo wall, the floor is divided into two floors. house
The roof is covered with thatched grass rows or sawdust, and in recent years it has been changed to tile roof.
If you visit Dai's house, walk into the bamboo fence and climb the wooden ladder, you will come to the corridor outside the house. As soon as you enter the door, there is a hall with a big bamboo mat in the middle, which is the center of family activities and the place to entertain guests. On both sides are bedrooms separated by wooden boards or bamboo sticks, and outsiders are not allowed to enter. The building structure of Dai bamboo building is generally simple, but it is very spacious, unique and beautiful, and the indoor ventilation is also very good. Sitting indoors, I only feel the breeze slowly and the flowers and fruits are fragrant.
Building bamboo houses is an important event in Dai family life. According to the traditional custom, it is necessary to choose a good place and lay a good foundation before erecting columns and beams. The most important thing in a bamboo building is the central column. There are usually eight central columns. Choosing the center pillar is a serious and solemn matter. When the pillars are transported from the mountains into the village, everyone will meet them and splash water to bless them. There is another custom of the Dai people: one family builds a house and the whole village helps. When the new building is completed, a ceremony of "Building Bamboo House" will be held. At this time, people from all stockaded villages flocked to the village, beaming and as lively as festivals. At the same time, please "Zanha" (singer) sing the song "Congratulations on the new house", which is said to be auspicious, safe and prosperous.
Yunnan minority dwellings
Due to the different natural environment and technology in different areas, Bai folk houses have created a variety of residential forms. Most of the Bai people in mountainous areas live in single rooms or two connected "stacked wooden houses" or "bamboo fence houses". Most Bai people in the dam area live in tile houses with civil structures. Its layout takes the form of "three rooms and one wall", "one front ear and two ears" or "four entrances and five patios", and the courtyard is spacious and sunny. Most people also have flower beds, planting camellia, pomegranate, hanging flowers, torreya grandis and other flowers and trees, flowers and plants overflowing, beautiful and comfortable environment. Bai people attach great importance to the construction of zhaobi and gatehouse. The wall is painted with white ash, and celebrities write "colorful dry red", "Oriental rising sun" or "blessing" and "longevity" as auspicious symbols. The surrounding gables are also painted with various landscapes, flowers and birds, insects and fish patterns, and the decoration in every corner is very particular, giving people a lively, even, symmetrical, harmonious and beautiful feeling. The gatehouse has a unique style, which integrates the artistic wisdom of the Bai people into the architectural installations. Generally, archways overlap and the corners are staggered, and there are three-dimensional patterns such as clay sculpture, wood carving, stone carving, embossed blue bricks and marble. Its beautiful shape and rigorous structure can be compared with temples, pavilions and pavilions in the mainland. Many door leaves are composed of three-story embossed patterns such as flowers, birds, insects and fish figures, which are exquisite and beautiful. Some gatehouses and partitions don't need a nail, they just need to be connected by digging holes, but they are very strong. All these fully show that the Bai people have a high level of architectural art.
One of the Features of Yi People's Dwellings —— Earth Barrier House
In the Yi area, from the village settlement to the residential address, there are various forms of bedroom buildings inherited from various places and branches, which are closely related to local living customs. From the separation of rooms to the stacking of articles; From the architectural structure to the beliefs and taboos of folk houses, they all show unique ethnic customs.
Residential characteristics
Yi people in villages are a nation engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and the distribution and location of villages have their own unique inheritance. Most villages of the Yi nationality are located in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas with an altitude of 2,000-3,000 meters, and live together along ethnic groups. Generally choose to build along the sunny foothills, mostly on hillsides and ridges, with fewer foothills and valleys. "Yuanyang County Records" records: "Yi people mostly live in mountainous areas with magnificent mountains and rivers and rich resources. The village is surrounded by mountains and rivers and terraces. There are mountains behind the village for grazing, fields in front of the village for farming, and most villages have a ditch flowing through them. "
Folk houses are located in the southwest of China, and the Yi people are widely distributed. Therefore, the types of folk houses are complicated to adapt to the natural geographical environment and climatic conditions in different regions, or influenced by other ethnic groups, but Yi folk houses are widely representative among all ethnic groups. Generally speaking, the types of Yi folk houses can be divided into the following categories: tile houses, adobe houses, flash houses, log houses, thatched houses and so on.
Living customs Yi people are monogamous and monogamous. After marriage, their children build new houses and start their own businesses. Only the youngest son lives with his parents. Yi people have spacious courtyards, which are suitable for production and life, especially for weddings and funerals. In the living room, the main hall is dedicated to the ancestors of heaven and earth against the wall, and there are incense burners and statues of tigers and lions on the table; The square table is placed in the center to receive guests; On the left, there is a perennial fire pit made of three stones, commonly known as "Pot Village", which is used to keep warm from the cold and make tea with hot water. Around the fire pit, the family sat together to discuss. The rooms on both sides of the main room are the bedrooms of the husband, son and wife, and also store valuables. Generally, the eldest son is on the left and the second son is on the right. The elderly, children and guest rooms are located in the side hall. There is a mill behind the gate, a granary upstairs and a stable downstairs.
Yi folk architecture
Most of them are built on slopes. Take stone as the wall foundation, build a wall with adobe or soil, put a beam on the wall, spread a board, batten or bamboo on the beam, and then spread a layer of soil on it. Sprinkling water will form a platform roof, which will not leak rain. The threshing floor on the roof has started again. Some girders are placed on wooden columns, padded with wood, covered with thatch or straw, covered with soil and compacted with fine soil. Most of them are bungalows, but there are also two or three floors.
Earth palm house is warm in winter and cool in summer, with good fire prevention performance and very practical.