Knowledge of Peking Opera 1 1. History of Peking Opera Development
In the early Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera prevailed in Beijing. In the fifty-five years of Qianlong, four Huizhou classes went to Beijing from 65438 to 0790. During the Daoguang period, Huizhou and Han merged. During Guangxu period, the art of Peking Opera was initially formed, and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, modern Peking Opera was developed.
Second, the singing of Peking Opera.
The aria of Beijing Opera can be divided into "Huang Er" and "Xipi". "Huang Er" is a kind of voice with slow rhythm, smooth melody, dignified singing and strong and stable voice, which is suitable for expressing depressed, solemn, sad and passionate emotions.
"Xipi" is a kind of vocal cavity with compact rhythm, large fluctuation of melody, smooth and light singing, clear and lively, which is suitable for expressing cheerful, determined and resentful emotions.
Three. Scenes and operas of Peking Opera
The band of Beijing Opera is called "Scene" or "Wenwu Field", the orchestral part is called "Wenchang Field" and the percussion part is called "Wuchang Field".
There are more than 360 famous operas: Beijing Opera, Yue Opera, Pingju Opera, Henan Opera, Huangmei Opera, Qin Opera, Sichuan Opera, Kunqu Opera, Cantonese Opera and Ancient Painting Opera.
Fourth, the business of Peking Opera.
The business of Beijing opera is divided according to the natural and social attributes of the characters, which are generally divided into four lines: life, poetry, purity and ugliness. What is "life, beauty, purity and ugliness"? In fact, it is nothing more than role classification. Sheng is a male positive role, Dan is a female positive role, Jing is a male supporting role with fresh and bright gender, and Ugliness is an implicit or anti-role. Every role also has facial makeup, camouflage and so on, as long as the actor takes the stage, you can see it at a glance.
Health: it is a general term for male sexual behavior. According to the age, personality, performance characteristics and external image of the role. It can be roughly divided into three parts: singing, doing, wenwu, relying on martial arts for a long time, fighting martial arts for a short time, fighting martial arts for a short time, being a doll, being a youth, being a martial artist, being a shaman and being a fan.
Xiao Sheng: The name of the opera industry. Belong to the branch of "health". Mainly plays teenage men. In the stage performance, don't wear your mouth, don't pretend to be handsome, and don't use falsetto.
Old student, also known as "Xu Sheng". The name of the opera industry. It is a branch of this line. In China traditional opera, it refers to a bearded character (i.e "pig's mouth"). Play the role of middle-aged or elderly men.
Hongsheng: the name of the traditional Chinese opera industry. It is a "civil and military veteran" route. Wu sheng is also both. Named after painting a red face. In the stage performance, it is mainly to play the role of red face. For example, Guan Yu of Qingshishan.
Names of traditional operas in China. The name of Dan began in Song Zaju, that is, "pretending to be Dan" in Song Zaju. In Yuan Zaju, the types of play are divided into "Zheng Dan", "Xiao Dan" and "Chatan". Among them, "Zheng Dan" and "Mei Zheng" are two main businesses, and Zheng Dan plays the heroine in the play. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Danxing generally refers to the business of playing the role of women on the stage. According to the age, personality, identity and performance characteristics of the characters, they can be divided into Zheng Dan (that is, Tsing Yi), Hua Dan, Peking Opera Blues, Udan, Lao Dan and Cai Dan.
Zheng Dan is also called "Tsing Yi". The name of the opera industry. Belongs to the "Dan" system. Young and middle-aged women who play dignified and refined roles on the stage are mostly the main roles of women in the play, with beautiful figure, charming movements and decent manners, which embodies the dignity and elegance of the characters.
Hua Dan: The name of the opera industry. Belongs to the "Dan" system. On the stage, play innocent and lively, small and beautiful, or low-ranking young women. For example, the goddess in "Goddess Scattering Flowers".
Beijing opera blues: the name of the opera industry. Belongs to the "Dan" system. On the stage, she plays a heroine with strong martial arts. Most of these roles are female marshals or generals. Such as Liang Hongyu in Anti-Nomadic People.
The screen name is also called "painting face". The name of the opera industry. The name of the scene originated from the "auxiliary scene" in Song Jinbei's zaju. At first, he played a comedy role that was mainly gag and funny, and later generations gradually played a male role with rough personality, bold temperament and tall image. On the stage, with his broad and thick voice and large-scale body movements, he portrayed rough and bold characters. Pay attention to the work rack, big face, big face. According to the identity, personality and age of the characters, clean lines can be divided into "big face painting", "second face painting" and "Jason Wu".
Large painted face: also known as "black head" and "painted face with copper hammer". The name of the opera industry. This is a net line. On the stage, he often plays a person with high status, steady behavior, straightforward personality and a sense of justice. For example, Bao Gong in My Fair Lady.
Erhualian: Also known as "shelf painting face". In order to distinguish it from the "big-faced" singing, it is called "two-faced". The name of the opera industry. This is a net line. On the stage, most of them play brave, bold and rude roles. For example, Zhang Fei in Longbanpo.
The name of the ugly play. From Song and Yuan zaju to modern times, all kinds of operas have this line. Because a small white square is placed on the bridge of the nose and then the face is outlined, it is commonly called "small face" to distinguish it from "big face". It is also tied with the "big face" and "two faces" in the network cable, so it is also commonly known as "three faces".
On the stage, he plays a funny male character with funny actions, humorous language and ugly appearance. Sometimes he also plays a treacherous, insidious and despicable role.
According to the characters' personality, age and status, ugliness can be divided into "Wen Chou" and "Wu Ugliness".
Wen Chou: The name of the opera industry. Belong to the "ugly" branch. Compared with "Wu Chou", his role has no martial arts, or he can't perform somersaults, jumps and other skills on the stage.
The names of China traditional operas. It is a branch of the "ugly" line. Wen Chou, a comedian on the stage, has strong martial arts, alert personality and quick action. For example, Loulati in Fifteen Levels.
Scarf ugliness: also known as "pleated ugliness". The name of the opera industry. Belongs to the "Wen Chou" route. On the stage, most of them play the role of literati wearing square kerchiefs, such as yamen scribes, counselors and Confucian scholars, commonly known as "ugly children". For example, Jiang Gan in Hero.
Four great dancers
Character introduction-Mei Lanfang
Mei Lanfang (A.D. 1894- 196 1), Gong Dan. Born in Liyuan family, his ancestral home is Taizhou, Jiangsu, and he has lived in Beijing for a long time. He studied the performing arts of Peking Opera seriously and was brave in innovation. He created many beautiful artistic images, developed a large number of excellent plays, reformed and improved the singing and performing arts of Beijing opera, and formed a unique artistic school, which was called "Mei School" internationally. Domestic audiences welcome and love it very much, and Mei Pai enjoys a high reputation in the world.
Mei Lanfang (1894 ~ 196 1), whose real name is Lan, was born in Taizhou, Jiangsu, and came from a family in Liyuan.
Mei Lanfang began to learn from Wu Lingxian at the age of eight, and later joined the class of Xi Liancheng with her own skills. Later, she sang in classes such as Yiwen Society, Shuangqing Society, Xi Qu 'en Society and Lin Chong Society, and soon became a troupe, and she always played the leading role, which made her famous.
19 19 went to Japan, 1930 went to the United States, and 1935 went to the Soviet union, which was highly praised by the world drama community. Together with stanislavski of the Soviet Union and Brecht of Germany, he is the representative of the three major performance systems of the world drama art and has become a world-renowned actor.
On the domestic stage, he is known as the "three great sages" with him. Together with Shang Xiaoyun, Cheng and Xun Huisheng, they are called "Four Famous Talents", ranking first.
Mei Lanfang not only created a broad artistic path for future generations, but also set a good example for us to be human. He has been modest and prudent all his life, and always thinks of other people's difficulties first. 1937 Japanese troops invaded China. He stayed out of the stage for eight years, kept a clear beard and was loyal and unyielding. He has a clear love and hate, and his spine is awe-inspiring He is the first patriotic artist in China.
Character introduction-Cheng
Cheng (1904 ~ 1958), a native of Gongqingcheng. Manchu, from Beijing. He studied art at the age of 6, started performing at the age of 1 1, and participated in commercial performances at the age of 12. He studied under many famous Peking Opera artists and dabbled extensively in literature and various arts. Its performing arts are advancing by leaps and bounds, and its fame is growing. His performance skills are very profound, his expression techniques are exquisite, and he is original in art. He gradually formed his own artistic style and founded Cheng School.
Five, the facial makeup of Peking Opera
What is Facebook?
Facial makeup refers to the color and makeup of actors' faces in China's traditional dramas. This kind of facial makeup is mainly used for clean (face painting) and ugly (clown).
Facebook classification?
Coloring according to description
Arrange according to the Facebook model.
According to the color of facial makeup
A facial mask in Beijing opera rarely has more than four colors, and there is a main tone and a main color to distinguish the personality and attributes of the characters.
Red: On Facebook, red is the most "positive" color.
White: This is the most "evil" color on Facebook.
Yellow: Used to represent cruel people.
Yellow and green: used to express heroes in Jianghu.
Blake: A decent person who shows recklessness.
Gold and silver: they are gods and ghosts.
The artistic features of facial makeup are manifested in three aspects: form, spirit and meaning. Different characters have different faces, which is a typical performance of character characteristics. Not only for makeup, but also for the perfection of artistic image.
Sing facial makeup
Foreigners call that Peking Opera Beijing Peking Opera.
I have never seen that five-color oil painting on my face.
The appearance of "Four Strikes on the Head" is beautiful and wonderful. That's almost enough.
Blue-faced Dou Erdun stole red-faced Guan Gong and fought Changsha.
Dian Wei with yellow face, Cao Cao with white face and Zhang Fei with black face are all chirping.
The purple king holds the tower, and the green devil fights the witch.
Golden monkey king, silver monster, gray elf, laugh.
A pair of lifelike "Yuanyang tiles" and a group of lifelike living bodhisattvas.
A stroke is a bit exaggerated, a beautiful face.
Knowledge of Peking Opera 2 1. Beijing opera business
The business of Beijing opera is divided according to the natural attributes (gender, age) and social attributes (identity, occupation) of the characters. But more importantly, it is divided according to the personality characteristics of the characters and the author's attitude towards them.
The business of Peking Opera can be divided into ten lines: life, Dan, purity, ugliness, vice, foreign, martial arts, miscellaneous and vulgar. With the continuous reform and development of Peking Opera, it later evolved into seven lines (life, Dan, Jing, ugly, martial arts, miscellaneous and flowing). Today, the last three of the seven lines are no longer dedicated. So it merged into four lines: life, Dan, purity and ugliness.
In life, it can be divided into old students, martial arts students, primary school students, red students and precious students. Old students can be subdivided into three categories: old students who work with peace of mind (emphasizing singing), poor old students (emphasizing work), and old students who rely on martial arts. Wushu students can be subdivided into long-term and short-term Wushu students, including those who play monkey tricks. It can be subdivided into fan students, pheasant students, poor students and Wu.
In Danxing, it can be divided into Tsing Yi (Zheng Dan), Hua Dan, Beijing Opera Blues, wudan and Lao Dan.
In the network cable, it can be divided into two categories: Zheng Jing (also known as "bronze hammer" or "black head", which emphasizes singing skills) and shelf flower (heavy frame, playing the role of traitor).
Ugliness can be divided into Wen Chou and Wu Ugliness. In Wen Chou, it can be subdivided into square towel ugliness, robe ugliness, old ugliness, tea and clothes ugliness and female ugliness.
In every line, the singing method and style are different. The main singers are Laosheng, Tsing Yi and Zheng Jing. Followed by Lao Dan, Xiao Sheng, Hua Dan and Jiahua. The old students sing the true voice, and the style requires tall and straight, vigorous, and the rhyme is white when reading white. Chen Gong is catching Cao and releasing Cao. In Danxing, Tsing Yi and Huadu are falsetto voices (the actress uses the method of combining true and false voices), and the required style is mellow, gentle and charming. Tsing Yi uses rhyme white; Hua Dan uses Beijing white. Zheng Jing sings with a real voice, demanding generosity and boldness in style, and rhymes with white when reciting. Bao Zheng is in my case. Lao Dan sings with a real voice, with a vigorous and soft style, and rhymes when she speaks white. Such as: She Taijun in Ci Chao. Xiao Sheng sang in the way of combining true and false voices. In style, it is required to be broad, lively and powerful, and rhyme should be used when reading white. Such as: Wang Jinlong in Yu Tang Chun. Shelf flowers are used to make pies and read white, rhyme white and Beijing white. Such as: catching and releasing Cao Cao in Cao Cao. Ugly pays more attention to reading white, using Beijing white more than rhyme white, and sometimes using dialects. For example, Jiang Gan in Hero.
2. Singing of Peking Opera
There are many ways to sing Beijing Opera. Such as Huang Er, Xipi, Chuiqiang, Siping, Gaopaizi, Nanbangzi and Kunqu Opera. Among them, Huang Er and Xipi are the main vocal cavities of Beijing Opera.
Huang Er and Xipi are two kinds of vocal cavity. There are also many boards in these two kinds of cavities. Such as: original board, adagio, running water, allegro, loose board, etc. Therefore, from the perspective of system and structure, this kind of aria belongs to "banqiang" and the like.
Under normal circumstances, Huang Er's singing is smooth and soothing, with a calm, steady, deep and lyrical tone, which is very suitable for expressing meditation, sadness, exclamation, indignation and depression; Xipi's singing is fluent, lively, jumping and powerful, and it is a clear, powerful and passionate tone, which is very suitable for expressing joy, excitement, high voice and anger.
The plate type of Beijing opera generally refers to its beat and rhythm form. Its substantive meaning has two kinds. First of all, it refers to its plate-eye shape, that is, the beat shape. Usually the racket is called "board"; The weak beat or the second strong beat is called "eye". Secondly, it refers to the form of footwall, that is, rhythmic form. For example:
The word in the aria is called "welcome panel"; The second half of the word is called "waist plate"; The three-board tune is not boring, and the next board is only played at the end of a aria, so it is called "cutting board" or "bottom board"
The types of plates can be roughly divided into four categories:
(1) One board with three eyes (four beats). For example, three eyes are slow and three eyes are fast.
(2) one board at a time (two beats). Such as: original board, 26.
(3) No eyes (one beat). Such as water board and allegro.
(4) loose board (free beat). Such as: rocking board (tight pulling and slow singing), loose board (slow pulling and slow singing), guide board, rolling board, etc.
3. Beijing opera costumes
The costumes of Beijing Opera are also called "costumes". In fact, the wardrobe is more than just clothes. According to the early convention, it can be divided into four categories: clothing, helmet, miscellaneous and handle. Later, it developed to six items. Namely: trunk, trunk, trunk, trunk, helmet trunk, trunk and flag trunk. The trunk includes pythons, bustards, palace clothes, cardigans, pleats, etc. The second suitcase includes military clothes, arrow clothes, hugging clothes, etc. The three suitcases include boots, shoes, colored trousers, water clothes, fat coats and so on. The helmet head box includes helmet, hat, towel, crown, mouth, tail, etc. The handle box comprises a knife, a gun and a handle; Flag bags include flags, tents, scenery, props, etc.
4. Beijing Opera Scene
The band of Beijing Opera is called "Live" or "Wu Wen Field". Among them, the orchestral part is called Wenchang; The percussion part is called "martial arts field". Musical instruments in the cultural field are: Jinghu, Jinghu Erhu, Yueqin, Sanxian, Suona, Haidi and Sheng. The instruments in the martial arts field are drums (single gongs), boards, gongs, small gongs and cymbals. In the civil and military field, the drum board is played by one person and plays a leading or conducting role in the band.
The role of literary field in drama performance is:
(1) chorus;
(2) Play music clips to match the actors' performances.
The role of Wushu field in drama performance is:
(1) with the actors' body movements, chanting, singing, dancing and fighting, so that the start and end are clear and the rhythm is clear;
(2) Make conversation, paragraph, singing, reading, doing and dancing related to each other;
(3) Render the emotional atmosphere of the stage.
Knowledge of Peking Opera 3 Interesting Notes on Peking Opera in Grade One and Grade Six
The ancients in China often rode horses. But riding a horse on the stage can't be shown. The stage in Fiona Fang is too small for horses to run across. The real horse appeared on the stage, and the actors were afraid that it would get out of control. Peking Opera inherits and develops the expression of China's traditional operas, and finally overcomes this embarrassment-it is completely solved with a small whip, which is beautiful. This kind of performance accords with China's aesthetics. The huge horse was completely omitted, but the rider's specific and graceful posture was clearly displayed. At the same time, this virtual whip gives actors endless freedom to perform: they can hold it high or lower it; You can run for half a day and still be at home, and you can walk a hundred miles in one hand. The whip itself has a kind of decorative beauty, and different roles have formed a set of established methods when using the whip.
Whip is a real prop, which can be felt and used. There are some virtual props in Beijing Opera, but they can still be used. For example, when picking up the jade bracelet, the little girl put on the sole. The sole is solid and the needle and thread are empty. But in the hands of actors, "nothing" is far better than "something".
Another example is the hip flask and wine glass at the banquet. When the host gave the order, "The banquet is set-",the servant immediately put the hip flask and glass on the stage. The host and guest raised their glasses and drank, one after another, without eating or eating vegetables, and the guests were "full". Generally, Peking Opera does not put rice bowls on the stage. Once it is really used, it must be "prepared". For example, there is a detail in Today's Wrath, in which a young actor drinks bean juice from his rice bowl and licks chopsticks with his mouth. Without this "lick", the rice bowl would not have to be put on the stage at all.
Pose on the stage
There is a strange thing about Beijing opera: the two sides are fighting for each other, so intense that they can hardly be penetrated. People in the audience are too nervous to go out. They all opened their eyes wide for fear of "killing" each other in the blink of an eye. Strangely, however, just as the two sides were fighting each other, the tense and neat sound of gongs and drums suddenly stopped, and the movements of the characters also came to an abrupt end-the two sides looked at each other, looked at each other, and the weapons were facing each other, and everything seemed to be subdued by some kind of immobility! Children and foreign guests can't help asking, "If one of them wakes up first and picks up a weapon and stabs the other, won't the other party be finished?"
This is a reasonable question, but it is precisely the beauty of Beijing opera. As the saying goes, "silence is better than movement", and ancient poems also say that "silence is better than sound". This is the fact. Quiet, the more you can show the strength of martial arts, the more you can show the confidence to win.
There is also a "knife (gun) ending", which is also a dynamic appearance. The two sides fought, and one side was defeated and ran down. But the winner didn't catch up, but stayed where he was, swinging his arms and fiddling with his weapon (knife or gun). This, where is drama? Isn't this too acrobatic? You are absolutely right. This is an acrobatic component in Beijing opera, which has been like this since ancient times and has existed until today. It exists to highlight the heroic spirit of the characters.
Knowledge points of "Beijing Opera Interesting Talk" in Grade 26
Polysyllabic words:
Biography: A vivid biography of Chu 'an
Province: shěng Province, xǐng introspection.
Explanation of words:
Gallop: To gallop (a horse).
Embarrassment: The situation is difficult and difficult to handle.
Virtual: Fiction, created by imagination.
Convention: refers to the name or social habit of things recognized or formed by people through long-term practice.
Sew the upper and sole together.
Impervious to wind and rain: the wind can't blow in, and the rain can't penetrate. Describe to surround or close tightly.
Cannot get rid of or end (only as a complement after "de").
Abrupt: describes the sudden stop of sound.
Highlight: To show clearly.
Antonym:
Virtual reality can be divided into high and low levels.
Nervous-relaxed and tidy-messy
Synonym:
Victory and failure of Mercedes-Benz.
A thorough and complete appearance display
Strange-strange and intense-intense
Brilliance-Exquisite Highlight-Highlight
Teaching Plan of "Interesting Talk about Peking Opera" in Grade Three and Grade Six
Teaching objectives
1, learn to accumulate words such as "galloping, embarrassing, empty, established and outstanding".
2. Read the text with emotion, and learn about the use of whips and the artistic features of appearances in Beijing Opera performances.
3. Understand the enjoyment brought by art through the description of language and characters.
Teaching focus
Understand the use of whip and the artistic technique of appearance in Beijing opera performance.
Teaching difficulties
Learn the text and illustrate the characteristics of Beijing opera performance with concrete examples.
training/teaching aid
Piece courseware of Peking Opera performance
Teaching design
First of all, talk about new lessons.
Speaking of Chinese quintessence, some students may think of Peking Opera. Peking Opera has accumulated the rich cultural heritage of the Chinese nation for 5,000 years, and everyone in China is proud of it! Peking Opera is not only deeply loved by the people of China, but also conquered people who love art all over the world with its unique expression and charm. In this class, we will approach Beijing Opera and learn about its artistic features. Courseware 1: topic (blackboard title: interesting talk about Beijing opera) watch it together.
Second, read through the quasi-text.
1. From which two angles does the text talk about the characteristics of Beijing opera performance? Please read the full text freely with such questions and ask for correct pronunciation of each word. See what you read. If you have any questions, mark them in the book.
2. Courseware 2 shows word reading:
The clumsiness of flying, the high spirit and the low decoration are customary.
I am afraid that the feast of soles will be too lively, and suddenly it will stop more and more.
Third, understand the characteristics of Beijing Opera.
1, courseware 3 shows the learning requirements of the first part "whip".
Read the first part of the text silently and answer the following questions:
(1) Why don't you use real horses for riding in Beijing Opera?
(2) What props are used for riding in Beijing Opera performances?
(3) What are the advantages of an actor holding a whip without riding a horse?
(4) What two examples did the author give to illustrate that virtual props can also be used?
2, group communication, clear the answer to the question.
3, named report, teacher guidance:
The stage Fiona Fang is too small for the horse to run, so we can only find something to replace it, and the whip is more suitable. (blackboard writing: virtual)
The actor holds the whip in his hand, and the rider's specific graceful posture can be clearly shown. An actor has endless freedom to perform, and he can do whatever he wants. (blackboard writing: whip)
In order to illustrate that virtual props can also be used, the author gives two examples. One is that the thread used by the little girl to pick up the jade bracelet and lick the sole is empty, and the other is that it is empty to raise a glass and drink at the banquet.
(blackboard writing: raise a glass and drink the soles)
4. Communicate with the whole class to understand the characteristics of virtual performance with whips.
Fourth, the characteristics of perceptual expression.
1. Read the "whip" part freely and think about what the author said from the whip to illustrate the characteristics of Beijing opera performance.
2. Read the second and third paragraphs and write the meaning of these two paragraphs in concise language.
(2) When the actor performs the sole, the needle and thread are empty, but they feel usable. Third, the actors perform toasts and drinks, but they don't really drink. )
3. The author says that Beijing Opera still has some virtual props. When they think they can use it, what explanation do they use? For example, one is licking the soles of shoes, and the other is drinking glasses. )
4. Appreciate Peking Opera, watch performances and learn about the artistic features of Peking Opera performances.
(1) Multimedia Play: Courseware 4 pictures of riding horses, licking soles and drinking glasses in Beijing Opera.
(2) Students talk about their experiences after reading it.
V. Experience performance characteristics
1, showing learning requirements:
Read the "debut" part silently, and then tell others the key points after reading this part. Pay attention to make it clear:
(1) What are two strange scenes in the Beijing Opera performance?
(2) What are the advantages of these two performances?
2. Create situations, use methods and tell others.
3. Teacher-student evaluation. (blackboard writing: debut static acrobatics)
4, segment appreciation, experience the benefits.
Multimedia Play: There are 5 pieces related to Peking Opera in the courseware. Students can experience the benefits of this kind of performance by combining text description.
Sixth, expand reading materials.
Presentation: Courseware 6, 7
The four artistic skills of Beijing opera performance: singing, reading, doing and playing are also the four basic skills of Beijing opera performance.
Singing refers to singing, while reciting refers to musical chanting, which complement each other and form a "song", which is one of the two major elements of the performing arts of singing, dancing and Peking Opera. Doing refers to the body movements, fighting and tumbling skills of dance, which are combined with each other to form a "dance", which is one of the two major elements of the performing arts of song, dance and Beijing opera.
Opera actors should be trained from these four aspects since childhood, although some actors are good at singing (singing to the old age), some are mainly engaged in work (Hua Dan), and some are mainly engaged in martial arts (Jason Wu). But every actor must have four basic skills: singing, reading, doing and acting. Only in this way can we give full play to the artistic characteristics of Beijing opera. Better express and portray all kinds of characters in the play.
Beijing opera is a highly comprehensive art, with singing, dancing, dialogue, martial arts and various symbolic movements.
Content of blackboard writing
Interesting talk about Beijing opera
Virtual: raise a glass and drink at the bottom of the whip.
Debut: Acrobatics?