In the fifty-fifth year of Qing Qianlong (1790), four Huizhou classes, Sanqing, Sixi, Chuntai and Hechun, which were originally performed in the south, entered Beijing one after another, and cooperated with artists from Hubei, accepting some plays, tunes and performance methods of Kunqu Opera and Shaanxi Opera, and absorbing some local folk tunes. [ 1]
Beijing opera has a set of standardized artistic expressions in literature, performance, music, stage art and other aspects. The aria of Beijing Opera is a plate variation, with Huang Er and Xipi as the main vocals. Beijing opera accompaniment can be divided into two categories: piano field and martial arts field. Huqin is the main musical instrument in the field of literature, and drum board is the main musical instrument in the field of martial arts. The roles of Peking Opera are divided into life, Dan, Jing, Ugliness, Miscellaneous, Martial Arts, Liu and so on. The last three lines are no longer independent. Every profession has a performance program, and singing, recitation and performance have their own characteristics. The main performance of Beijing Opera is historical stories. There are more than 1300 traditional plays, and more than 3400 are often performed. [ 1]
Peking Opera spreads all over the country and has a wide influence. It is called "National Opera". The Peking Opera performance system named after Mei Lanfang is considered as the representative of the oriental drama performance system and one of the three major performance systems in the world. Peking Opera is an important manifestation of China traditional culture, in which various artistic elements are used as symbols of China traditional culture. [ 1]
In May 2006, Peking Opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. [2] In 2065438+00, it was listed in UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage and List of Representatives of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity [3].
Chinese name
Beijing opera
Approval time
May 2006
Non-heritage level
The first batch of national intangible cultural heritage
Declared area
Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Shanghai, Shandong and so on.
Foreign name
Beijing opera
Beijing opera
Big heaven and earth class on the small stage of Beijing opera
Play 6082
Representative plays of Peking Opera
more
***24 entries
Yuzhou peak
Cosmic Front is a traditional play of China opera, while Mei Lanfang (Peking Opera), Chen Suzhen (Henan Opera) and Chen Bohua (
Su San's story
Yutangchun is not only the opening play of Beijing Opera, but also one of the most popular plays in China Opera. This play is a Sanqu of Chinatown in Qing Dynasty. The author is unknown. See Feng Menglong for the story.
Changbanpo
"Changbanpo" is a traditional Peking Opera play, the main body of which is taken from Romance of the Three Kingdoms 4 1 set, "... Zhao Zilong rode alone as the savior". The play will be Zhao Yun's rescue of Liu Chan and Wen Yang's seven into seven.
Hero party
Hero is a traditional Beijing opera, adapted from the 45th chapter of Romance of the Three Kingdoms ... Heroes will be recruited by Jiang Gan. The story tells: Jiang Gan, Cao Cao's counselor, made friends with Zhou Yu and asked for advice across the river.
Four schools of Peking Opera
more
***4 entries
Meipai
Founded by Mei Lanfang
Chengpai
Founded by Cheng.
Xunpai
Founded by Xun Huisheng
Shangpai
Founded by Shang Xiaoyun.
"Four Famous Dances" in Beijing Opera
more
***4 entries
Mei Lanfang
Masterpiece: Wuhua Cave
journey
Masterpiece: Dream of a Spring Girl
Shang Xiaoyun
Masterpiece: "Zhao Jun goes out of the fortress"
Xun shenghui
Masterpiece: matchmaker
The Four Faces of Peking Opera
more
***4 entries
ugly
The Four Faces of Peking Opera
clean
The Four Faces of Peking Opera
dawn
The Four Faces of Peking Opera
grow
The Four Faces of Peking Opera
China's famous Peking Opera actor.
more
*** 13 entry
Shen Fucun
Masterpiece: Yu Tangchun
week
Masterpiece: Nagauden
Zhu bingqian
Masterpiece: four scholars
Li Mingyan
Masterpiece: Taijun's resignation to the DPRK
China's Top Ten Dramas
more
*** 10 entries
Beijing opera
Peking Opera, also known as Pingju and Peking Opera, is the most influential opera in China, with Beijing as the center and all over the country. From fifty-five years of Qing Qianlong (1790), original text
Kunqu opera
Kunqu Opera, formerly known as Kunshan Opera, is an ancient opera in China.
Henan opera; Yu Opera；Henan Opera
Henan Opera (English: Henan Opera) originated in the Central Plains (Kaifeng, Henan). It is the largest local opera in China, ranking first among local operas all over the country. Henan Opera is in Yubang.
Ju Ping
Pingju, which spreads in the north of China, is one of the traditional operas of the Han nationality, one of the popular operas, and one of the five major operas in China. Some people think that this is the first case in China.
China's world-class intangible cultural heritage
more
***42 entries
A traditional China Tai Ji Chuan (Tai Ji Chuan)
Selected time: 2020
Wangchuan ceremony
Selected time: 2020
Tibetan medicine bath method
Selected time: 20 18
The 24 Solar Terms
Selected time: 20 16
quick
navigate by water/air
Cultural characteristics represent the inheritance and protection of socially influenced operas.
The development of history
base period
Huizhou merchants have money, and the success of business has triggered a surge in cultural consumption desires [5]. With the development of social economy and the rise of Kunshan dialect, there are many classes who support their families. They try their best to collect songs and dances for Qianlong, Xiajiang and Jiangnan, and are willing to pay a lot of money to package the color art of Anhui opera, which objectively creates conditions for Anhui opera to enter Beijing. Huizhou merchants who ruled the Ming and Qing business circles for more than 500 years were famous for their salt merchants, especially Shexian County in Huangshan, which was rich in salt merchants.
With the development of social economy and the rise of Kunshan dialect, scholars and businessmen in Jiangnan and Jiangbei have started family drama. Huizhou merchants who have made their mark in foreign business circles have followed suit. A Chinese opera troupe used by Huizhou merchants for a long time is called "Huizhou Class" by outsiders. Local operas along the Yangtze River in Anhui, including ancient Huizhou, also began to flourish. They sang Kunqu opera, but they sang a little inadvertently because there was no "five-tone" difference in language. Shipai tune produced in Huaining County, Anqing City, Anhui Province is the most famous.
Huizhou artists went to Yangzhou with local accent, and they were sheltered by their families and strongly supported by Huizhou merchants. They either haunt the pier street or are taken in by the Fu family of Huizhou merchants. With the development of skills, the local accent gradually gained the upper hand.
It is worth mentioning that Jiang Chun, a big salt merchant in Shexian County, is a connoisseur of opera with high taste. He likes opera very much. There are often three or four plays at home, and there are hundreds of guests in pavilions that day. He brought all kinds of famous people together, made different voices complement each other on the same stage, and made the Huizhou class, which has sprung up suddenly, have an open pattern of learning from others. "Jump" and singing, the fire is not normal. At this time, the most famous dramatist was from Anqing. Dou wrote in "Yangzhou Painting Spectrum": Anqing's color art is the best, which is based on local chaos, so some people are hired between local chaos. Huizhou merchants have gained a firm foothold in the business world and become more and more closely related to the art of traditional Chinese opera. The "Huizhou class" with a large number of playwrights has been further developed under the new historical conditions.
Tongguang shisanjue
Shipai is an ancient market town in Huaining County, Anqing City. The word "stone" refers to here, and also refers to Anqing and its thousand ships. Businessmen from Jiangxi, Fujian and Hubei have set up museums here. At that time, in addition to local residents, Shipai used to be boatmen and businessmen. When the problem of survival became easier, they began to establish their own market culture.
At that time, there were as many as 800 drama stages available for performance, not only theaters, theaters, but also flower stands. There are three theaters in Shipai Town. The Changle Grand Theater in Shangzhen Hengjie can accommodate more than 600 people, specially designed for Huizhou tune and leather spring classes. The theater is usually in the ancestral hall. At ordinary times, the ancestral temple theater only sings big plays. Every winter solstice festival, when the clan members are promoted and the clan officials and gentry celebrate their birthdays, they are invited to perform in the theater. In addition, when the ancestral temple is completed, the whole class will be invited to sing opera to congratulate. "Du Jufu" describes: "The beauty of Huizhou class's loss of the sun began with Shipai". It shows that the Anhui class in Anqing once had a glorious history, and many famous Peking Opera predecessors came from this area, so there is a saying that "there is no stone, no class".
In the tiny place of Shipai, a number of outstanding talents such as Hao Tianxiu, Cheng Changgeng and Yang Yuelou have emerged. The first generation of color art is the best. ""No stone (brand) is not a class! "There was a time when it was widely circulated. Careful Beijing opera lovers can easily find that many words in Beijing opera aria are pronounced differently from Beijing dialect. If you know something about Anqing dialect, you will find that these words are exactly the same as those in Anqing dialect.
In the early Republic of China, Anqing had the People's Grand Theatre. At that time, most famous Peking Opera actors in China performed here. They all came to Anqing with a "pilgrimage" mood. The great dramatist Cao Yu got off at Shipai Town in Huaining, and the first sentence was "I'm going on a pilgrimage". People who come out of the old Peking Opera class will not perform in Anqing for ten days and will not sing Lian Ben. At that time, it was considered as a "corner" with no future. Huizhou Opera, which originated in Shipai Township, Anqing Ancient Town, went out of the ancient town and went to Beijing. The glorious historical aura of Huiban's entry into Beijing still hangs over Shipai ancient town.
Anqing is one of the cities that accepted modern civilization earlier in China, and it is also a national historical and cultural city. At the same time, Anqing is also the hometown of Huangmei Opera, a world-famous local opera. Cheng Changgeng Memorial Hall, located in Qianshan County, Anqing City, has collected more than 300 precious objects and pictures, which reproduces the development and prosperity of Peking Opera. In addition, there is Cheng Changgeng's former residence for opera fans to visit.
The starting point of Huiban's trip to Beijing is Yangzhou. Before leaving, the actresses with stunts must gather at the Liyuan General Administration in Zhangsu Street to discuss the departure schedule and performances, and pose together there, shake their sleeves twice and sing some beautiful songs. Sometimes I simply rehearse a few passbook plays, or "Garden" or "Thinking of the Fan", which is full of sounds and feelings and graceful. At that time, the street where Sue sang was very lively.
Beijing opera
Suzhou Singing Street is the only street in old Yangzhou that is directly related to the troupe. When Xu Shangzhi, a salt merchant, recruited Suzhou Kunqu artists, Lao Xu Class, the first Kunqu class in Yangzhou, was on this street.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/790, in order to celebrate Ganlong's eightieth birthday, Yangzhou salt merchant Jiang Heting (Anhui native) organized a Hui Opera Troupe named "Sanqingban" in Anqing, and the artist Gao Langting led it to Beijing to attend the birthday banquet. This Huizhou class mainly sings Huang Er dialect, and also sings Kunqu opera, opera blowing and bangzi. And it is a parallel troupe of various operas. The birthday performance in Beijing is on a grand scale. From Xihuamen to the high-beam bridge outside Xizhimen, a stage is set up every few tens of steps, and the southern accent is transferred to the north, bringing together music from all directions to compete for beauty. Or sing string songs, or shake the fan dance shirt, the front has not stopped, the rear has risen, the group plays gather, and various arts compete for victory. In this art competition, the Sanqing Huizhou class, which entered Beijing for the first time, stood out and attracted much attention. Gao Langting of Sanqing class is from Anqing, Anhui. He was only 16 years old when he entered Beijing. He played the role of Dan and was good at Er Quan accent. "Look at the flowers now" called him: "I am a woman, and I have no strength. You don't need to ask for a song, smile and sit together, depicting the expression of women, and it is almost deformed. "
After the success of Sanqing Class in Beijing, Anhui Class, such as Sixi Class, Riverlip Class and Chuntai Class, gradually dominated the Beijing theater. This is the so-called "Huizhou Class Four goes to Beijing".
***7 sheets
Titles of Peking Opera New Year's Eve Galas over the years
The four major classes in Huizhou have their own strengths, and there is a saying that "the axis of three celebrations, the joy of four joys, the son of Chuntai, the son of Chuntai". Axis refers to being famous for performing the whole drama continuously, Music refers to being good at singing Kunqu opera, Zi refers to winning by martial arts, and Zi refers to being good at channeling.
In Beijing, where the wind of holding Dan prevails, the Gaolang Pavilion with extraordinary skills is naturally favored. After arriving in Beijing, he succeeded Yu Laosi, the former head teacher of Sanqing, in charge of the class for more than 30 years. At the same time, he also served as the head of the "Jingzhong Hall" organized by the Shi Jing Opera Association. Through this organization, he managed the Peking Opera Troupe and the theater, and he also became the leader of the Liyuan. After Gao Lanting, Cheng Changgeng, Xu Xiaoxiang, Yang Yuelou and Liu Gansan all held this post.
By the early years of Jiaqing, Huiban had achieved a dominant position on the stage of Peking Opera. According to "Chinese Dream", "A theater must perform a play with Huizhou class". The largest theaters such as Guangde Building, Guanghe Building, Sanqing Garden and Qingyuan Paradise will also be dominated by Huizhou classes. The following' Huiban',' Small Class' and' Western Class' are all mixed. "
The performance of four Huizhou classes in Beijing opened the prelude to the magnificent history of Chinese Peking Opera for more than 200 years.
Faced with the omnipotent and meticulous artistic advantages of Huizhou class, all kinds of singers in Beijing are unable to compete with it, and most of them turn to Huizhou class. Among them, there are famous dramatists from Beijing Normal University, such as Mi, Hu Bei, a famous dramatist who joined Chuntai class, Han Xiaoyu (Pi Huang), a famous plucker from Hunan who joined Sixi class, and Wang Quanfu, a Beijing-born Peking Opera actor who joined Sanqing class. Thus, the trend of gathering a variety of dramas in Huizhou class has been formed. Therefore, in the process of various operas, Huiban gradually focused on the performance of Pihuang opera, from "Erguotou" to "Sanguotou" and then to "wind stirring snow".
Beijing opera
*** 15 sheets
Beijing opera pictures
Peking Opera, formerly known as Huizhou Opera, was popular in the south of the Yangtze River in the early Qing Dynasty. It mainly sang and blew tunes, played high notes and played Huang Er. Huiban has strong mobility, frequent contact with other operas, and mutual communication and infiltration in vocal cavity. Therefore, in the process of development, it also performed many Kunqu operas, and also absorbed Luoluo cavity and other zaju. In the fifty-fifth year of Qing Qianlong (1790), the first Huizhou class (Sanqing class) headed by Gao Langting (a famous Yueguan) went to Beijing to participate in the celebration performance of Qianlong's 80th birthday. "Yangzhou Painting Boat Record" contains: "Gaolang Pavilion entered Beijing, with Anqing Flower Department and Beijing-Qin Erqiang, and the class name was Sanqing." Yang Maojian's Dream and Storybook, published in the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), also said: "The three celebrations precede the four celebrations. When Qianlong entered the bamboo box in fifty-five years, he called it the' Three Celebrations Emblem', which was the originator of Huizhou class. " Wu Zishu pointed out more specifically in the Notes on Poems with Boundaries that "Na la Wu, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, ordered Zhejiang salt merchants and Anqing Hui people to wish Li." Later, many Huizhou classes went to Beijing in succession. The famous classes are Sanqing, Sixi, Chuntai and Hechun. Although He Shen was founded in the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), which was later than the thirteenth year of Sanqing, it was still called "Huizhou Class Four went to Beijing" by later generations.
incubation period
Qin Hui confluence [6]
In the early Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera (Qingyang Opera) prevailed on the stage of Peking Opera. After the mid-Qianlong period, Kunqu opera gradually declined, and the prosperity of Beijing dialect replaced Kunqu opera to unify the Beijing stage. Forty-five years after Qianlong (1780), Wei Changsheng, a Shaanxi opera artist, came to Beijing from Sichuan. Wei took the Shuangqing class to perform "Rolling the Ground" and "Holding the Baby into the House" in Shaanxi Opera. Wei Changsheng is handsome in appearance, sweet in voice, euphemistic in singing and exquisite in workmanship. The publication of "Rolling the Floor" caused a sensation in Beijing. Shuangqing class is also called "the first in Kyoto". From then on, Peking Opera began to decline. The six famous classes of Peking Opera, Dacheng, Wang Fu, Qing Yu, Qing Yu, Cuiqing and Baohe, were neglected and joined the Shaanxi Opera class to make a living. In the fifty years of Qianlong (1785), the Qing court banned Wei Changsheng from performing in Beijing and expelled Wei Changsheng from Beijing. [7]
In the fifty-fifth year of Qianlong (1790), after Sanqing class settled in Beijing (the class was located in Hanjiatai Hutong), there were also classes such as Sixi, seven show, Nicui, Chuntai, Hechun, Sanhe, Songzhu, Jinyu, Dajing and so on performing in Dashilan area. Among them, Sanqing, Sixi, Hekou and Chuntai are the most famous, so they are also called "Huizhou Four Classes". [7]
According to Han Diao, Chuntai class entered Beijing before the late Qianlong period, and started as the pillar of Chuntai class in Beijing, which proves that Chuntai class entered Beijing earlier than Sixi and Chunchun. Chuntaiban is in Baishun Hutong. [7]
Sixi class came to Beijing at the beginning of Jiaqing. Hui Opera and Kunqu Opera are staged at the same time, especially Kunqu Opera, so there is a class called "A Peach Blossom Fan in a new row and four happy classes scattered everywhere" located in Shaanxi Lane. [7]
Hechun Class was founded in the eighth year of Jiaqing (1804) in Guaixie Street, Litie. This class is good at Wushu. Daoguang was dissolved in the 13th year (1853).
The repertoire and performance style of "Four Classes in Huizhou" have their own strengths, so they are sometimes called "the axis of three celebrations, the joy of four joys, the handle of spring and the son of the stage of spring". "Huizhou Class Four" not only sings Huizhou tunes, but also uses Kunqu Opera, Blowing Opera, Siping Opera and Bangzi Opera. In the performing arts, it absorbs and draws lessons from the strengths of various operas and integrates them into Huizhou Opera. At the same time, the performance lineup is neat and the repertoire is rich, which is quite popular with Beijing audiences. Since Wei Changsheng was forced to leave Beijing, Shaanxi Opera has been depressed. In order to make a living, Shaanxi opera artists have joined the Huizhou class one after another, forming a situation of the integration of Anhui opera and Shaanxi opera. In the process of the confluence of Hui and Qin, Hui classes widely absorbed the essence of Shaanxi opera singing and performance, transplanted a large number of scripts, and created favorable conditions for the further development of Hui opera art [7][8]
Hui-Han confluence
Han Opera is popular in Hubei, and Huang Er and Xipi in its voice cavity are related to Hui Opera. Anhui Opera and Han Opera had extensive artistic blending before entering Beijing. Following the last years of Qianlong, Mi Ying, a famous Chinese opera master, went to Beijing, and at the beginning of Daoguang (182 1), Li Liu, Wang Honggui, Long Deyun and others, famous Chinese opera elders, went to Beijing successively to sing in Chuntai and Chunban of Huiban respectively. Mi Ying was first famous for singing Guan Yu's plays, and Cheng Changgeng, the monitor of Sanqing, first taught all the red and clean plays in Mi Ying. Li Liu is good at drunk writing scary books and sweeping snow; Wang Honggui is famous for "Let Chengdu" and "pass the parcel Cao"; Xiao Shenglong Deyun is good at performing plays, such as Shooting at the Jib at the Yuanmen and The Yellow Crane Tower. Yu Sansheng, with a mellow voice, beautiful singing and both civil and military skills, is famous for performing such old dramas as Dingjun Mountain, Shiro Visiting Mother, Selling Horses as Hemp, and Touching Monuments. After the actors of Han Opera joined the Hui Opera, they integrated tunes, performance skills and repertoires into the Hui Opera, which made the singing of the Hui Opera increasingly rich and perfect, and the singing method and singing style were more Beijing-like, which was easy to be accepted by Beijingers. [7][5]
Big broken copper net array Bai Yutang
In the twenty-five years of Daoguang (1845), Mingtang was the foreman of old students. After the confluence of Hui and Han Dynasties, Hubei Xipi tune and Anhui Huang Er tune were exchanged again. The confluence of Hui, Qin and Han laid the foundation for the birth of Peking Opera. [7]
formative period
From the 20th year of Daoguang to the 10th year of Xianfeng (1840- 1860), Peking Opera was formed by the confluence of Hui Opera, Qin Opera and Han Opera, absorbing the strengths of Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera. One of its signs: the tune is complete and rich, surpassing any of the three major operas of Hui, Qin and Han. Singing is a mixture of banqiang and Qupai styles. The vocal cavity is mainly Huang Er and Xipi; Second, the business is generally complete; Third, a number of Peking Opera plays have been formed. Fourthly, Cheng Changgeng, Yu Sansheng and Zhang Erkui are the representative figures in the early stage of Peking Opera, and they are called "old pedant, three outstanding figures" and "three Ding Jia", namely Zhang Erkui, Cheng Changgeng and Yu Sansheng. They have their own characteristics in singing and performing styles, and have made outstanding contributions to the main melody, Xipi, Ersong and the form of Peking Opera, as well as the creation of spoken language and pronunciation with Beijing language characteristics. [7]
Among the first generation of Peking Opera actors, there are still old students, such as Lu Shengkui, Xue, Zhang Rulin and. Xiao Shenglong Deyun and Xu Xiaoxiang; Hu Dan Xilu, Rojov, Mei Qiaoling; Ugly Yang Mingyu, Liu Gansan; Hao Lantian and Tan Zhidao, Lao Dan; Jing Zhu, Ma Zi, Ren Hua face, etc. , all have unique creations to enrich the vocal cavity and performing arts in all walks of life. Mei Qiaoling, the monitor of Sixi Class, bravely broke through the old rules of strict division of labor between Tsing Yi and Hua Dan, and opened up a new road for Dan Jiao's singing art [7].
Thirteen Musts of Tongguang is a portrait of a famous figure in the history of Peking Opera, painted by Shen Rongpu, a folk painter in the late Qing Dynasty. He referred to the figure painting form of The Thirteen Musts of Peking Opera painted by the painter He Shikui in the middle of Qing Dynasty, and selected thirteen famous actors (Cheng Changgeng, Lu Shengkui, Zhang Shengkui, Yang Yuelou, Tan Xinpei, Xu Xiaoxiang, Mei Qiaoling, Shi, Yu) on the Peking Opera stage during the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods of Qing Dynasty (1860- 1890). This painting was acquired by Zhu Fuchang, an evolutionary society, in 32 years of the Republic of China (1943). Restore and photocopy it, and attach a volume of Thirteen Biographies of Celebrities in Tongguang. [7]
Tongguang actress 13 absolutely
mature period
From 1883 to 19 18, Peking Opera entered a mature stage, represented by Tan Xinpei, Wang Guifen and Sun Juxian. Among them, Tan Xinpei inherited the strengths of Cheng Changgeng, Yu Sansheng, Zhang Erkui and other great artists, and through creation and development, pushed the art of Peking Opera to a new and mature realm. In his artistic practice, Tan learned from others, borrowed from Kunqu Opera, Bangzi, Drum, Beijing Opera, Tsing Yi, Hualien, etc., and merged into singing, forming a "Tan School" with a unique singing artistic style, forming a situation of "learning Tan without a cavity". After the 1920s, Yan, Yan, Ma and others all developed into different artistic schools on the basis of Tan School. Wang Guifen, an artist living in Cheng Changgeng, has a strong and melancholy voice, solemn and stirring, simple tone, and comments on "Roaring Tigers and Singing Dragons". He has the reputation of "Chang Geng reincarnation" because "imitation can confuse the truth". Sun Juxian, 18 years old, chose Wu Xiucai, who is good at singing Peking Opera and often sings at the box office. At the age of 36, he joined Cheng Changgeng. He is very loud and comfortable. Nianbai is not limited to Huguang sound and Zhongzhou rhyme, but mostly uses Beijing sound and Beijing characters, which sounds kind and natural. The performance is generous and realistic, close to life. The "three masters after the older generation" have their own emphases and different artistic styles. Judging from the comprehensive balance, his combination of civil and military skills is unstoppable, and his artistic attainments and development of Peking Opera far exceed that of Wang and Sun. During Guangxu period, Tan Xinpei was known as the "King of Music", and its position in the drama world was comparable to that of Cheng Changgeng. [7]
In the tenth year of Xianfeng (186 1), Peking Opera began to be performed in the court. From the sixth day of May to the end of that year, there were performances by Sanqing Class, Sixi Class, Shuangkui Class and Foreign Class (Peking Opera Class). In the 9th year of Guangxu (1883), Cixi celebrated her 50th birthday, and 18 people, including Zhang Qilin, Yang Longshou, Bao Fushan, Cai Fulu and Yan Fuxi, were selected to serve in the palace, not only singing, but also teaching Peking Opera and imparting skills to eunuchs. Since then, every year, famous artists such as Sun Juxian, Wang Langxian, Yu,,, and Mu have entered the palace to serve. Because Cixi loves Peking Opera, famous Peking Opera artists frequently enter the palace to perform, and the momentum is getting stronger and stronger. In the same period, Guangde Building, Sanqing Garden, Qingyuan Garden, Zhonghe Garden and Wenming Garden performed Peking Opera every day, forming a unified situation of Peking Opera. In the mature stage of Peking Opera, in addition to "Old Master Q's three outstanding figures", Xu Tang Yin and Jia Honglin were born. Wu Sheng: Jusheng Yu, Yang Longshou; Good lines: He Jiashan, Huang Runfu, Jin Xiushan, Qiu Guixian, Liu Yongchun and so on. Xiao Sheng: Wang, De Junru, Lu Huayun; Dan Xing:, Tian Guifeng,, Zhu; Winners: Wang Changlin, Zhang Hei, Luo Baisui, Xiao Changhua and Guo Chunshan. The rise of Dan religion in this period formed a trend that Dan religion and holy religion kept pace. Jusheng Yu, a martial artist, was the first man to stand on his own feet. It is called "the originator of martial arts" by later generations. The above-mentioned famous artists have innovated and developed in inheritance, and their singing skills have become increasingly mature, pushing Beijing opera to a new height. [7]
Peak period
From 19 17, a large number of outstanding Peking Opera actors emerged, showing the vigorous development of various schools, from the mature stage to the heyday. The representatives of this period are Mei Lanfang and Yu Shuyan. [7]
Four famous Peking Opera actors
1927, Beijing Shuntian Times held a Beijing Opera actress selection. The results of readers' voting: Mei Lanfang won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in The Legend of Tai Zhen, Shang Xiaoyun won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in Modern Jia Nv, Cheng won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in Hong Fu Nv, and Xun Huisheng won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in Dan Qing Introduction. The emergence of the "four great talents" is an important symbol of the prosperity of Beijing opera. They created their own artistic styles, and formed the "four schools", such as Mei Lanfang's dignified and elegant, Shang Xiaoyun's handsome and vigorous, Cheng's profound euphemism and Xun Huisheng's charming and charming, which created the pattern of taking Dan as the main factor in the Peking Opera stage. After Jusheng Yu and Yang Yuelou, the martial artist Yang Xiaolou developed the performance art of Beijing opera martial artists to a new height, and was known as "the master of traditional Chinese opera" and "the master of martial artists". Together with, Yan and Ma, they were called the "four big students" in the 1920s. At the same time, Shi, Wang Fengqing and Guan Dayuan are also outstanding talents in their careers. In the late 1930s, Yu, Yan and Gao withdrew from the stage one after another, and they were called "four big students" together with Ma, Tan, Xi Xiaobo and Yang. Meng Xiaodong, female, with high artistic attainments, has the artistic demeanor of a teacher in Yu Shuyan. [7]
1in the autumn of 936, Beijing opera lovers and audiences in universities and middle schools in Beijing wrote to the newspaper, proposing to choose Peking opera child stars. Zhang, president of Liancheng Society, reached an agreement with Jin, president of Liyan Newspaper in Beiping. The newspaper issued a notice to accept votes from all walks of life, published the voting figures in the newspaper day by day, and invited several people from Yunshi Society to supervise the newspaper. The voting date is set to be half a month, and the heads of Chinese Opera School and Fulian City Club, as well as The Times, Practice, Beijing Evening News and Drama Newspaper, also sent people to the scene to check the tickets. As a result of the election, Li Shifang of Fulian City Society won about 10,000 votes and was elected as "Chairman of Tongling". Wang Jinlu, champion of the Ministry of Health, and Ye Shichang, runner-up; Danjiao champion Mao Shilai, runner-up Song Dezhu; Qiu Shirong, champion of Clean Corner, and Zhao Deyu, runner-up; Master Zhan, clown champion, and Yin Jinzhen, runner-up. After the election, a celebration was held at the Fulian City Club of Hufangqiao, and a coronation ceremony was held at the Hua Le Theater in Xianyukou that night. Li Shifang and Yuan Shihai performed Farewell My Concubine. [7]
After Tong Ling was elected, Li Shifang, Zhang Junqiu, Mao Shilai and Song Dezhu were elected as the "Four Little Famous Danes", and the "Four Little Famous Danes" jointly performed "The Legend of the White Snake" and "Four Five Flowers Cave" in Chang 'an and Xinxin Theater to show their congratulations. [7]
Various schools and talented people come forth in large numbers, which is another symbol of the heyday of Beijing opera. During this period, besides Yang School (), Mei School (Mei Lanfang), Shang School (Shang Xiaoyun), Cheng School () and Xun School (Xun Huisheng), Xiao Yu School (Xiao Cuihua), Song School (Song Dezhu) and Zhang School () appeared. Yu School (,), Gao School (,), Yan School (,), Ma School (,Xi Xiaobo), Yang School () and Xintan School () in the old life; Jin School (), Hou School (), Hao School () and Qiu School () formed after 1950s; Jiang School (Jiang Miaoxiang) and Ye School (Ye Shenglan) in Xiao Sheng Xing; Gong School (Gong Yunfu) and Li School (Li Duokui) in Lao Danxing; Leaf pie (leaf), etc. At the same time, there are many Peking Opera actors, such as Wang Fengqing, Xiaodong Meng, Shi, Wang, Li, and so on. Yan, Xu Biyun, Zhu, Xue Yanqin, Xin, Zhang Zhuoyun, Jin Shaomei, Bi, Qin Xuefang,, Tong Lingzhi, Liang Xiaoluan, Wu Suqiu, Zhao Yanxia, Du Jinfang, Chen Yongling, etc. KAI, Rufulan and Cheng Jixian in the niche; Guo Chunshan, Ci Ruiquan, Ma Fulu and Zhang Chunhua.
***4 sheets
Contemporary famous actors
2010 165438+1October16 Peking Opera was listed in the "Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity".
Cultural characteristics
summary
Beijing opera is good at expressing political and military struggles with historical themes, and most of the stories are taken from historical romances and novel scripts. There are not only the whole drama, but also a large number of passbook dramas, in addition to some series. [ 17]
technique of expression
The four artistic skills of Beijing opera performance: singing, reading, doing and playing are also the four basic skills of Beijing opera performance.
Singing refers to singing, while reciting refers to musical chanting, which complement each other and form a "song", which is one of the two major elements of the performing arts of singing, dancing and Peking Opera. Doing refers to the body movements, fighting and tumbling skills of dance, which are combined with each other to form a "dance", which is one of the two major elements of the performing arts of song, dance and Beijing opera.
Opera actors should be trained from these four aspects since childhood, although some actors are good at singing (singing to the old age), some are mainly engaged in work (Hua Dan), and some are mainly engaged in martial arts (Jason Wu). But every actor must have four basic skills: singing, reading, doing and acting. Only in this way can we give full play to the artistic characteristics of Beijing opera. Better express and portray all kinds of characters in the play.
Beijing opera is a highly comprehensive art, with singing, dancing, dialogue, martial arts and various symbolic movements. [7]
Industry classification
The classification of Peking Opera is mainly based on the characters' personality characteristics besides their natural attributes (gender, age) and social attributes (identity, occupation). The old saying of "Seven Lines and Seven Subjects" in Peking Opera Club: Seven lines are healthy line, Dan line (also known as professional line), clean line, ugly line, miscellaneous line, martial line and popular.
Beijing opera industry
Everything on the stage of Beijing opera does not appear according to the true colors of life. The roles on the stage of Peking Opera do not appear according to the true colors of people in life, but are artistically exaggerated in makeup and costumes according to the gender, personality, age, occupation and social status of the roles played, thus dividing the roles on the stage into four types: life, Dan, purity and ugliness. These four special terms in Peking Opera are called "Shang". [9]