1, head protection
In order to protect the head from injury, protect the human head from injury or reduce the degree of head injury. Head protective equipment includes safety helmet, miner's safety helmet and electric welding safety helmet.
2, facial protection
Personal protective equipment to prevent smoke, dust particles, metal sparks and flying debris, high temperature, electromagnetic radiation, laser, chemical splash and other injuries to the face is called facial protective equipment. According to the protection function, it can be divided into chemical protection panel, welding mask and radiation protection panel. Chemical shielding is generally made of polycarbonate, which can prevent molten metal chemicals from splashing.
3. Eye protection
Particles and fragments of matter, sparks and heat flow, dazzling light and smoke can all cause harm to eyes. According to the types of protection, it can be divided into protective glasses and goggles; According to the protective function, it can be divided into chemical glass, impact glass, welding glass and dust-proof glass. Chemical-resistant glasses are mainly used to prevent chemical damage to eyes caused by irritating or corrosive solutions. Welding glasses are designed to protect the welder's eyes, which is more convenient and beautiful than welding screen. Anti-impact glasses are mainly used to protect dust particles, hard debris and so on.
4. Respiratory protection
Protective articles for respiratory organs are protective articles to prevent harmful gases, vapors, dust and smoke from being inhaled through the respiratory tract or directly provide oxygen or clean air to users, so as to ensure that workers can breathe normally in dust, toxic pollution or anoxic environment.
Dust mask is a personal protective device to prevent or reduce dust in the air from entering human respiratory organs.
In fact, the protective function of dust mask and dust mask is the same, and it is also a respiratory protective article used to prevent the human body from inhaling external dust particles. However, the use cost and protection level of dust masks are higher than those of dust masks. Dust masks are generally composed of filter cotton and masks. Filter cotton belongs to consumables and needs to be replaced in time, while the mask can be reused after cleaning.
Gas mask is mainly personal protective equipment to protect people's respiratory organs, eyes and face and prevent toxic substances such as toxic gas, dust and bacteria from being hurt. Air respirator is also called gas storage gas mask and sometimes fire mask. It uses a compressed gas cylinder as the gas source, but the gas in the cylinder is compressed air.
Long tube respirator is a personal protective equipment between gas mask and air respirator. It consists of a long breathing tube, an air supply source and a mask. Long breathing apparatus can be divided into two types: self-priming long breathing apparatus and electric air supply long breathing apparatus.
5, ear protection
Personal protective articles that can prevent excessive acoustic energy from invading the external auditory canal, prevent people's ears from being excessively stimulated by noise, reduce hearing damage, and prevent the adverse effects of noise on people. Ear protection products mainly include anti-noise earplugs, earmuffs and electronic earmuffs. Soundproof earplugs are generally made of silica gel or low-pressure foam material and high-elastic polyester material. After the sound is inserted into the ear canal, it can isolate the sound from entering the middle ear and the inner ear (eardrum) to achieve the purpose of sound insulation. The electronic earmuffs have intelligent noise filtering function, and the two pickups process the ambient sound through the built-in circuit, so as to generate clearer sound to be introduced into the ears.
6, hand protection
Gloves with the function of protecting hands and arms worn by workers during labor are called hand protective articles, and people usually call them labor protective gloves. Protective gloves include chemical resistant gloves, insulating gloves, high temperature resistant gloves and arc resistant gloves.
Chemical gloves are used to effectively protect hands when exposed to chemical solvents. High temperature resistant gloves are special high temperature resistant gloves used in high temperature environment. You can choose different high-temperature gloves according to the contact temperature of your hands.
7. Foot protection
Foot protective equipment is a protective device to prevent harmful substances and energy from hurting workers' feet in the production process. People usually call it labor protection shoes (safety shoes). According to the protection function, the national standard is divided into dustproof shoes, waterproof shoes, cold-proof shoes, impact-proof shoes, antistatic shoes, high-temperature shoes, acid and alkali-proof shoes, oil-proof shoes, high-temperature shoes, non-slip shoes, puncture-proof shoes and electrical insulation shoes.
8. Physical protection
Personal protective equipment is what we usually call protective clothing, which can fully protect the human body. Protective clothing can be divided into chemical protection clothing, heat insulation clothing, fire protection clothing, radiation protection clothing, flame retardant clothing, dust protection clothing, reflective vest, cooling vest and protective raincoat. Fully enclosed chemical protective clothing is a chemical protective clothing consisting of hood, jumpsuit, chemical protective gloves and chemical protective boots. It is used with positive pressure air respirator.
Thermal insulation clothing, also known as high-temperature protective clothing, is used to protect the human body from ignition, combustion and smoldering caused by various high-temperature injuries after contact with flames and hot objects. Reflective vests are made of high-visibility reflective materials, and users are generally traffic police and sanitation workers.
Use, maintenance and inspection of common personal protective equipment
In order to ensure the safety of construction workers in the labor process, the use, maintenance and inspection of common safety protection articles are very important. Because it is commonly used, people often don't agree with it, and it's easy to ignore its function, especially if they don't care about strict use requirements and do whatever they want, which can easily lead to vicious accidents.
Years of practice have proved that ordinary safety helmets, safety belts and safety nets play an important role in protecting the safety of workers during labor. Especially in the high, crossing and overlapping operations of power transmission and distribution construction, it has played its magical role. In order to give full play to the positive role of personal protective equipment in safety construction and make all construction personnel use personal protective equipment more standardized and correctly, it is necessary to manage and test the commonly used personal protective equipment.
1, helmet
In the electric power construction site, the safety helmet worn by the construction personnel is mainly to protect the head from injury. The wearing of safety helmet should conform to the standard, and the use should conform to the regulations. If it is not properly worn and used, it will not play a full protective role. In general, the following items should be noted:
(1) Before wearing the helmet, adjust the adjusting belt behind the helmet to a proper position according to its head shape, and then fasten the elastic belt inside the helmet. Adjust the elastic band of the cushion, and the vertical distance between the head and the top of the cap body is generally between 20-50mm, at least not less than 32 mm, so that the cap body has enough space to cushion when it is impacted, which is also beneficial to the ventilation between the head and the cap body at ordinary times.
(2) Don't wear the helmet askew and the brim behind your head. Otherwise, the protective effect of safety helmet on impact will be reduced.
(3) The chin strap of the helmet must be buckled under the jaw and fastened properly. In this way, it will not be blown off by strong winds, nor will it be knocked off by other obstacles, and the helmet will not fall off because of the head swinging back and forth.
(4) At the top of the helmet body, a helmet liner is installed inside the helmet body, and some holes are opened for ventilation. But when using, don't open holes for ventilation. Because doing so will reduce the strength of the cap body.
(5) With the use, the safety helmet will be gradually damaged. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly check whether there are cracks, dents, cracks and wear. If abnormal phenomena are found, they should be replaced and scrapped immediately.
(6) It is strictly forbidden to use a helmet with only the mandibular band connected to the cap shell, that is, a helmet without a buffer layer in the cap.
(7) Construction personnel are not allowed to take off the safety helmet when working on site, and the safety helmet is not allowed to be put aside or used as a cushion.
(8) Because most safety helmets are made of high-density low-pressure polyethylene, they are hardened and moldy. So it's not easy to get sunburned.
(9) For the new helmet, first check whether there is a production certificate and product certificate approved by the labor department, and then see if there is any damage, uneven thickness, and whether the buffer layer, adjusting belt and elastic belt are complete and effective. Do not meet the requirements of immediate replacement.
(10) Wear safety helmet when working indoors, especially when working indoors with electricity. Wear the safety helmet carefully, because the safety helmet can not only collide, but also play an insulating role.
(1 1) When using the safety helmet at ordinary times, it should be kept clean and tidy, and it is forbidden to touch the fire source. Don't draw at will, and don't sit as a stool to prevent it from being lost. If it is lost or damaged, it must be reissued or replaced immediately. No one is allowed to enter the construction site without a helmet.
Step 2: Seat belts
In the electric power construction site, there are many aerial work and cross work. In order to prevent the operator from falling at a certain height and position, the operator must fasten his seat belt when climbing or working high above the ground. The use and maintenance of seat belts have the following requirements:
(1) We must attach importance to the role of seat belts ideologically. Numerous examples have proved that seat belts are "life-saving belts". However, there are also a few people who have difficulties in safety and are inconvenient to walk up and down, especially some small jobs and temporary jobs. They think that "the era of wearing seat belts is over". As we all know, the accident happened in an instant, so the safety belt must be fastened as required for aerial work.
(2) Before using the seat belt, check whether the rope is deteriorated, whether the snap ring is cracked and whether the snap spring is in good condition.
(3) When working high above the ground, if there is no fixed suspension place for the safety belt, wire rope with appropriate strength or other methods should be adopted. It is forbidden to hang the seat belt on moving or sharp or unstable objects.
(4) Hang high and use low. The seat belt is hung high, and those who work below are called high hanging and low using. This is a relatively safe and reasonable method of failing science. It can reduce the actual impact distance when falling. On the contrary, hang low and use high. Is that the seat belt is fastened and people are working on it. This is a very unsafe way of binding, because when falling happens, the actual impact distance will increase, and people and ropes will be subjected to great impact load. Therefore, seat belts must be hung low and used high, and it is forbidden to hang low and use high.
(5) The seat belt should be fastened to a solid part or object to prevent swinging or collision. The rope should not be knotted, and the hook should be hung on the connecting ring.
(6) The protective sleeve of the safety belt rope should be kept intact to prevent the rope from being worn. If it is found that the protective sleeve is damaged or falls off, a new protective sleeve must be added before use.
(7) It is forbidden to extend the seat belt without authorization. If a long rope of 3m or longer is used, a buffer must be added and all components must not be removed.
(8) Check whether all parts of the seat belt are in good condition before use. Pay attention to the maintenance and storage of seat belts after use. Always check the sewing part and hook part of the seat belt, and carefully check whether the stranded wire is broken or damaged.
(9) When the seat belt is not used, it shall be properly kept, and it shall not be exposed to high temperature, open flame, strong acid, strong alkali or sharp objects, and shall not be stored in a damp warehouse.
(10) Seat belts shall be sampled once after two years of use. If it is used frequently, it should be checked frequently. If any abnormality is found, it must be replaced immediately. Used seat belts should be tested regularly or by sampling, and should be allowed to continue to be used as soon as possible.
3. Protective clothing
Operators entering the dangerous construction site should wear protective work clothes. Protective clothing mainly includes full-body protective work clothes, anti-virus work clothes, acid-resistant work clothes, fire-resistant work clothes, thermal insulation work clothes, ventilation and cooling work clothes, water-cooled work clothes, radiation-proof work clothes, labor protection raincoats and ordinary work clothes. The wearing requirements of protective clothing are:
(1) Operators must wear protective clothing when working.
(2) When operating the rotating machinery, the cuffs must be fastened.
(3) Personnel engaged in special operations must wear protective clothing.
(4) The welder's work clothes should be made of white canvas.
4. Protective shoes
There are many kinds of protective shoes, including genuine leather safety shoes, anti-static rubber soled shoes, rubber-surface smash-proof safety shoes, insulating leather shoes, low-voltage insulating rubber shoes, acid-alkali resistant leather shoes, acid-alkali resistant plastic molded shoes, high-temperature protective shoes, stab-resistant empty shoes and electric welding protective shoes. It should be selected and used according to different workplaces and contents. The requirements for insulated shoes are:
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(2) The rubber parts of insulated shoes (boots) are undamaged, and preventive tests shall be conducted once every six months.
(3) It shall not be used as an auxiliary safety appliance under the conditions of immersion, oleic acid and alkali.
5. Protective gloves
Most of the work that people do on the construction site is done by hand, which determines that hands are often in danger. The opponent's safety protection mainly depends on gloves.
When using protective gloves, it is necessary to analyze the workpiece, equipment and operation, and choose gloves with appropriate materials and convenient operation to play a protective role. For operations that need fine adjustment, it is not convenient to wear protective gloves, especially for operators who use drilling machines, milling machines and conveyors, and parts that are in danger of being pinched. If they use gloves, they are in danger of being entangled by machinery. Therefore, it is forbidden to use protective gloves for personnel engaged in these operations.
Commonly used protective gloves are as follows:
(1) labor gloves. It has the function of protecting hands and arms, and operators usually use this kind of gloves when working.
(2) Insulating gloves for live working. Select suitable gloves according to the voltage, and check whether there are cracks, cracks, sticky and brittle defects on the surface. If there is any abnormality, it is forbidden to use it.
(3) acid alkali resistant gloves. Gloves are mainly used for contact with alkali.
(4) Rubber elastic gloves. Gloves are mainly used to treat various solvent oils, such as mineral oil, vegetable oil and cellulite.
(5) welder's gloves. During operation, check whether the protective gloves worn by electric and fire welders and the surface of leather or canvas are stiff, thin files, holes and other incomplete phenomena. If it is defective, it is not allowed to be used. Gloves should be of sufficient length and wrists should not be exposed.
6, commonly used safety protection equipment inspection method
Common safety protection must be carefully checked and tested. Whether there are sundries in the safety net, whether it is damaged by attachments and whether it is damaged by lifting objects. Whether the helmet is cracked after being hit by a falling object. Safety protection devices shall be inspected regularly as required.
(1) safety helmet
The impact of a 3Kg steel ball falling vertically from a height of 5m will not be destroyed. During the experiment, a half-head model should be made of wood, and the buffer elastic belt in the experimental helmet should be fastened and placed on the model. This method can be used for helmet test of various materials. The inspection period is once a year.
(2) Seat belts
According to the national regulations, the factory test is to take an object with a load of 120kg from an altitude of 2-208m to impact the seat belt, and all components are qualified without damage.
According to the actual situation, the construction unit can take some practical measures according to local conditions under the condition of meeting the test load standard. Some construction units often use sacks, sawdust and shavings as fillers and iron blocks to meet the standard of test load. The dynamic and static load tests are carried out with a special experimental bench.
The ultimate tensile index of nylon seat belt accessories is: waistband 1200- 1500kg, waistband 700- 1000kg, safety rope 1500kg, shackle 1200kg, fixing clip 60kg and leg strap 700kg.
Requirements for the load test of seat belts are: the construction unit shall regularly carry out static load test on the seat belts, with the test load of 225kg and hanging for 5 minutes, check whether there is deformation or rupture, and make records.
The inspection cycle of the seat belt is: before using the seat belt every time, it must be carefully checked. Spot check seat belts after two years of use, and spot check old seat belts once every six months.
It should be noted that any tested safety protection equipment is not allowed to be used again.
(3) Personal protective equipment inspection must also pay attention to:
(1) Whether the product has the product produced by the "production license" unit.
② Whether the product has a "product certificate".
③ Whether the product meets the relevant quality requirements of the product.
④ Whether the specifications and technical performance of the product meet the protection requirements of the operation.