Intellectuals born in troubled times are unfortunate. They cannot have good academic conditions and engage in academic activities with peace of mind. However, it is also fortunate, because intellectuals have the opportunity to display their talents and realize their ambitions during the period of regime change and innovation, which is much better than being mediocre in times of peace and prosperity and dying in their study.
Although Qin Shihuang did not kill all the Confucian scholars or burn all the books, it was undoubtedly an unprecedented catastrophe for Confucian scholars and Confucian classics. The surviving Confucian scholars are either resigned to their fate and willing to obey the people; Or take refuge in Shan Ye and run away. Some people keep books, some people recite scriptures for oral communication, and some people join anti-Qin activities.
After the Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising broke out, many scholars responded in succession. Even Confucius, a descendant of Confucius, went to Chen Sheng with his ancestral ritual vessels, was named a doctor, and soon died with Chen Sheng. However, at that time, the leaders and rulers of various anti-Qin dynasties were most concerned about how to defeat Qin Jun and expand their power. They were not interested in pure Confucian scholars. Even if Confucius doesn't die, he won't play any role, let alone other unknown Confucian scholars.
At that time, the most needed talents were military commanders, who were brave and good at fighting, and were able to command the army like a duck to water and rose to the highest level. Han Xin, for example, rose from junior officer to commander in chief and became a vassal of a big country within three years. Ying Bu was born in a thief gang, and was named King of Jiujiang by Xiang Yu for his outstanding exploits. He was a pivotal figure in the dispute between Chu and Han, and was named King of Huainan after the death of Han. Many of Liu Bang's men, who were reused and later named the king, marquis and minister of Qin Shihuang, were thieves, vendors and farmers, and their prosperity depended on the military achievements of attacking the city head-on. Fortunately, the intellectuals at that time were not as pure as the later generations, but still had the true colors of "six arts" and were both civil and military. Such people can give priority to the function of martial arts or give priority to martial arts, and there is no way out.
The most sought-after intellectuals are counselors. They know the situation, are familiar with military tactics, can give advice to their sons, and some can dispatch troops. For example, Zhang Liangneng is one of the outstanding representatives. Another example is Chen Ping, who used to be a "good reader" intellectual, but after he defected to Liu Bang, he mainly worked as a staff officer and once made six moves. Fan Zeng, Xiang Yu's counselor, is also such a figure. He is a "seventy-year-old man who always stays at home and is curious".
The other is a debater. They inherited the tradition of debaters and lobbyists, and they have had sex since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, or acted as messengers or lobbyists, and showed their talents in Liu, Xiang and vassal States.
The other is administrative talents. Liu Bang, Xiang Yu and the vassal states all need such intellectuals. When the Qin Dynasty collapsed and the vassal states were in the initial stage and confronted each other, such figures were indispensable. They can maintain the daily administrative organization, stabilize the rear, recruit soldiers, raise and transport food and materials. Without the role of Liu Bang's Xiao He, he could not have won the final victory. However, most of these people are unknown. They didn't go to the front, they didn't do anything spectacular, and even their names didn't stay in the history books.
Under the conditions at that time, pure Confucian scholars were really useless. If they don't want to change careers, they have to keep their academic traditions honestly and try their best to preserve their culture. Such intellectuals can also realize their own value, such as students in Lu (now Qufu City, Shandong Province). Even under the siege of Liu Bang's army, they still "talk about ceremony and sing songs", so the Confucian cultural tradition in Lu has never been lost. Another example is Fu Sheng, a native of Jinan, who used to be a doctor in the Qin Dynasty. After the classics were banned, he hid the books in the wall and fled in the war. When he got home, he found dozens of books missing, but there were 29 books left. He taught them Qi and Lu. When Emperor Wendi recruited talents, Fu Sheng was over 90 years old and could no longer go to Beijing, so he invited Chao Cuo to study in his home. Confucian culture and Shangshu can be handed down without the efforts of Lu and Fu Sheng. Although they didn't make any contribution in the dispute between Chu and Han, their contribution to China culture will be eternal. Like Confucius, knowing that he has neither courage nor wisdom, he can neither be a lobbyist nor be in charge of politics, but he insists on carrying a ritual vessel to Chen Sheng, which is really a mistake.
Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, did not read Confucian classics such as The Book of Songs and The Classic since childhood, but only took literacy classes. His family background and the experience of the curator of the small museum made him have no chance to get in touch with great intellectuals. Xiao He, his close friend, is the "chief officer" of Pei County, which is roughly equivalent to the current secretary-general of the county government. Cao Can is the county warden, equivalent to the county police chief; Fan Kuai sells dog meat. Although Xiao He and Cao Can can be called "Li Hao" in the county, they have great power, but they are familiar with the official system, dealing with superiors, not the etiquette of poetry and calligraphy. Therefore, Liu Bang formed the habit of looking down on Confucian scholars, and even more hated his desertion to his Confucian scholars, thinking that they would only make trouble and ignore them. For those Confucian scholars who repeatedly asked for help, Liu Bang simply took off his Confucian hat in public and used it as a urinal to relieve urine. Whoever introduces him to Confucian scholars will be scolded. Because of this, the Confucian scholars who defected to him had to do some packaging to cover up their beliefs, opinions and even clothes to avoid Liu Bang's ill feelings.
It is such a master that intellectuals still defected to him and achieved success. Let's take, Shu and Lu Jia as examples.
Liu Chen Levin (now southwest of Qixian County, Henan Province) was a "good reader" Confucian scholar. Although he was "poor and destitute", he was ambitious and looked down on dozens of anti-Qin generals passing by Levin, because they all lacked the courage to "listen to brave words". On the contrary, he has a special liking for Liu Bang, who is arrogant but "rude". At first, he didn't know Liu Bang's likes and dislikes, so he asked a fellow countryman who was a cavalry officer under Liu Bang to inform him: "I have a fellow countryman named Li Sheng, who is in his sixties and is eight feet long. Others say he is crazy, but he says he is not. " Villagers told him that Liu Bang didn't like Confucian scholars, so they told him one by one what he should pay attention to when he saw Liu Bang.
When Shi Li asked to see him, Liu Bang was leaning on the bed and asked two women to wash his feet. After the concierge informed, Liu Bang asked, "Who's here?" The porter said, "He looks like a great scholar, wearing Confucian clothes and a mountain crown." Liu bang immediately said, "refuse him for me and tell him that I am too busy farming to meet Confucian scholars." Hearing this, Shi Li opened his eyes wide, put his hand on the hilt and shouted angrily, "Go in and tell Pei Gong that I am a drinker of Levin, not a Confucian scholar." The porter was frightened and went into Liu Bang's room without a report and repeated the words. Liu Bang said, "Please come in." After seeing Liu Bang, Shi Li did not bow down, but bowed down and asked, "Do you want to help Qin attack the princes or lead them to destroy Qin?" Liu Bang scolded: "Fucking Confucian scholars! The world has been harmed by Qin for so long, and the princes United to attack Qin. How can you say that I helped the Qin Dynasty? " Li Shiqi said: "If you really want to rally the people to form a rebel army to destroy the ruthless Qin Dynasty, you should not be so rude when you are good at it." Liu bang quickly stopped washing his feet, got dressed, asked Li to sit on it and apologized to him. Qi talked about the situation of Lian Heng, where six countries are united. Liu bang was overjoyed and invited him to dinner, asking for advice modestly. Li Shiqi said: "The first step is to gather some rabble, recruit some stragglers, with less than 10,000 people, and use these forces to directly attack the powerful Qin Jun. It is really a so-called exploring the tiger's mouth. Liu Chen (now southeast of Kaifeng County, Henan Province) is located in Yao Chong, extending in all directions, and there are many grain reserves in the city. I have a good relationship with the county magistrate. Please send me to contact him and make him obey you. If he doesn't listen, you will send troops to attack, and I will be the inside man. " After capturing Liu Chen, Liu Bang named him Bo Jun and often sent him as a vassal and lobbyist. If Shi Li didn't know the depth, he would speak a set of Confucian scholars' words, and Liu Bang would have scolded him long ago, even if he had the greatest skill, he could not display it.
Another uncle, Sun Tong, is also a well-read Confucian scholar. He was hired as a doctor and will be called to Qin Ershi. After the news of Chen Sheng Uprising reached Xianyang, II summoned doctors and Confucian scholars and asked, "Chu Shoubing set out in Qi State (now south of Suzhou, Anhui Province) and captured Chen (now Huaiyang County, Henan Province). What do you think? " Thirty doctors and Confucian scholars all said, "Disobedience of courtiers is treason and an unforgivable capital crime. Please send troops to destroy them as soon as possible. " Second, I'm angry. Uncle Sun Tong stood up and said, "What they said is wrong. Now the world is a family, the county walls have been torn down, and the weapons have been destroyed, clearly telling the people all over the world that there will be no more wars. Besides, there are wise emperors above, and there are complete laws below, so that everyone can perform their duties and unite in all directions. Where can anyone dare to resist! These are just thieves and thieves. What is worth discussing here? Let the county officials arrest and deal with it. Why worry! " II rejoiced and asked the Confucian scholars one by one. Some people say it's a rebellion, others say it's a group of thieves. So II ordered that Confucian scholars who were regarded as rebels should be put into prison for trial because they made wrong remarks. All the Confucian scholars who were considered thieves were released. I gave Uncle Sun Tong 20 silks and a suit, and made him a doctor. When he went out of the palace and returned to his residence, Confucian scholars accused him: "Why did Sir pat his face like this?" Uncle Sun Tong said, "You don't understand. I almost escaped. " Immediately escaped from Xianyang, returned to his hometown Xue (now Tengzhou South, Shandong Province), defected to Xiang Liang, and later worked for Xiang Yu. Liu Bang occupied Pengcheng, and his uncle surrendered to Han. But Liu Bangbing was soon defeated and retreated to the west. Shu recognized Liu Bangbing's victory and led his disciples to continue to follow.
Uncle Sun Tong, an ancient porcelain, was dressed as a Confucian. Liu Bang was very angry when he saw it. Knowing that Liu Bang was from Chu, he changed into a short coat tailored to the style of Chu. Liu bang was overjoyed. Uncle Sun Tong knew Liu Bang's needs, and all the people he recommended to Liu Bang were warriors who had been thieves. Liu bang was very satisfied and named him a doctor, Ji Sijun. More than 100 disciples who accompanied him to the Han Dynasty privately hated him: "After following you for several years, I finally surrendered to Hanwang, but I never recommended us. But specifically introduced the Jiang Yang thieves. I wonder what Ann's mind is? " Uncle Sun Tong said to them, "Hanwang fought for the world under the bullets. Can you fight? So I want to recommend the warrior who can cut the flag first. You wait, I won't forget you. "
He Shu did not abandon the true nature of Confucian scholars, but temporarily changed their roles to meet Liu Bang's practical needs. The difference is that Shi Li was thrown into the frying pan by Tian Guang, the king of Qi, before Liu Bang finally seized the world, leaving only the image of lobbyist and debater. On the other hand, Shu played an important role in Liu Bang's consolidation of the Han Dynasty.
In 202 BC, Liu Bang unified the world, and the governors honored him as emperor. After the ceremony was held in Dingtao (now the northwest of Dingtao County, Shandong Province), Shu was ordered to formulate the imperial ceremony system. However, Liu Bang thought that the etiquette left by the Qin Dynasty was too complicated, so he deleted it all, just seeking simplicity. As a result, a group of ministers competed for merit while drinking in the hall. Some people make a hullabaloo about when they are drunk, and some even pull out their swords and cut at the post. Liu bang was really indecent and worried that he could not clean up. The opportunity has finally come. Uncle Sun Tong knew that Liu Bang hated this phenomenon in his heart, so he made a suggestion: "Scholars can't play any role in farmland, but they can guard the city with them. I can gather Confucian scholars from Shandong (now Qufu, Shandong) and make a ceremony for your majesty with my disciples. " Liu Bang asked, "Will it be too difficult?" Uncle Sun Tong said, "The music used by the five emperors is different, so are the manners used by the three kings. Etiquette system should be formulated according to the needs of the times and human feelings, so the etiquette system in Xia, Yin (Shang) and Zhou dynasties increased and decreased, which was not the same. I can widely adopt ancient etiquette and Qin Yi, and combine them to formulate a new set. " Liu bang agreed to give it a try and demanded that "I must study hard, as far as I can."
Uncle recruited more than 30 Confucian scholars from Lu, plus his disciples and people sent by Liu Bang to study, 100 people rehearsed on the spot for more than a month. When Uncle Sun Tong saw that he had finished practicing, he invited Liu Bang to see it. Liu Bang asked them to rehearse it again, and when he felt that he could master it, he ordered the ministers to learn to rehearse, and it was officially passed at the ceremony of 10/day (then New Year's Day).
In the seventh year of Emperor Gaozu (200 BC), Changle Palace was completed. 10/day 1 day, governors and officials from all walks of life gathered in the new palace and held a court meeting in full accordance with the new ceremony. At first light, the personnel carriers, cavalry and infantry of the Forbidden Palace were neatly arranged in the yard, armed with weapons and flags. The official in charge of command and dispatch-worshippers, after passing the inspection, led the vassal officials into the temple gate in order. Hundreds of practitioners lined up on both sides of the steps of the main hall. With the command of Chi, hundreds of officials filed in, and heroes, liehou, generals and other officers lined up in the west and stood in the east. Civil servants below the prime minister are arranged in the east and stand in the west. After everything was ready, the ceremonial officer in the temple accepted the official's report step by step and relayed the message to ask the emperor to start driving. The emperor left his residence in a sedan chair, which was escorted by a guard of honor and guarded along the way. After the emperor was seated in the main hall, the ceremonial officials guided the princes to pay their respects to the officials with an annual salary of more than 600 stones in turn. The ministers were breathless with fear, and no one was disrespectful. After the audience, the emperor gave wine, and all the ministers who were qualified to sit in the temple bowed their heads and bowed down. They toasted the emperor nine times according to their status and official position, and then ordered "no wine". In the process of drinking, there is always a suggestion in the supervision that anyone who doesn't keep the ceremony will be taken out immediately, and no one in the whole court dares to speak out and be rude.
Liu Bang was very dissatisfied and said, "I just realized the dignity of being an emperor today." He was very happy and gave him 500 Jin of gold. Uncle Sun Tong said, "I, a disciple of Confucianism, have followed me for a long time and rehearsed courtiers with me. I hope your majesty will let them be officials. " Liu Bangquan was named Lang. Uncle Sun Tong gave all the gold that Liu Bang gave him to his disciples. When these Confucian scholars became officials and became rich, everyone was happy: "Uncle Sun is really a saint and knows what is the most important thing today."
After the death of Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di, who ascended the throne, transferred his uncle Sun Tong to "the official in charge of sacrifice" and asked him to formulate the etiquette of the ancestral temple and continue to formulate various etiquette systems.
If the etiquette of Shu is superficial and can make Liu Bang have an immediate effect, what Lu Jia insists on is his belief as an intellectual. Through his efforts, Liu Bang also accepted his point of view.
Lu Jia went to Liu Bang long ago and accompanied him as a guest, but he was a debater who was famous for his eloquence. He not only stayed with Liu Bang all the time, but also often went to the princes. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Lu Jia was ordered to go to South Vietnam, and successfully persuaded Zhao Tuo to accept the title of King of South Vietnam in the Han Dynasty and became a vassal of the Han Dynasty. After returning to Korea, Liu Bang named him Dr. Taizhong.
Lu Jia believes that Liu Bang must be made to understand the truth of governing the country and keeping the country safe if the newly established Han Dynasty is to maintain long-term stability. Therefore, Liu Bang often quoted the words in The Book of Songs and The Classic in front of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, and Liu Bang was disgusted. He once swore, "Your father rode a horse and took the world. Why rely on the Book of Songs and classics? " Lu Jia asked: "In the world that is immediately available, can it be governed immediately?" In addition, both Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang seized the throne as courtiers, but they also maintained their political power as monarchs. The fundamental measure for their long-term stability is to make good use of both civil and military skills. In the past, the princes of Wu, Fu Cha and Zhi Bo, blindly emphasized force and ended in failure. However, the king of Qin always used harsh laws, but he destroyed Zhao. If the state of Qin practices benevolence and righteousness after unifying the world and imitates the sages of the previous generation, how can your majesty seize the Qin regime? "Liu bang was speechless. Although I was unhappy, I felt guilty, so I said to Lu Jia, "Please write me something about why the Qin Dynasty lost the world, why I won the world, and the lessons of the success or failure of ancient countries." So Lu Jia summed up the law of rise and fall and wrote 12. Every time I hit the last one, Liu Bang refused. When he saw the emperor happy, he shouted long live. The book played by Lu Jia is called Xinyu.
When Lv Hou came to power, the Lushi family came to power and took the young puppet emperor hostage. Chen Ping, the right-hand man of the Prime Minister, is worried about state affairs and feels powerless. He is also afraid of getting himself into trouble in the future. He often lives in seclusion and thinks hard about countermeasures. At that time, Lu Jia had resigned due to illness, but he still took the initiative to ask Chen Ping to give him advice. Lu Jia bluntly pointed out: "As a prime minister, I enjoy 30,000 households in the country and am extremely rich. There is nothing to pursue. The reason why I am worried all day is nothing more than for the people of Lu and the young emperor. " Seeing that what he said was true, Chen Ping asked him what he could do. Lu Jia said: "The world is peaceful, mainly depending on the physiognomy; When the world is in danger, it depends mainly on the generals. If we can unite and coordinate with each other, we can get the support and support of scholars, and even if there is any accident, the regime will not waver. National security is in your hands. I know Qiu Jianghou very well. I often talk to him, and he listens to me. Why not make friends with Tai Wei and establish a close relationship? " Chen Ping accepted his suggestion, gave Zhou Bo 500 Jin of gold and held a luxurious banquet for him. Zhou Bo also gave a banquet to thank him. The alliance with the public made Hou have no scruples and their plot was frustrated. Chen Ping also allocated Lu Jia 100 handmaiden, 50 chariots and horses and 5 million yuan as his activity funds. Lu Jia made friends with ministers and did a lot of work. With these preparations, after his death, Zhu Lu was cleared, Wendi was established, and Liu's regime was restored.
In the first year of Emperor Wendi (BC 179), Lu Jia became a doctor in Taizhong and was ordered to go to South Vietnam. When Lv Hou was in power, the relevant departments made a decision to ban the export of iron to South Vietnam, which led to the deterioration of relations and the two sides met at the border. Zhao Tuo, the king of South Vietnam, used both hard and soft tactics to make Fujian and Guangxi obey his rule, calling himself Nandiwu, and adopted a ritual system similar to that of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, indicating that he was on an equal footing with the Han Dynasty and no longer recognized the relationship of submission. Emperor Wen of Han took the opportunity to ascend to the throne. Before Lu Jia went to the embassy, he sent someone to repair Zhao Tuo's ancestral grave in Zhending (now south of Zhengding County, Hebei Province), and specially arranged grave keepers to make regular sacrifices every year. Zhao Tuo's cousin will also be called in and handed over to senior officials. Wendi asked Lu Jia to bring a letter to Zhao Tuo. The letter was sincere but measured, expressing the sincerity of restoring friendly relations and urging Zhao Tuo to give up claiming the title of emperor. Although it is not recorded in the history books, we have reason to believe that Wendi's actions are probably due to the advice of Lu Jia who has been to South Vietnam.
With the successful completion of Lu Jia's mission, Zhao Tuo announced the abolition of the throne, stopped using the sacrificial ceremony of "Huang Wu Zuoge", restored the status of the king of South Vietnam, and surrendered to the Han Dynasty.
Among these three people, it is the most representative. Before choosing Liu Bang, he worked as a doctor in the Qin Dynasty and worked for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu. However, after he surrendered to Liu Bang, even though Liu Bang was defeated and fled, he did not return to Xiang Yu. This shows that he made a comparison and made up his mind, so he can continue to follow Liu Bang in the most difficult time. He knew that Liu Bang didn't like Confucian scholars, so he could not wear Confucian scholars' hats or clothes for the time being, and even put on Chu-style mandarin jackets to cater to Liu Bang, but he didn't give up his beliefs and knowledge. Knowing that his knowledge and students were useless for the time being, he tried his best to recommend suitable materials to Liu Bang, but he did not dismiss the students or let them change careers. Once Liu Bang found that there was a need for etiquette, he made suggestions in time, and finally laid the etiquette system of the Han Dynasty.
Maybe some people think that what Uncle Sun Tong decided was just some boring bow ceremony. What's the big deal? Let's look at another example: after Chen Sheng became king, he was once a long-term farming partner to see him. When he saw the hall and layers of curtains entering the palace, he couldn't help shouting, "What a style! King Chen Sheng, it's delicious. " They went in and out of the palace, more and more irregular, talking about Chen Sheng's past. Someone suggested to Bobby Chen: "These guests are ignorant and always talk nonsense, which affects your prestige." Chen Sheng ordered all these people beheaded, so that all his old friends fled, and no one went to him again.
After Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, the situation he faced was more severe than this. There are relatives and friends who have a hard time with * *, colleagues and neighbors who have a hard time with * *, and heroes who are proud of themselves. Many of them are from humble origins or bandits, and they don't know what court etiquette is. Liu Bang felt uneasy, not only because they had no rules when they appeared before the court, but also because they were worried that the emperor's authority could not be established, which would inevitably weaken their dominant position in the long run. But he was helpless, because few ministers were decent, and even he didn't know his former courtiers. If someone suggested to him that several people should be killed, Shu Wei and Liu Bang would probably adopt it. Although the consequences cannot be assumed, they will certainly not be positive.
Uncle Sun Tong's efforts not only solved the problem of Liu Bang, but also laid the foundation for the long-term stability of the whole Han Dynasty. History has proved that any regime needs its own etiquette system, and the Han Dynasty, which was centralized with the Qin Dynasty, is no exception. However, Shu did not copy Qin, but "gained or lost" (deleted or added) according to Liu Bang's needs and possibilities. Judging from the relationship between monarch and minister in the early Western Han Dynasty, Sun Tongshu's courtiers were definitely simpler than Qin Shihuang's. Judging from the 400-year-old courtiers set in the early Han Dynasty, this set of courtiers was relatively successful, which was enough to meet the needs of maintaining the authority of the emperor.
More importantly, through the formulation of officials, Shu made Liu Bang realize the supremacy of monarchical power and gradually became the conscious defender of monarchical power. If the former Liu Bang only took the force of the world as his responsibility, then Liu Bang really entered the role of emperor. A series of measures taken at the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty to strengthen monarchical power were undoubtedly conducive to preventing the country from splitting again and promoting social stability and economic recovery.
The successful formulation and implementation of courtiers made Liu Bang have a new understanding of the role of Confucian scholars, and Confucian scholars also actively sought Liu Bang's support. After Liu Bang declared that he "won the world in one fell swoop", Lu Jia dared to argue and explain the importance of sandwiches, which gave Liu Bang the opportunity to promote new books.
If Li Chiqi, Shu Suntong, Lu Jia and others give up their knowledge and beliefs because Liu Bang doesn't like Confucian scholars; If they see Liu Bang using the Confucian scholar's hat as a urinal, they will immediately cheer that this is a revolutionary action, and they will change the hat into a urinal to show their support. If they only followed Nuo Nuo after Liu Bang claimed to win the world in one fell swoop, and did not dare to raise tit-for-tat objections, then the civil administration of the Han Dynasty would be postponed for many years.
However, if they insist on calling themselves Confucian scholars, they will wear a Confucian crown and a Confucian costume when they meet Liu Bang, and they will either be driven away by Liu Bang or be left idle. If it is suggested that Liu Bang take a sandwich when the outcome of the Chu-Han dispute is unclear, if Liu Bang proposes to formulate etiquette when gathering governors to jointly attack Xiang Yu, it will definitely be flatly rejected and may never be reused again.
These seemingly simple truths are not understood by all intellectuals. When Uncle Sun Tong went to Shandong to recruit more than 30 Confucian scholars to rehearse the ceremony, two of them refused. They said, "There are almost ten masters you are loyal to, all of whom rely on good words to get close and position. Now that the world has just settled, the bodies of the deceased have not been buried, and the injured have not healed. What rituals and pleasures are needed? The foundation on which rites and music depend needs a hundred years' accumulation. I can't bear to be like you. What you have done does not conform to the ancient laws. I would never do that. Go ahead and don't spoil me. " Uncle Sun Tong laughed it off: "You really despise Confucianism and don't know how to adapt to the changes of the times."
These two Confucian scholars seem to have a lot of backbone on the surface, but they are actually unreasonable. They really "despise Confucianism". Uncle Sun Tong did have Qin Ershi, Xiang Liang, Chu Huaiwang, Xiang Yu, Liu Bang and other masters, and perhaps Qin Shihuang, but I'm afraid his only true loyalty is Liu Bang. Because Qin Ershi is obviously unworthy of loyalty, and Xiang Liang and Chu Huaiwang have not existed for a long time, they have no choice but to stay with Xiang Yu. After seeing Liu Bang, Uncle Sun Tong never betrayed him again, which shows that he is not without his own principles. As for speaking well of Qin Ershi in person, it is obviously to find a way out. Awarded by II and worshipped as a postdoctoral fellow. Instead of coveting wealth, he immediately fled back to his hometown and went to Xiang Liang, an anti-Qin country. Is it necessary to insist that Qin Ershi send troops to suppress Chen Sheng, just like other Confucian scholars, at the cost of being put into prison, so as to conform to the Confucian creed? We can't talk about "rites and music" until we have accumulated merits for a hundred years. Sticking to the "ancient law" is actually a rigid dogma that does not play any role in society. According to the opinions of these two Confucian scholars, the Han Dynasty could not formulate courtiers until the period of Emperor Wudi, and it might cease to exist because it could not establish a normal imperial system. To say the least, even if the two Confucian scholars insist on the correct idea, everyone is happy to roam in the forest and unwilling to come out and persuade the rulers to implement it. What is the role for history and society?
However, Liu Bang's attitude played a decisive role in the success of these intellectuals. Starting from personal likes and dislikes, Liu Bang did not like Confucian scholars, and his habit of swearing remained unchanged until his death. But as a leader who is determined to win the world, he will not hesitate to reuse Confucian scholars he doesn't like and listen to their opinions as long as it is beneficial to his own world. Suggestions on the country's major policies, even if inconsistent with his original ideas, will change his original intention as long as they are reasonable. Once he knows that he is unreasonable, he can actually correct it, although he won't admit his mistake. The same is true of Liu Bang's treatment of Shu and Lv Jia, and the examples of Emperor Yangdi and Lou Jing can also illustrate the problem.
Emperor Yangdi was Liu Bang's "servant". In the third year of the Han Dynasty (the first 204 years), Liu Bang lost the battle in Pengcheng (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province) and retreated to the county (now northeast of Yucheng County, Henan Province). Liu bang said to the left and right, "like you people, no one can discuss world affairs." Q: "I don't know what the king means?" Liu Bang said, "Can you send a special envoy to Huainan for me to make Ying Bu rebel against Xiang Yu? As long as I can drag Xiang Yu in Qi for a few months, I will be 100% sure of the world. " At any request, he took 20 attache to Huainan. King Jiujiang, blocked by Xiang Yu, has been watching from the other side of the river. He persuaded him and promised to return Chu to Korea, but this matter has never been made public. At this time, the envoy of the King of Chu came to urge Ying Bu to send troops, so he broke into the camp and said to the King of Chu in front of Ying Bu, "King Jiujiang has surrendered to Hanwang. Why did the king of Chu order him to send troops? " He also suggested to Ying Bu: "Things have come to this. We can't let the Chu envoy go back, kill him and set out to see Hanwang immediately. " Ying Bu rose to attack Chu, and there was a major turning point in the power contrast between Chu and Han.
After defeating Xiang Yu, the world was settled, and Liu Bang gave a big banquet. When Liu Bang drank too much wine, he belittled He Sui's contribution and called him a "pedant", saying that there was no place for a pedant like you. Emperor Yangdi stood up from his seat and said, "When your majesty led troops to attack Pengcheng and the king of Chu (Xiang Yu) had not left Qi, if your majesty sent 50,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry, could you capture Huainan?" Liu bang said it was impossible. He said: "Your Majesty asked me to take 20 people to Huainan, which achieved your goal, indicating that my contribution is greater than 50,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry. But you called me a pedant, and you said there was no need for pedants in the world. What does this mean? " Liu bang was speechless and said, "I was just about to repay your contribution!" " "So he was appointed as a lieutenant to protect the army.
Lou Jing is a Qi person. Judging from his words and deeds, he is also an intellectual, but as a civilian, he must serve in the frontier according to law. In the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu (202 BC), he went to work in Longxi and passed by Luoyang, where Liu Bang, who had just ascended the throne, lived. Lou Jing sought audience with General Liu Bang through his fellow countryman, saying that he wanted to make important suggestions. General Yu told him to put on new clothes. He said that he would wear his usual clothes when he saw the emperor, so he put on his fur coat and went into the palace. Lou Jing explained in detail that Liu Bang's process of winning the world was completely different from that of the Zhou Dynasty. It was impossible for him to build his capital in Luoyang, which won the world, like the Duke of Zhou, so as to achieve the goal of long-term stability. Then he suggested:
Qin is surrounded by mountains and rivers, connected by the Yellow River, and the terrain is closed on all sides, which is quite stable. In case of emergency, we can recruit millions of troops, make use of the existing conditions of Qin State and rely on the fertile land there. It's really called Tianfu (natural warehouse, metaphorically rich in materials). Your majesty should be able to enter the customs and build his capital there. Even if there is a rebellion in Shandong, the old land of Qin can be preserved. It's like fighting with someone else. If you don't hold his throat and hold his back, you won't win. Now that your majesty has entered the customs and established its capital, he directly rules the homeland of Qin, which is like holding the throat of the world and suppressing the backbone of the world.
Liu bang sought the opinions of ministers, who were all from Shandong, vying for the benefits of building Luoyang as the capital: "The Zhou Dynasty built Luoyang as its capital for hundreds of years; The Qin Dynasty made Guanzhong its capital, and the second one perished. It is better to learn from the Zhou Dynasty. " Liu Bang hesitated, but Sean affirmed the superiority of entering the customs, and Liu Bang moved westward on the same day. He did not forget Lou Jing's achievements, named him a doctor and gave him the surname Liu.
In the seventh year of Han Gaozu's landscape painting, Liu Bang led an army to the north. When the scouts came back, they all said that the Huns were weak and could attack. Lou Jing thinks that this is a fake made by the Huns on purpose, and must not be beaten. Liu Bang was so angry that he cursed: "Qi Lu (damn slave of Qi)! When I am an official by rhetoric, I dare to talk nonsense and shake the morale of the army. " Ordered Lou Jing to be chained up. However, Liu Bang was defeated, which proved that Lou Jing's opinion was completely correct. Liu bang immediately released him and said to him, "I don't listen to you, lest."