Senior military attache figurines, commonly known as general figurines, are very few in the pit of Qin figurines, and less than ten pieces have been unearthed. There are two kinds: general figurines in battle robes and general figurines in armor. Their common characteristics are wearing a crown, tall and burly, outstanding temperament and graceful demeanor. Samurai's clothes are simple, but his chest is decorated with flower knots, while his chest, back and shoulders are decorated with eight colorful flower knots, which are colorful and elegant, setting off his rank, status and prestige in the army.

Sergeant statue

Cheshi, that is, the soldiers on the chariot except the coachman (coachman). Generally, there are two soldiers on a chariot, namely, left figurines and right figurines. The figurines on the left side of the chariot are covered with long rafts, armour, shin guards, spears, spears, daggers, halberds and other long weapons in their left hand, and the right hand presses the chariot. The clothing of the right fighter is the same as that of the left fighter, but the posture is opposite. They are the main battle forces of chariots, but according to the literature, there are certain differences in weapon configuration and operational responsibilities. From the weapons found around the site of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, it can be seen that the left and right sides of Qin Dynasty chariots were equipped with long weapons such as swords and spears and long weapons such as crossbows, indicating that the division of labor between the left and right sides of chariots was not very clear at that time. On the chariot, in addition to the commander of spear soldiers and the figurines on the left and right sides of the chariot, there are also military attache figurines who command operations. Military attaché s are divided into high and low levels and have the responsibility of operational command.

Vertical shooting figurine

Vertical shooting figurines are a special unit in Qin figurines. Unearthed on the east side of No.2 pit, the weapon is crossbow. Together with the kneeling figures, they formed the crossbowman army. The vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the battle line, dressed in light combat robes, tied in a bun, with a belt around their waist and pointed toes, and their clothes are light and flexible. This posture is as recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue, "The shooting method is that the left foot is vertical and the right foot is horizontal. If the left hand supports the branch and the right hand holds the child, this is also the way to hold the crossbow. " The posture of the vertical shooting figurines is consistent with the literature records, which shows that the shooting skills in the Qin Shihuang era have developed to a high level, and various movements have formed a set of standardized models, which have been inherited by future generations.

Kneeling statue

On the east side of No.2 pit, a kneeling figurine similar to the vertical shooting figurine was unearthed, and its weapon was crossbow, which together with the vertical shooting figurine formed the crossbowmen array. Vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the array, and kneeling figurines are located in the center of the array. Archers and terracotta warriors are dressed in battle robes and armor, with their heads tied in a bun on the left side, their feet on square pointed shoes, their left legs squatting, their right knees touching the ground, their upper bodies turning slightly to the left, and their hands swinging up and down on the right side of their bodies with bows, showing the practice of individual soldiers holding bows. In the sculpture art of kneeling figures, one thing is very valuable, that is, their soles are carefully portrayed by craftsmen with dense stitches, which reflects the extremely rigorous realism spirit and makes the viewers of later generations feel a very rich life atmosphere from Qin terracotta warriors.

Fighter image

Warriors are ordinary soldiers. As the main body of the military array, the largest number of unearthed terracotta warriors are pits, which can be divided into two categories according to their different clothes, namely, warriors in battle robes and armored warriors. As the main battle force, it is distributed in the whole army array. Warrior warriors are mostly distributed in the front, flexible and mobile; The figure of armored soldiers is distributed in the array. Both types of soldiers are armed with actual combat weapons, with high temperament and movement in silence.

Statue of military officials

In terms of identity, military attaché s are lower than ordinary people and have middle and lower classes. From the appearance, there are several different forms of wearing double crown or single crown and armor. Military attache figurines are different from general figurines in dress, but they are also slightly different in spirit. Military attache figurines are generally not as plump and majestic as general figurines, but they are relatively tall, broad-shouldered, tall and solemn as a whole. It also shows that they are diligent in thinking and brave and capable.

Cavalry statue

1 16 cavalry figurines unearthed in No.2 pit are mostly used for wartime surprise attacks. Because of the special arms, the clothing of cavalry is obviously different from that of infantry and chariots. They wear small round hats, jackets with tight sleeves and right lapels, tight cuffs, short boots, short and small armor, no shoulders and no armor on their hands. The clothes are short and light, with a horse in one hand and a bow in the other. From this special costume, we can clearly see that from the ancient cavalry tactics, the agility of knights is a basic requirement. The cavalry statue unearthed in No.2 Square is the earliest cavalry object found in the archaeological history of our country so far. Therefore, it provides very precious archaeological data for the study of cavalry costumes and equipment at that time.

Hand-controlled figurine

The commander is the driver of the chariot, and all three pits have been unearthed. They are dressed in long rafts, armor, arm armor and wrist, hand armor, leggings, necklaces around their necks, scarves and long crowns on their heads, and arms raised in front of them to pull the rope. Because chariots are extremely lethal in ancient wars, the position of riders is particularly important in ancient wars, especially in chariot wars, and even directly related to the outcome of the war.

Qin figurine painting

terracotta warriors and horses of qin shihuang mausoleum

There are eight main colors in the painting of Qin figurines: red, green, blue, yellow, purple, brown, white and black. If you add different shades of color, such as vermilion, pink, bordeaux, medium yellow, pink purple, pink green and so on. There will be more than a dozen colors. Tests show that these colors are minerals. Red is made of cinnabar, red lead and ochre. Green is malachite, blue is azurite, purple is the synthesis of lead and azurite, brown is limonite, white is lead white and kaolin, and black is amorphous carbon. These minerals are the main pigments in China's traditional paintings. The use of such rich mineral pigments in the Terracotta Warriors shows that the working people in China were able to produce and widely use these pigments more than 2,000 years ago. This is of great significance not only in the history of painting art, but also in the history of world science and technology. The painting techniques of Qin terracotta warriors also have many unique features. Generally, the surface of pottery figurines is treated before painting. Because pottery figurines are plain pottery without glaze, there are many capillary holes, and the surface can't be smooth. But painting requires that the pores should not be too many or too few, and the surface should not be too slippery or too astringent. In order to meet this requirement, it seems that the surface of pottery figurines is evenly coated with very fine mud before firing, and after calendering, the pores are reduced and the smoothness is improved. At the same time, the fired pottery figurines seem to have undergone chemical and physical treatment. From the observation of the cross section of the pottery figurines, it is also proved that the surface of the pottery figurines was coated with fine mud before firing, and some parts were coated more than once. The surface of the pottery figurines is also coated with a thin layer of colloidal substance, which reduces the close adhesion between the pottery figurines and makes the paintings difficult to fall off. Painting techniques adopt different methods according to different parts. Generally, the faces, hands and feet of pottery figurines are painted with a layer of ochre, then with a layer of white, and then with a layer of pink, so that the color tone is as close as possible to people's skin color. Colorful paintings of robes, shorts, shoes, etc. The plane painting of one color is adopted, but different colors are used for comparison between sleeves and cuffs, and between nail plates and nail belts, showing the texture of nail clothes. Some beards and eyebrows are treated with fine black hair. In short, the painting process is complex, the techniques are diverse, and the coloring is exquisite, which fully shows the level and texture of painting, so that sculpture and painting can achieve the artistic effect of complementing each other. Some of these painting techniques were inherited by the Han Dynasty. Painted pottery figurines and horses strictly simulate real objects, but warm colors are the main colors in the mastery of color tones, and cold colors are rarely used. The use of red, blue, green and other colors skillfully shows the power of Qin Jun. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses embody the wisdom of the ancient people in China, and the wisdom of the ancient people in China cannot be underestimated. Terracotta Warriors and Horses are a miracle all over the world, which makes foreigners envy and China people proud.