The mixing standard of colors is the result of equal mixing of two primary colors, while unequal mixing breeds different hue changes. Such as: red+yellow = red orange (red is more than yellow, commonly known as orange) orange (equal mixing, commonly known as orange) yellow+blue = yellow green (yellow is more than blue) grass green (equal mixing) medium green blue green (blue is more than yellow) dark green blue+red = red purple (red is more than blue) purple (equal mixing) blue purple (equal mixing) red blue. Primary colors are colors that cannot be mixed with other colors. Primary colors can be mixed with many other colors. In Eaton's color circle, red, yellow and blue are the three primary colors. He defined the standard of these three primary colors as: red: red without blue or yellow flavor. Yellow: Yellow, with no green or red flavor. Blue: Blue without green or red flavor. A color that is a mixture of any two primary colors is called an intermediate color. Then, the three primary colors can bring up three intermediate colors. Their combination is as follows: red+yellow = orange yellow+blue = green blue+red = purple. The orange, green and purple obtained by mixing the above primary color images are what we call intermediate colors. Multicolor is a color that is a mixture of an indirect color and another primary color, and it is called polychromatic. The composite colors are as follows: yellow+orange = yellow-orange-red+orange = red-orange-red+purple = red-purple-blue+purple = blue-purple-blue+green = blue-green+green = yellow-green. The six composite colors are yellow orange, red orange, red purple, blue purple, blue green and yellow green. The brighter the white color, the darker the black color, until the limit of black is reached. In this way, the primary color, the intermediate color and the composite color form a regular color ring of 12 hue, just like the continuation of the rainbow. In this color circle, each tone has its own corresponding position. Color principles-hue, lightness and purity are all around our lives. Most people often only stay in the superficial understanding of color, that is, the discrimination of solid colors such as red, yellow, blue and green (hue part). If you encounter a lighter color, add a word "light", if you encounter a heavier color, add a word "deep", and once you encounter a color in the middle tone, it is called "old". For those who want to enter the art major, this simple understanding of color is far from enough. The reason for this phenomenon is that we don't understand the principle of color. How to enter the mysterious and rich world of color and master the basic principles of color? We might as well use the structural principle of color solid to explain the three basic elements of color theory: hue, lightness, purity and their relationship. For the sake of explanation, let's first understand the concept of nouns and show them with pictures. Color Stereo Color Stereo is a color coordinate system that uses three-dimensional space to express the hue, lightness and purity of color with the help of perspective theory. This way of coordinate formation can help you learn to analyze and understand the continuity of color in space from a plane perspective. Hue Hue is the most obvious feature of color, which refers to the appearance of color, and is generally expressed by color phase ring. The usual color rings are 12, 20, 24, 100. Brightness Brightness refers to the brightness of a color, which is generally expressed by the lightness axis. Purity Purity refers to the purity of color, which can be expressed by purity stage. With the ability to recognize these three colors, you will initially master the law of color change and broaden your color gamut invisibly. Make your color recognition ability not only stay on the surface, but embark on the professional road of scientific color recognition and understanding. Color principle-tone contrast is called tone contrast because of different tones. Hue contrast is a simple color contrast, and the visual effect is bright and bright. Generally speaking, tone contrast can be assisted by tone ring. According to the order of hue rings, we summarize the relative ratio into six aspects to illustrate its contrast law and visual effect. 1, the same hue contrast is called the same hue. It means that the positions of the two colors on the color ring are very close, about 5 degrees Celsius. On the contrary, it means the contrast between one color and another adjacent color. Because they are very close, there are many similar factors in color, and the contrast effect is weak. It is called homochromatic contrast in chromatics, and it can also be called weak contrast from the visual point of view. 2, the concept of similar color contrast, similar hue means that the position of two colors on the color ring is about 45 degrees, the distance is close, and the color difference between the two colors is not big. As far as contrast is concerned, their contrast relationship is called similar color contrast, which belongs to medium-weak contrast from the visual point of view. Compared with hue, it appears that there are changes in unity and harmony in change. 3. The two colors of the contrast color hue are far apart on the color circle, and the * * * factor between the two colors is relatively reduced. The distance on the color circle is about 100 degrees. The contrast of two colors is called contrast color contrast, and their visual effects are bright and strong, also known as medium-strong contrast. 4. Complementary color relative ratio Complementary color relative ratio means that the two colors are located at both ends of the diameter of the color phase ring and are the two colors with the farthest color distance. The difference between these two colors is 180 degrees, so their contrast is the strongest and most exciting. In chromatics, it is called the relative proportion of complementary colors, which is a strong contrast in vision. 5. The hue contrast of panchromatic ring is called hue contrast of panchromatic ring, which is 12 or 6 colors. However, due to many colors, it is easy to be messy and unstable, and it is difficult to form a unified effect. Therefore, when organizing colors, we must pay attention to the treatment of color block size and the choice of hue. 6. Contrast of full hue. This contrast technique mainly refers to the change of hue. You can take 1/3, 2/3 or full hue on the color ring to change the order. The picture formed by this method feels bright and dazzling in color. Mastering the method of hue contrast skillfully will lay a solid foundation for each beginner to use solid color design in the future, so that you can experience and experience the infinite changes and powerful expressive force between hues. The contrast relationship formed by the difference of color lightness is called lightness contrast. The relationship of color lightness has two meanings: 1, the light-dark relationship of color itself (without adding black and white), and the light-dark relationship produced by the mixture of color and black and white. The lightness contrast mentioned here is based on the second meaning, that is, how to combine and match the light and dark phenomena caused by the mixture of color and black and white to produce different visual effects. The difference of color brightness is generally based on the brightness of color stereo, and Munsell color stereo is often used as an example for analysis. The lightness axis of Munsell solid is composed of 1 1 color scale from white to black. 0- 10 is black and white at both ends, and 1-9 is gray with different lightness. The lightness axis from bottom to top shows that lightness changes gradually and regularly. In order to explain clearly and easily, we can also divide the lightness relationship into three grades according to the numerical order displayed on the darkness axis: a 0-3, which is low lightness (black to dark gray) b 4-6, medium lightness (medium gray) c 7- 10, and lightness (light gray to white). After defining the three levels, let's talk about lightness. The contrast of lightness can also be divided into three categories: strong contrast, large contrast between black and white, and stimulating visual effects. The contrast in B is moderate and the visual effect is peaceful. C weak contrast This contrast relationship has a small contrast between light and dark, and the visual effect is blurred. The principle of color-the principle of color harmony is a concept introduced from music theory, which refers to the coordination of various colors to achieve harmony. Color harmony has two meanings: first, color harmony is a form of color collocation beauty. It is generally believed that "good-looking color collocation" means that the color collocation that can make people happy and comfortable is harmonious. Second, color harmony is a means of color matching beauty. Color harmony is about color contrast. Without contrast, there is no harmony. They are mutually exclusive, interdependent and complementary. But the contrast of colors is absolute, because two or more colors are always different in hue, purity, lightness and area, which will inevitably produce different degrees of contrast. Excessive contrast of color matching needs to be strengthened to reconcile * * *; Too ambiguous color matching needs to be coordinated by strengthening contrast. From the aesthetic point of view, color harmony can be said to be the harmony of various colors in unity and change. The principle of color harmony: 1, complementary color balance theory From the perspective of color visual physiology, the coordination of complementary colors is harmonious. Because when people see a certain color, they always want to get the corresponding complementary color to achieve a physiological complementary balance. Eaton said: "The eye also needs its relative complementary color to any particular color. If this complementary color has not appeared, then the eyes will automatically produce it. It is through this fact that the basic principle of color harmony includes the principle of complementary color. " Munsell's theory of color harmony is also based on the theory of color deviation. He believes that if all the colors that make up the picture are mixed (or mixed on the rotating turntable), if the fifth brightness gray is produced, then the color matching is harmonious. 2. Natural color sequence theory Because people live in nature, it comes from the coordination and continuity of natural colors, which has become people's habit and aesthetic experience of visual colors. There is a certain natural order, that is, a natural law, in the changes and relations of light and shade, light and shadow, strength, cold and warm, gray and bright, and hue. For example, when light shines on an object, it will inevitably produce highlights, bright parts, light-dark boundaries, dark parts, reflections and projections. The light and shade and color changes of objects are orderly, rhythmic and very harmonious, and people will unconsciously judge the quality of color art by the color order of nature. Therefore, the harmony of colors requires that all colors must establish a certain order. The hue series, lightness series and purity series of color solids are arranged in a certain order. Therefore, in colored solids, any straight line, circle, ellipse, spiral ..... all the orderly directions, the selected color scheme is very harmonious. 3, the theory of bright color matching is visual, that is, the color matching that is not too exciting or too ambiguous is harmonious. The harmony of color matching depends on whether it is bright or not. Generally speaking, excessive stimulation or ambiguous color matching will make people feel unhappy. Change and unity are the basic principles of color matching. Seek unity in change, seek change in unity, and all kinds of colors complement each other to achieve the beauty of color matching. 4. Regarding the area ratio, Goethe thinks that the harmonious area ratio of primary colors and intermediate colors is: yellow: orange: red: purple: blue: green = 3: 4: 6: 9: 8: 6. Munsell believes that color harmony can only be achieved when the colors that make up the picture are mixed together. Color harmony and area ratio are related to purity at the same time, because red (R5/ 10) and turquoise (BG5/5) with the same area will not get gray with brightness of 5 when they are rotated and mixed on the turntable. Obviously, it is because the purity of red is high and the purity of green is low. He believes that only by reducing the purity of red or reducing the area of red to half of turquoise can harmony be achieved. In short, the areas with strong colors in color matching should be appropriately reduced and the areas with weak colors should be appropriately expanded, which is the general law of color regional balance. Of course, the achievement of color zone balance is a method of static beauty of color. If we use different color matching ratios to make color composition and consciously give priority to one color, then we will achieve various infectious color matching effects. 5. The singing theory of * * * in aesthetic psychology can arouse the aesthetic psychology of the viewer. * * * The color matching of singing is very harmonious. Due to different psychological characteristics (such as gender, age, etc. ), psychological changes (such as joy, joy, sadness, etc. ), the social conditions for survival (such as culture, science, art, education, politics, economy, etc.). ) and the natural environment, it is different in temperament, personality, hobbies, interests, customs and habits, and has different preferences in color. In different times, regions and periods, people have different aesthetic requirements and ideals for color. Different TINT can form different moods such as richness, enthusiasm, joy, gentleness, modesty, simplicity and generosity. When the interest reflected by color collocation resonates with people's thoughts and feelings, that is, when the formal structure of color collocation corresponds to people's psychological formal structure, people will involuntarily feel the harmony and pleasure of color, and strongly produce the motivation and possessiveness of color decoration. Therefore, in color design, we must study and be familiar with the color preference psychology of different consumers, treat them differently, and be targeted. 6. Teleology The teleology of color matching is harmonious. Color matching must consider use (practicality) and purpose (purpose). For example, the color of instruments, traffic signals and road signs should be eye-catching, and the combination of different colors with strong contrast is applicable. The colors used in general workplaces should be soft and bright, so as to avoid sharp contrast color matching that is too stimulating, easy to cause visual fatigue and reduce work efficiency. Architectural design, interior design, fashion design, commercial design, work design, etc. Because of the different functions, there are specific requirements for color matching. Color principle-color beauty and aesthetic subject color beauty is related to aesthetic subject. Color itself is not beautiful, but an objective condition of beauty. Only when the conditions of color beauty are related to people can color beauty be reflected. So the beauty of color depends on people's feelings and evaluation of color. Some people love red, some people love green, some people love bright, some people love bright; The same color or a group of colors, some people think it looks good, some people think it doesn't look good; Even the same person sometimes thinks it is beautiful, and sometimes it is not. Zhuangzi, an ancient thinker in China, thought that "beauty and Jin Lie are in the heart" and the beauty of color is determined by "people's heart". The feeling of color beauty varies from person to person and from feeling to feeling. Due to the differences in politics, economy, culture, customs, religious beliefs and geographical environment, different times, nationalities and regions have different aesthetic requirements and concepts for colors. Different people have different preferences for colors because of their gender, age, cultural accomplishment, temperament, personality, hobbies and interests. Even the same person, due to the change of experience and mood, the feeling of color and aesthetic psychology are not fixed. Therefore, only when the interest reflected by color is related to people's yearning spiritual life and resonates with people's aesthetic feelings, that is, only when the formal structure of color coordination corresponds to people's aesthetic psychological formal structure, people will feel the pleasure of color beauty. Because of the complexity and versatility of the aesthetic subject of color, when discussing the aesthetic feeling and expressive force of color, we should not only study the general significance of various colors produced by life association, but also pay attention to the different aesthetic standards of different times, different people and different concepts, and have different understanding and evaluation of the connotation and expressive force of color. Color beauty must have the characteristics of the times and the expression of personality. Color Principle-Charming color is a major focus in the field of image design. Colors include three primary colors, intermediate colors and complementary colors. Hue, lightness and purity are the three major elements of color, and their changes in light and shade and the collocation of large and small blocks show colorful fashion. Color collocation has a strong purpose and is a very concrete and creative aesthetic process. Black, white and gray can best reflect the elegant, rational, noble and mysterious temperament. The artistic collocation of these three colors contains endless changes in simplicity, and has unexpected amazing effects. The commonly used multi-tone color matching is based on a small number of colors, and the principle of color matching is "great unity and coordination, small contrast". The weak contrast color matching series with the same or similar hue, which varies with lightness and purity, has the effect of unity, coordination, softness and elegance, but it lacks movement and tends to appear monotonous. The similarities between China's contrasting color matching series and the strong contrasting color matching series have different degrees of bright, eye-catching and exciting visual effects, but it is not easy to unify and coordinate, which is easy to cause visual fatigue. Works with high colors and high styles will form an elegant and bright atmosphere with relaxed, gentle and lively effects; In the works of medium light and high purity, the color matching of medium light and high purity is full and powerful, and the color matching of medium light and high purity is implicit and solemn; The works with low lightness style have the effect of quietness, solemnity, seriousness and melancholy, weakness and introversion. The higher the purity of color, the brighter the color, and the more positive and enthusiastic the effect; The lower the purity, the darker the color, the simpler and quieter the effect, and even the feeling of weakness and introversion. Generally speaking, colors with high lightness and purity reflect warm, light, dynamic, close, large, exciting and gorgeous emotional effects; On the contrary, it embodies the emotional effect of coldness, heaviness, quietness, remoteness, smallness, quietness and simplicity. In image design, we should make full use of the emotional effect of color to adjust and improve the visual effect and express the personality of the characters; Use the illusion of expansion and contraction, distance and size to adjust the outline of figure and face, so as to cover up the defects of characters and highlight their beauty. Color principle-color temperature difference of 3 degrees Celsius. We often say that blue brings a cool feeling and red brings a warm and romantic feeling. Some insiders said that when exposed to different colors, such as red or blue, the temperature will be 3 degrees Celsius. Understanding the different psychological effects of different colors will be very helpful for us to make different arrangements according to different seasons. For example, there are many colors in the indoor layout, and a simple color may make the indoor space look bigger; For walls or curtains that occupy a large area, the use of large patterns will make the room look narrower-these tips on color arrangement can make us more handy when decorating the room. The following are the psychological effects of some basic colors on people, which you can refer to when decorating your room. Red: Red belongs to enthusiastic and energetic people. But if you use too much red, you will feel tired. Pink: Make the skin look more comfortable and beautiful. But if it is used too much or improperly, it will give people a feeling of levity. Yellow: When people are in a bad mood, this color can inspire hope and courage. Because it is a swelling color, it is advisable to use a softer intermediate color when it is used in a large area. Green: It can make people feel peaceful both physically and mentally, and it is a relaxing color. When using green in a large area, try to choose bright colors. Blue: It can make people feel calm and is the most suitable color for the bedroom. Brown: reminds people of the earth and wood in nature, giving people a feeling of peace of mind. If you use a lot of wooden furniture at home, the matching floor should be dark brown and other dark colors. White: White without oppressive feeling, used for walls or ceilings, which makes people feel spacious. But if even the floor is white, it will make people emotionally unstable and can't help but want to run away. Black ash: with a little natural materials or bright colors, black ash will exert a strong dark charm, which is a very distinctive arrangement.