Geography, administrative divisions and resources Yunnan is located in the southwest of the motherland, referred to as "Yunnan" for short. Located between 2 1.8' 32 "north latitude and 29. 15' 8" east longitude, the Tropic of Cancer runs through the south. The whole province is located in the low latitude zone south of 300 north latitude. Yunnan is an inland province with a total area of 394,000 square kilometers. It is 864.9 kilometers long from east to west and 990 kilometers long from north to south, accounting for 4. 1% of the total land area of the country, ranking eighth in the country after Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Heilongjiang, Gansu and Inner Mongolia.
Yunnan has a unique geographical advantage. It is the most important land route for China to enter Southeast Asia, South Asia and countries in this region. Yunnan is adjacent to Guizhou Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in the east, Sichuan Province in the north, Xizang Autonomous Region in the northwest, Myanmar in the west and Laos and Viet Nam in the south. The border between Yunnan and neighboring countries is 4060 kilometers long, accounting for1/5 of the total length of the inland border; There are 8 prefectures and 25 counties (cities) in this province bordering the above three neighboring countries respectively.
Yunnan is an important gateway for China to Southeast Asia and South Asia by land. It is the main channel for friendly exchanges and economic and trade exchanges between the Chinese nation and the people in the above areas. As the southwest gateway of China, Yunnan plays an extremely important role. Yunnan is connected with Southeast Asia and South Asia by mountains and rivers, which forms a huge geographical advantage. This advantage provides good conditions for Yunnan and Southeast Asian people to develop economy, trade, cultural exchanges and tourism. Yunnan has become a bridge and link between China and Southeast Asia and South Asia.
As of 1999, there are 16 regional units in Yunnan Province. Three prefecture-level cities: Kunming, Qujing and Yuxi; 8 ethnic autonomous prefectures: Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Autonomous Prefecture, Wei Chu, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture; 5 regions: Zhaotong, Simao, Baoshan, Lijiang and Lincang.
Yunnan is located in the first to second grade of the third terrace topography in China. The terrain is low in the southwest and low in the east, high in the north and low in the south, showing a ladder shape. The terrain is complex and diverse, including mountains, canyons, rivers and lakes. The plateau mountainous area accounts for 94% of the total area of the province, and it is a plateau mountainous province.
The topography of Yunnan fluctuates greatly. The highest point is Kage Peak, which is the main peak of Meili Snow Mountain in Deqin County, northwest Yunnan, with an altitude of 6740 meters. The lowest point is the intersection of nanxi river and Yuanjiang, the estuary of southern Yunnan, with an altitude of only 76.4 meters. The shortest distance between the highest point and the lowest point is about 900 kilometers and the height difference is more than 6000 meters.
The types of landforms in Yunnan are complex and diverse. There are undulating low mountains and round hills in the east, and various types of karst landforms are developed. For example: Shilin, Yiliang, Jiuxiang Cave, Qiubei Puzhehei, Luxi Aru Ancient Cave, Jianshui Yanzi Cave, etc. The west is the longitudinal valley area of Hengduan Mountains, where mountains and canyons alternate with each other, and the terrain is magnificent and steep, among which the parallel flow of the three rivers is the most spectacular.
Among the ups and downs of plateau mountains in the whole province, there are many fault basins. There are 442 dams 1442 with an area greater than l square kilometers and 49 dams with an area greater than 100 square kilometers in the whole province. The largest dam is Lvliang Dam, with an area of 77 1.99 km. Yunnan is a "kingdom of mountains" with many mountains. There are 30 major peaks with an altitude of over 2,500 meters in the province, among which the famous mountains with an altitude of over 5,000 meters are Meili Snow Mountain, Baimang Snow Mountain, Taizi Snow Mountain, Yulong Snow Mountain, Haba Snow Mountain and Robbie Snow Mountain.
Because Yunnan's topography is based on the longitudinal valleys of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Hengduan Mountains, the western part is characterized by high mountains and deep valleys, and the eastern part is characterized by the wide distribution of plateau lakes, mountains and karst landscapes, which constitutes a distinctive, unique and colorful tourism resource advantage.
There are more than 600 rivers, large and small, distributed on the land of Yunnan. There are many rivers and the water system is very complicated. The main rivers are Jinsha River, Lancang River, Nujiang River and Nanpanjiang River. There are many plateau freshwater lakes in Yunnan, which is one of the provinces with the largest number of lakes in China, with more than 40 large and small lakes. There are 37 lakes with an area exceeding 1 km2, with a total area of 1.066 km2, a catchment area of 9,000 km2 and a total storage capacity of about 30 billion cubic meters. The main lakes are Dianchi Lake, Fuxian Lake, Yangzonghai Lake, Erhai Lake, Lugu Lake, Napahai Lake, Bitahai Lake, Chenghai Lake and Yilong Lake.
Due to the special geographical position of Yunnan, the unique monsoon climate of Yunnan Plateau is formed under the comprehensive influence of low latitude and high altitude, the geographical conditions on the southeast side of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the complex landform. The climate types are complex and diverse, with long winter and short spring and autumn in some areas; In some areas, it is like summer all year round, and it rains in autumn; In many areas, the seasons are like spring, and it rains into winter; Kunming, the provincial capital, is known as the "Spring City" because "the weather is often like February and March, and flowers are always in spring", which is well-known at home and abroad.
The climate formed by low latitude, monsoon and plateau in Yunnan has four characteristics: first, the annual temperature difference is small, and the daily temperature difference is large; Second, abundant precipitation, alternating dry and wet, uneven distribution; Third, the vertical climate change is very obvious; Fourth, the frost-free period is long.
Generally speaking, Yunnan's rich, complex and diverse climate has brought good influence on social and economic development and tourism development. First, most parts of Yunnan are like spring, warm in winter and cool in summer, which can shelter from the cold in winter and summer. Second, there are tropical, temperate and cold climate types, so that people can enjoy various types of natural scenery; Third, Yunnan is rich in plant resources due to special climatic conditions. Superior climatic conditions provide Yunnan tourism with advantages in climatic resources, making Yunnan a tourist attraction suitable for all seasons.
Yunnan is the province with the most plant species in China, with tropical, subtropical, temperate and frigid plants distributed. Among about 30,000 species of higher plants in China, there are 1.8 million species in Yunnan, accounting for more than 60%, ranking first in China.
The forest area of the province is 65.438+0.43 billion mu, with a coverage rate of 24.2%, which is about 654.38+0 times higher than the national coverage rate. The total standing stock is 65.438+0.37 billion cubic meters, ranking third in China, and there are 59 species of tree species under state protection. In addition, the bamboo resources in Yunnan Province are also very rich, with an area of over 65438+ 10,000 hectares and more than 200 bamboo varieties. Economic trees, forest by-products and mountain products resources are also very rich.
Yunnan is also known as "medicine treasure house" and "hometown of spices". There are about 2000 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines in this province. Notoginseng Radix, Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Radix Aucklandiae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Poria, Cordyceps, etc. It enjoys a high reputation in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. There are 1250 kinds of ethnic medicines in Yunnan, ranking first in the country. There are many kinds of perfume plants in Yunnan, including 69 families and about 400 species, which are among the best in China. Yunnan also enjoys the reputation of "natural garden". There are more than 2 100 kinds of ornamental plants in the province. Among them, there are more than 0/500 species of flowers/kloc-,which can be called "flower kingdom". Camellia, azalea, primrose, lily, magnolia, orchid, gentian and pilose antler are the eight famous flowers in Yunnan. Among them, there are more than 0/00 varieties of camellia and 300 varieties of rhododendron. Yunnan is rich in flowers and trees, attracting worldwide attention. Now the flower production in Yunnan has initially formed an industrial scale, and flowers have become an important export commodity. 1994. The output of fresh cut flowers in Yunnan ranks first in China.
Yunnan is also rich in cash crops, mainly tobacco leaves, tea leaves, sugar cane, rubber, coffee, sumac, cinchona, Cinnamomum plants, lac trees, black grass and so on. Among them, the rubber garden is more than 6,543,800 mu, which is the second largest natural rubber production base in China. The annual output of camphor ranks second in the country; Lac production ranks first in China. Besides rape, peanut, walnut, sunflower, tung tree, camellia oleifera, oil palm, oil melon, oil reed, fragrant fruit and chamomile, there are 87 kinds of useful wild oil plants in Yunnan. There are more than 500 species of perfume plants in China and 365 species in Yunnan, accounting for 73%, mainly including osmanthus fragrans, roses, jasmine, Riley, borneol and vanilla. Condiments include pepper, star anise, tsaoko, pepper and so on. And ylang ylang ylang, twig oil, geranium oil, turpentine, tree moss, oak moss and other spices with high economic value.
In addition, Yunnan is also rich in edible fungi, such as bamboo, chicken, fungus, Tricholoma matsutake, dried fungus, mushrooms, boletus and so on.
Yunnan is rich in wildlife resources. Animals in cold, warm and hot areas are distributed in a region, with a wide variety and wide distribution, ranking first in the country. Known as the "animal kingdom". There are 1737 species of vertebrates in Yunnan alone, accounting for 58% of the national species. 9%。 There are 25,000 species of insects listed in China, and there are 1.3 million species in Yunnan. Many animals are endemic to Yunnan, such as 249 species of fish belonging to 40 genera in 5 families, and many ancient relics, such as red pandas and antelopes. There are many national key protected animals, such as Asian elephant, Yunnan golden monkey, bison, Bengal tiger, gibbon, white-tailed pheasant and other 46 species are national first-class protected animals. Lion monkey, red panda, forest musk deer, etc. 154 species, which are national second-class protected animals. In addition, there are 33 provincial protected animals, such as the great spotted civet and cobra.
Yunnan is a treasure house of mineral resources in China. By the end of 1994, 168 species of minerals had been discovered in China, and 142 species had been discovered in Yunnan, of which 92 species had proven reserves. Yunnan is rich in mineral resources; There are many associated minerals with high economic value; Widely distributed. Nonferrous metals are the largest dominant minerals in Yunnan, with lead, zinc and tin ranking first in the country and copper and nickel ranking third, so Yunnan is known as the "Kingdom of Nonferrous Metals". Among ferrous metals, iron-rich ore and manganese-rich ore rank first in China. Among precious metals, indium, thallium and cadmium rank first in China, while silver, germanium and platinum rank second in China. Among nonmetallic minerals, phosphorite ranks first in China. The potential reserves of salt are also considerable.
Besides abundant mineral resources, Yunnan is also rich in hydropower resources, geothermal resources, coal resources and solar energy resources. There are many rivers and abundant rainfall in Yunnan. The total water resources in normal years is 222.2 billion cubic meters, accounting for 8.4% of the total water resources in China, ranking third in the country. The theoretical reserves of hydropower resources in the province are103.64 million kilowatts, accounting for 65.438+05.3% of the national total reserves, ranking third in the country. The exploitable installed capacity is more than 90 million kilowatts, and the annual power generation is 394.45 billion kWh, accounting for 20.5% of the national exploitable installed capacity, ranking second in the country. There are hot springs in almost all counties in Yunnan, and there are more than 700 hot springs of various types. Geothermal resources are very rich, and the flow is very large. The annual outflow of hot water is about 360 million cubic meters, ranking second in the country. There are famous "hot water city"-Eryuan, "hot spring city"-Kunming and "geothermal town"-Tengchong. Yunnan is also rich in coal resources with complete varieties, ranking ninth in the country, among which lignite ranks first in the country.
The unique natural resources make Yunnan the province with the largest number and variety of nature reserves in China. By the end of 1999, there were l 12 nature reserves in Yunnan province. The protected area is more than 2.2 million hectares, accounting for 5.5% of the province's land area, ranking first in the country. Among them, there are 8 national nature reserves such as Xishuangbanna, Gaoligong Mountain, Ailao Mountain, Baima Snow Mountain, Cangshan Erhai Lake, Nangun River, Dawei Mountain and Fenshuiling. There are 5/kloc-0 provincial nature reserves and 55 prefectures (cities) and counties. In addition, there are a number of national forest parks and provincial forest parks in Yunnan. By the end of 1999, there were 22 national forest parks and 5 provincial forest parks including Jin Dian National Forest Park, Lubuge National Forest Park, Wan Ding National Forest Park, Weibaoshan National Forest Park, Xiangbi Hot Spring Provincial Forest Park, Jiguan Mountain Provincial Forest Park, Luohan Mountain Provincial Forest Park, Nan 'an Provincial Forest Park and Tongluoba Provincial Forest Park.
Yunnan has a long history and is one of the important hair styles of human beings. 1965 The Yuanmou ape-man fossil (1.7000 years ago) is the earliest human fossil in China so far, and the first page of the history of China is opened here. By the Neolithic Age, people living near Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake had been able to engage in primitive agricultural production with simple production tools such as stone axes. In some places, people have also built simple wooden houses and gradually formed larger villages.
In the third century BC, Zhuang established the State of Dian. Zhuang Jiao and others brought advanced culture and production technology into Yunnan, which promoted the development of Yunnan and marked the beginning of political contact between Yunnan and the mainland. In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China, set up a county in Yunnan, and built the "Wuchi Road" from Yibin, Sichuan to Zhaotong, Yunnan.
In the second year of Yuanfeng in the Western Han Dynasty (BC 109), Emperor Wudi sent general Guo Chang to lead Bashu troops into Yunnan and set up Yizhou County. Yizhou County governs 24 counties, among which Yunnan County (located in today's Xiangyun) is the earliest place where the word "Yunnan" appeared. There is a historical record about the origin of Yunnan. At that time, there was a report that "colorful clouds were in the south", so Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent envoys to look for it. "The name of Yunnan began here." So Yunnan is the "hometown of colorful clouds". At the same time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conferred the title of King Dian and gave him Wang Yin.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu Han Dynasty, pacified South China, making Yunnan the rear area of Shu Han.
In the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Tang family, who moved from the mainland to Yunnan, grew stronger and became the master of Yunnan. The Tang family ruled Yunnan for about 500 years. At that time, Dianchi Lake was called Kunchuan.
In the early Tang Dynasty, six imperial edicts rose around Erhai Lake, among which Nanzhao continued to develop and gradually unified the other five imperial edicts. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named Piluge the king of Yunnan, marking the establishment of Nanzhao. Nanzhao was passed on to the king 13 and ruled for more than 200 years. In 937 AD, Duan Siping established Dali Kingdom, which has been passed down for more than 300 years in the 22nd century. Nanzhao and Dali are important periods in Yunnan's history, during which Dali is the political center of Yunnan. During the reign of Dali, Shanshan City (now Kunming) gradually became the most prosperous and ideal city in central Yunnan.
1253, Kublai Khan led the Mongolian army to destroy Dali. Then the Yuan Dynasty established Yunnan as one of China 1 1 provinces. Since then, Yunnan has officially become the name of the provincial administrative region, and its location has been moved from Dali to Kunming. Under the governance of Saidianchi and others in Yuan Dynasty, Yunnan developed rapidly in economy and other aspects.
In the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (138 1), Zhu Yuanzhang moved to Yunnan, conquered Kunming, destroyed Liang Wang in Yuan Dynasty, and established the Ming regime in Yunnan, ruling for 278 years. The Ming Dynasty carried out large-scale immigration and reclamation in Yunnan, and a large number of Han Chinese entered Yunnan. Since then, the Han population in Yunnan is the majority, and non-Han people have become ethnic minorities. In the Ming Dynasty, the mining, metallurgy and foundry industries in Yunnan developed rapidly, and the output of silver and copper ranked first in the country.
/kloc-during the period of 0/644, the Ming Dynasty perished, and some anti-Qing forces and the legacy of the Ming Dynasty became the princes of the imperial clan emperors of the Ming Dynasty in the south, which was called "Nanming" in history. In the later period, Li Yong entered Yunnan to fight against the Qing army stationed in Kunming. Wu Sangui, king of Qingping West, strangled Li Yong and ruled Yunnan. In the 20th year of Kangxi (168 1), the Qing court put down the rebellion of Wu Sangui and other vassal states, ending the eight-year "San Francisco Rebellion". In the late Qing Dynasty, Yunnan's tin output jumped to the first place in China.
After the Opium War, Yunnan was included in its sphere of influence by British and French imperialism. The people of Yunnan launched a series of heroic anti-imperialist struggles. In the Revolution of 1911 of 19 1 1, Tengyue Uprising, Kunming Double Ninth Festival Uprising and Lin 'an Uprising overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Yunnan for more than 250 years, and established the Yunnan Military General Office of the Republic of China. 19 15 years, Yuan Shikai restored the monarchy, and Yunnan raised the banner of righteousness for the first time to launch armed defense for Yuan.
During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Yunnan became the rear area, and a large number of inland coastal factories moved in, forming four industrial zones: Haikou, Majie, Ciba and Anning, producing the first telescope and the first conductor in China, and many "China firsts" were born here. Kunming also became an important industrial zone and cultural and educational center in wartime China. Southwest Associated University, which is composed of Peking University, Tsinghua University and Nankai University, is known as "the scale of internal learning and the fortress of external democracy" and enjoys a good reputation in the world. The people of Yunnan actively cooperated with and supported the anti-Japanese struggle of the people of the whole country. Hundreds of thousands of Yunnan army athletes went out to fight against Japan and made their mark in two famous battles, Taierzhuang and Zhongtiaoshan. 1942 in may, the Japanese invaders invaded western Yunnan, and Yunnan once again became the front line. After two years of defending western Yunnan, the lost land was recovered, and Yunnan became the first province in China to expel the Japanese invaders.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Kunming students took the lead in opposing the Kuomintang reactionaries to launch a civil war in the whole country, and the "December 1st" movement that shocked China and foreign countries took place, which set the third milestone in the history of the youth movement in China. 1949 65438+On February 9th, Lu Han held an uprising and Yunnan was peacefully liberated. 1950 In March, the People's Government of Yunnan Province was established. Since then, Yunnan history has opened a new chapter.
Yunnan has a long history, and in the long historical process, it has left extremely rich cultural relics and historical sites. According to statistics, there are 1344 important cultural relics protection units approved and announced by governments at all levels in the province, including 24 national and 233 provincial. There are five national historical and cultural cities (Kunming, Dali, Lijiang, Jianshui and Weishan), six provincial historical and cultural cities (Weixin, Tengchong, Huize, Baoshan, Shiping and Guangnan) and four provincial historical and cultural towns (Nagu Town in Huize County, Shiyang Town in Dayao County, Heijing Town in Lufeng County and Baoxiu Town in Shiping County).
Among many ethnic groups, Yunnan is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in China. 1990 According to the data of the fourth national census, there are 52 ethnic groups in Yunnan, including 26 ethnic groups with a population of more than 5,000 and 25 ethnic groups other than the Han nationality.
The total population of the province is about 42.359 million (in 2000), of which the minority population 130,000, accounting for13 of the total population of the province. Among the 25 ethnic minorities, the Yi people have the largest population, with more than 4 million. Dulong has the smallest population, only over 5,500 people. Among the ethnic minorities in Yunnan, 15 is unique to Yunnan; There are 16 ethnic groups living across borders, which is the province with the largest number of cross-border ethnic groups in China. Yunnan is also the province with the largest number of ethnic autonomous areas in China. There are 30 ethnic autonomous prefectures in China, 8 in Yunnan, 29 in Yunnan 122, ranking first in the country.
There are many ethnic groups in Yunnan, which are caused by many reasons, mainly: Yunnan is located in the plateau, with high mountains and steep slopes and blocked traffic. Residents around the country are in a relatively "closed" state, and gradually develop into different ethnic groups over time; The central plains and the northern ruling nationalities entered Yunnan, which also brought a part of the minority population; During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, some ethnic minorities moved from the mainland to Yunnan for asylum or other reasons. Due to the above reasons, Yunnan has become a province with many ethnic minorities.
The distribution of the 25 ethnic minorities in Yunnan is complex, but there are two outstanding characteristics: First, they are staggered, with many people living together and few people living together. There is no single ethnic county (city) in the province, and no ethnic group lives in only one county (city). Generally speaking, border areas are mostly distributed; Second, the three-dimensional distribution is related to the three-dimensional topography and climate of Yunnan. Generally speaking, Dai and Zhuang mainly live in the valley area, Hui, Manchu, Bai, Naxi, Buyi and Shui mainly live in the dam area, Hani, Lahu, Bai, Jingpo and Jinuo mainly live in the mid-levels and Miao, Miao and Nu.
Yunnan minority residential buildings have their own characteristics and various types. Generally speaking, there are Ganlan buildings of Dai, Zhuang, Jingpo, De 'ang, Lahu and Hani. Earth account offices of Yi, Hani and other ethnic groups; Bai and Naxi's "three squares and one wall"; Well-dried buildings of Pumi and Mosuo people, etc.
The costumes of ethnic minorities in Yunnan are colorful and have their own characteristics.
Generally speaking, the costumes of all ethnic groups are closely related to the natural geography and climate in their distribution areas, which can be roughly divided into three types: First, the hot spots are light and short, mainly Dai, Zhuang, Hani, Wa, Bulang and Achang ethnic groups living in the hot and humid areas of southwest and southeast Yunnan, and their tops and skirts are short and light in texture. Second, it is light, which mainly refers to the ethnic minorities living in the dam area of central Yunnan, and their clothes are generally light and practical, such as Hui and Bai nationalities. Third, the costumes of Tibetan, Naxi, Pumi and Wa nationalities in northwest Yunnan belong to this category. In addition, the costumes of ethnic minorities in Yunnan are also full of religious and cultural colors. For example, the Yi people worship tigers, and there are various tiger patterns on their costumes, as well as tiger hats and shoes.
The spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in Yunnan are mainly divided into four types. One is to use only one's own language, such as Dai, Jingpo, Wa, Wa and Lahu. Second, in addition to using the national language, Chinese is also used, such as Bai, Zhuang, Naxi and some Yi and Hani nationalities. Third, in addition to the national language, another minority language in the region is used, such as Achang, Deang and Bulang in Dehong Prefecture, and some ethnic groups such as Brown and Wa in Xishuangbanna Prefecture and neighboring Cangzhou also speak Dai. Fourth, switch to Chinese or other neighboring minority languages, such as Hui and Manchu, while the Mongols in Tonghai use Yi or Chinese. In addition, there are different dialects in the languages of some ethnic minorities. For example, the Yi people have six dialects, the Jingpo people use two different languages, namely Jingpo and Zaiwa, and the Dai people also have dialects such as Dai Pseudo, Dai Na and Dai Zhan.
There are 22 original scripts of ethnic minorities in Yunnan. After the founding of New China, with the help of the Party and the government, the languages of Yi, Hani, Dai, Zhuang, Miao, Miao, Lahu, Wa, Naxi and Jingpo have been improved and 14 languages have been created. Together with Tibetan, there are 15 minority languages in Yunnan Province.
There are many ethnic groups in Yunnan, and ethnic festivals are also colorful. Some ethnic groups have many festivals, while others have many festivals. It can be roughly divided into religious festivals, productive festivals, commemorative festivals and social entertainment festivals. The more famous festivals are: Yi Torch Festival, Bai March Street, Dai Water-splashing Festival, Naxi Three Flowers Festival, Jingpo Eye-Brain Song and Yi Knife-pole Festival.
Yunnan is the province with the most religious types in China. Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam and primitive religions all exist in Yunnan, which is called the "religious kingdom" of China.
Religious diversity Yunnan religion has three outstanding characteristics: first, there are all kinds of religions; Second, the combination of religion and national characteristics; Third, various religions are infiltrated and integrated with each other.
Buddhism: Buddhism spreads in Yunnan, including three schools: Upper North, Hanchuan and Tibet. Among them, the spread of Buddhism to the south is unique to China and Yunnan. Buddhism spread to the south, commonly known as Hinayana Buddhism, mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Simao, Lincang, Baoshan and other places. Dai, Bulang, De 'ang, Achang and some Wa people all have beliefs.
Han Buddhism was introduced into Yunnan in the Tang Dynasty, and now it is mainly distributed in Kunming, Dali, Baoshan, Yuxi, Honghe, Chuxiong, Qujing, Lincang and Zhaotong, and some Han, Bai, Naxi, Yi and Lahu people believe in it.
Tibetan Buddhism spread to Deqin, Zhongdian, Naxi, Lijiang, Yongning, Ninglang and other places in Yunnan in the middle of Dali (1 1 end of the century), and now it is mainly distributed in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Lijiang Ninglang counties, with Tibetan and some Naxi and Pumi beliefs.
Taoism: Taoism was formed in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and was introduced to Yunnan when it was founded. Now it is mainly distributed in Kunming, Baoshan, Lincang, Dali, Zhaotong and other cities, and some Han people believe in it.
Islam: Yunnan in Yuan Dynasty. Now it is distributed in the whole province, mainly in Kunming, Yuxi, Honghe, Wenshan, Dali, Baoshan, Zhaotong and Simao. What the Hui people believe in.
Christianity: There are two main sects of Christianity in Yunnan, Protestantism and Catholicism. Protestantism was introduced to Yunnan in the third year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1877), and now it is distributed in the whole province 16 cities. Some people of Han, Miao, Miao, Jingpo, Yi, Wa, Nu, Dulong, Lahu and Dai believe in it. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Catholicism was introduced into Yunnan. Now it is mainly distributed in Kunming, Zhaotong, Honghe, Wenshan, Dali, Lijiang, Qujing, Diqing, Dehong and other cities, and some people of Han, Yi, Miao, Yi and Jingpo believe in it.
Primitive religion: Primitive religion is characterized by various cults and witchcraft control. Ethnic minorities in Yunnan generally worship primitive religions. The primitive religions of ethnic minorities in Yunnan are rich in content and diverse in forms, which basically include all the contents and forms of primitive religions, including nature worship, animal and plant worship, totem worship, ghost worship, ancestor worship and reproductive worship. Primitive religion has a wide and profound influence in Yunnan ethnic areas.
Opening to the outside world With the deepening of reform and opening up, the pace of Yunnan's opening to the outside world is also accelerating. Especially in recent years, Yunnan has vigorously strengthened exchanges with other provinces at home and abroad in the fields of economy, trade, tourism, science, education, culture and health. Reconnect and open; Port approval; Some border cities, counties and cities have been opened; Some development zones and tourist attractions have been established; A series of large-scale and high-quality opening-up activities were held. It has basically formed an all-round and multi-level opening pattern with Kunming as the center, relying on the city where the state capital is located and along the river (railway, highway, aviation and other traffic trunk lines and borders).
At present, Yunnan Province has national ports 10, provincial ports 10, and 86 border ports or border trade points. These national and provincial ports have become the window of the country and the bridge and link connecting Southeast Asia and South Asia. By August 1997, the State Council approved the opening of the last 18 counties to foreigners. So far, all counties and cities in Yunnan Province are open to foreigners.
Since 1980s, Yunnan Province and Kunming City have established friendly relations with some foreign regions or cities. For example, Yunnan province has become a sister province with Sikasso in Mali and Texas in the United States; Kunming has established sister city relations with seven cities including Fujisawa, Zurich and Wagha, Australia.
Since 1992, in order to meet the needs of Yunnan's opening up and economic development, Yunnan Province has gradually established 25 different types of development zones and tourist resorts with a total area of about 220 square kilometers. Among them, there are 0/5 economic development cooperation zones and 0/0 tourist resorts (national 1 one, 9 provincial).
The 10 tourist resorts are Kunming Dianchi National Tourist Resort, Xishuangbanna Tourist Resort, Lijiang Yulong Snow Mountain Tourist Resort, Dali Tourist Resort, Yangzonghai Tourist Resort, Fuxian Lake Tourist Resort, Tengchong Tourist Resort, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Provincial Tourist Resort, Lugu Lake Provincial Tourist Resort and Qiubei Puzhehei Tourist Resort.
In order to let the world know about Yunnan and let Yunnan go to the world, since the early 1980s, Yunnan Province has carried out a series of foreign exchange activities, including the 8th China Kunming Export Commodities Fair, the 1st Yunnan National Art Festival, the 3rd China Art Festival, the 1st China Kunming International Tourism Festival, the '99 Kunming World Horticultural Exposition, and the 1st China National Clothing Exposition. The holding of these activities has greatly promoted the economic development of Yunnan and accelerated the pace of Yunnan's opening to the outside world.
The booming tourism industry in Yunnan has experienced 1978. After the initial stage of 1988, the provincial party committee and government proposed to build Yunnan into a major tourist province in the early 1990s. 1995, the provincial party Committee and government clearly put forward that Yunnan tourism should be cultivated into a pillar industry. Under the guidance of the correct decision of the provincial party committee and the provincial government, Yunnan's tourism industry has developed rapidly in recent years and achieved gratifying results. The number of tourists and foreign exchange income have increased year by year. 1999, Yunnan received overseas tourists/kloc-0.04 million person-times, domestic tourists 36.37 million person-times, tourism revenue of 333 million US dollars, and total tourism revenue of 20.4 billion yuan, ranking seventh in the country in terms of comprehensive indicators of industrial development. At the same time, the number of outbound tourists from Yunnan Province to Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries has increased significantly.
1993, the number of outbound tourists in Yunnan ranks eighth in the country, while from 1994, it ranks second in the country, second only to Guangdong Province.
Yunnan has good conditions for developing tourism. First of all, there are unique tourism resources. In this beautiful and magical land, tourism resources are all over the province, with 10 national scenic spots (Shilin Scenic Spot, Dali Scenic Spot, Xishuangbanna Scenic Spot, Kunming Dianchi Scenic Spot, Lijiang Yulong Snow Mountain Scenic Spot, Three Parallel Rivers Scenic Spot, Tengchong Volcanic Geothermal Scenic Spot, Ruilijiang Dayingjiang Scenic Spot and Jianshui Scenic Spot). There are 48 provincial-level scenic spots (such as Jiaozishan Scenic Spot, Huanglian River Scenic Spot, Pearl River Source Scenic Spot, Lion Mountain Scenic Spot, Fuxian Lake Yixing Hu Yun Scenic Spot, Hekou nanxi river Scenic Spot, Qiubei Puzhehei Scenic Spot, Lanping Luoguguan Scenic Spot, etc.). ). The number of scenic spots accounts for 12% of the total number of scenic spots listed in China, ranking first in the country. In addition, Yunnan's long history has produced a number of famous historical and cultural cities and towns. Coupled with Yunnan's superior geographical location, climatic conditions, rich ethnic customs, numerous nature reserves and forest parks, Yunnan has become a tourist attraction with both human and natural landscapes.
With the development of Yunnan's economy, various infrastructures have been greatly developed and improved. It has created good basic conditions for the further development of Yunnan tourism.
Transportation: A three-dimensional transportation network consisting of roads, railways, aviation and water transport has been initially formed, which has provided a good foundation for the construction and development of tourism in Yunnan.
By the end of 1999, the expressway mileage in Yunnan Province was 102400 km, ranking first in China. Among them, the expressway is 405 kilometers, ranking tenth in the country.
Yunnan is the only province in China where three kinds of railways coexist: standard gauge, meter gauge and inch gauge. At present, there are four main railway lines, namely Guikun, Cheng Kun, Nankun and He Kun, which can go directly from Kunming to Guiyang, Chengdu, Nanning, Hekou, Beijing, Shanghai, Xi, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Beihai and Hanoi. In addition, Kunming to Yuxi, Guangtong, Dali and other lines have been opened to traffic; The Inner (Jiang)-Kunming (Ming) line is under construction, and in recent years, an advanced luxury train from Kunming to Shilin has been opened.
At present, the navigable mileage of inland rivers in Yunnan is 1324 km. The focus is on shipping between Jinsha River and Lancang River. The main ports are Shuifu Port, Simao Port and Jinghong Port. Starting from Shuifu Port, you can reach Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing, Shanghai and other places.
Yunnan is rich in tourism products, and the production of tourism commodities has reached a certain scale. The main tourism products are: marble products, cloud seeds, Jianshui purple pottery, mottled copper, tie-dyeing, Yunyan, Pu 'er tea and Xuanwei ham. The main flavor snacks are: crossing the bridge rice noodles, steamed chicken, Yiliang roast duck, matsutake, chicken longitudinal, Chenggong Zhubaoli and so on. The main medicinal materials are: Panax notoginseng, Cordyceps sinensis, Gastrodia elata, Angelica sinensis and Yunnan Baiyao.