Bai nationality's name
Bai people call themselves "Bai Zi", "Bai Ni" and "Bai Gang", which means "Bai" in Chinese. There are more than 60 nicknames of Bai people, including Jia Min, Nama and Lemo. Bai people living in Dali, Kunming and Sangzhi, Hunan Province, are called "Jia Min" in Chinese. The Bai people living in Lijiang, Diqing and Nujiang are called "Nama" in Naxi and "Lemo" in Lisu. In Tibetan, it is called Laibo; In Yi language, it is called Loubu, Robben and Rocky Slope. The Bai people in Guizhou have different names, such as seven surnames, nine surnames, Luomao, Longjiang people and Nanjing people. The Bai people in Weining, Guizhou are called "people with seven surnames" because they have seven surnames.
According to documents, the ancestors of the Bai nationality are a mixture of native Kunming people, Heman people around Erhai Lake, Miao and Qiang people in the south of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and some ethnic groups such as Bo people, Yi people, Bo people, Ailao people, Yunnan people and Han people. Before Yuan Dynasty, some ancestors of Bai nationality, Yi nationality and Dai nationality were all named as "Bai Man", "Wu Man", "Shang Yi", "Xia Yi", "Bai Yi" and "Bo Yi". After the Yuan Dynasty, people with cultural attributes close to the Han nationality were recognized as a nation and called "white people". "White people" is the earliest unified name of Bai ancestors today, and it has been called "home of people" since Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the founding of New China, 1956, 1 1 June, according to the wishes of the majority of Bai people, "Bai" was officially confirmed as a unified national name.
Bai nationality economy
The Bai nationality's economy is dominated by agriculture, with relatively developed handicrafts and commerce, and its production level is basically the same as that of the surrounding Han nationality.
Traces of ditches were found in the Neolithic site in Canger. However, at the Haimenkou site in Jianchuan, it is found that residents have been engaged in raising livestock and agriculture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, bronze culture appeared in Erhai area. During the Shu-Han period, Erhai area had developed into "paddy field animal husbandry". By the Tang Dynasty, Bai ancestors were able to build Cangshan "Gaohe" water conservancy project and irrigate tens of thousands of hectares. Building mountain terraces, Deng Chuan Luoshi River flood diversion project.
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the social and economic development in Bai areas was unbalanced. Generally speaking, the feudal landlord economy has an absolute advantage and the capitalist economy has developed. In some mountainous areas, especially in alpine regions, there are still remnants of feudal lords, slavery and even primitive communes.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the democratic reform was completed in the central part of Dali, where the Bai people mainly lived, and the socialist transformation was basically completed in 1953 and 1956. In the Bai nationality areas ruled by Tusi, such as the remnants of feudal lords such as Lake Water and Liuku, democratic reforms were completed through peaceful consultation. In Bijiang, Fugong and other Bai areas with a large population and little class differentiation, we will focus on developing economy and culture and gradually complete the reform task.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the areas inhabited by Bai people developed rapidly. Great progress has also been made in education, medical care and health care. The Bai people already have a considerable number of professors, writers, doctors and various scientific researchers. The economic development in the Bai area is becoming more and more prosperous.
Bai culture
Religious belief
Worship of God is a religion that all Bai people believe in. The white name of the Lord is "Wu Zeng", which is the abbreviation of "Bless the Lord in this environment", meaning "my master". They are the protectors of the Bai village community. Some villages worship one master, while others worship the same master. As long as people and things closely related to the Baicun community can become masters, there are not only mountains and rivers, trees, insects and fish, birds and animals with strong primitive religious colors, but also Buddhist and Taoist gods, Confucian model figures and folklore. There are both royal aristocrats and heroic civilians; There are not only Bai people, but also Han people and other nationalities. This fully embodies the inclusive characteristics of worship of the Lord. Every owner has his own festival, which is the main temple fair. In the daily life of the Bai people, there are not only festivals and major events, but also weddings, funerals, diseases and disasters, and long-distance travel. Sacrifice in this main temple and pray for God's blessing.
In addition, Taoism and _ _ also have certain influence among the Bai people.
Dress
Bai costumes have formed their own national characteristics in the long historical development process. Bai people advocate white, and their clothing styles are slightly different from place to place, and white clothes are noble.
From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the ancestors of Bai nationality "wore feather crowns" with Dianchi Lake as the center. In the bronze dance statues unearthed in Shizhai Mountain, Jinning, dancers are all wearing feather crowns, long feathers on their heads, bare upper bodies and striped skirts with animal skins and feathers. Erhai area, Xi 'erman, one of the ancestors of Bai nationality in the early Tang Dynasty, men and women wore felt skins and skirts, and men and women were barefoot. There are five clouds in Yunnan Annals: "There are men in white in the east, and couples in white, but they can't kneel." "Woman, don't make up, with crisp hair. You wear brocade as your skirt. " "If the fourth army is below Luo Mao, it is not allowed to wear horns when the amount is a bun; When the top is tied with a bun, cover it with felt. Vulgarity is common, but headgear has special ears. Nanzhao uses HongLing, and the rest uses soap silk. " "Cao Chang will wear a gold belt." "Those with extraordinary skills will have to wear all polo skins (tiger skins)." The Nanzhao royal family, Qingping officials and generals have all served Hanfu, with round neck, wide robe and big sleeves, wide pants, tight legs and boots. The imperial edict's head sac is Zhong Ding style, the civil servant's head sac is black lotus style, and the military attache's head sac is tiger head style.
The costumes of the Bai people in Dali, the royal family and officials all wear silks and satins. The wearing of color in Yuan Dynasty "slightly originated from Han Dynasty", "Men wear felt-like vertebral bun, and women don't apply powder, which makes them crisp. Green yarn is woven around the head system and wrapped in a black scarf. Ear gold ring, arm wrapped in ivory. The clothes are embroidered, and the semi-fine felt is the top. "
Men in central areas such as Dali usually wrap white or blue buns, wear white double-breasted clothes, black collars and jackets, and wear white and blue pants. Bai men in the east of Erhai Lake wear suede collars, or leather and satin collars, embroidered bellies and blue or black trousers at the waist. When they go out, they often carry bags, and some even carry long knives.
Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, on the whole, the costumes of Bai people are similar everywhere, while the costumes of women are different everywhere.
Women's wear varies from place to place. In Dali area, people often wrap their heads with embroidered cloth or colored towels, and wear white coats and red vests, or light blue coats and coats with black velvet collars. Silver ornaments of "three beards" and "five beards" are hung on the right, and short waist, wide blue trousers and embroidered shoes are embroidered at the waist. Married people tie their hair in a bun, while unmarried people hang it on their backs or braid it on their heads, all of which are wrapped in embroidery, printing or colored towels. There is a familiar word on the headdress of Bai girls, and that is: romantic love. Commentary: the hat of the Bai girl, Keiko hanging down is the wind of Shimonoseki; Gorgeous floral decorations are flowers on the gate; The top of the hat is as white as Cangshan snow; The curved shape is the moon in Erhai Lake.
Women's headdresses are even more colorful: unmarried women in Dali comb their braids, put them outside the flower handkerchief, wrap them with flower ribbons, and hang a bunch of Bai Liusu on the left; After marriage, the braid is changed into a bun, put on the top of the head, wrapped with a dyed or batik blue cloth handkerchief and wrapped with plain cloth strips. Girls in Yufeng, Deng Chuan and Eryuan like to wear "Fengpa"; In some places, flowers are wrapped in towels or braids are wrapped around their heads, and then a bunch of red ropes are wrapped around them; In some places, the headdress is "one tile"; In some places, people's heads are covered with many pieces of head cloth, and the outermost piece of cloth is embroidered with patterns that Bai people like. It's especially nice to surround it with headbands of various colors. Women like bracelets and pendant earrings with jade or silver. Urban residents wear more Chinese clothes, while young people love fashion.
Hand-thank: In Fengyubaozi, Eryuan County, Yunnan Province, Bai girls and their daughters-in-law have learned the custom of making hand-thank since childhood. Women who can't make birthday shoes are often ridiculed as incompetent. Hand shoes, made of red satin or cloth. A long-lived pattern is spelled out on the toe, and an elegant pine and cypress is embroidered under the pattern, embroidered with blue silk thread; The heel of the vamp is a symmetrical right triangle pattern; Three-layer sole. Wearing long-lived shoes marks that people have entered old age, which is both blessed and blessed. Talents usually start to wear their first pair of shoes on their 60th birthdays.