China was the first country to invent printing technology. The early printing method was to engrave pictures and texts on wooden boards and print them with ink. At present, this method is still used in the watermark painting of wooden boards, which is collectively called "engraving printing technology". The predecessor of block printing is the popular seal cutting in BC and the rubbings of inscriptions that appeared in the fifth century. After the emergence of production technologies such as papermaking and ink making, rigid printing was gradually invented. By the Tang Dynasty, rigid printing had become very popular in China, and spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Iran and other countries, affecting Africa and Europe. After 1 1 century, with the development of social production, there have been many major reforms and inventions in printing. During the Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 104 1), Bi Sheng initiated the clay type edition, which made the printing of books more convenient. According to Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan, Bi Sheng invented lettering on a piece of cement, one word at a time, which became movable type after hard burning. Before typesetting, coat a layer of paper ash mixed with turpentine and wax on the iron plate with iron frame, arrange the movable type on it in turn, heat it to melt the wax slightly, and flatten the words with a flat plate. Because the clay characters are on the iron plate, they can be printed like engraving. In addition, he also studied the typesetting of wooden movable type. Movable type can be used many times, which is more economical and convenient than full-page carving.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/990, a tombstone was unearthed at the foot of Shuishi Mountain in Wuguidun Village, Caopandi Town, yingshan county City, Hubei Province, which was verified as Bi Sheng's tombstone.
Zhang Heng (78- 139) was born in Xi, Nanyang (now stonebridge, Nanyang County, Henan Province). He was a great astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty and made an indelible contribution to the development of astronomy in China. In mathematics, geography, painting and literature, Zhang Heng also showed extraordinary talent and extensive knowledge.
Zhang Heng is one of the representatives of Huntian theory in the middle of Eastern Han Dynasty. He pointed out that the moon itself does not shine, and moonlight is actually a reflection of the sun's light; He also correctly explained the cause of the solar eclipse and realized the infinity of the universe and the relationship between the speed of planetary motion and the distance from the earth.
Zhang Heng observed and recorded 2,500 stars, created the world's first leaky ball that can accurately perform astronomical phenomena, the first instrument to test earthquakes-the waiting wind seismograph, and also made a South Locomotive, an automatic drum car, a wooden bird flying to Wan Li and so on.
Zhang Heng * * * is the author of 32 scientific, philosophical and literary works, among which astronomical works include Ling Xian and Ling Xian Tu.
In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's achievements, people named the crater on the back of the moon as "Zhang Heng Crater" and the asteroid 1802 as "Zhang Heng Asteroid".
Guo Moruo, a famous writer and historian in China in the 20th century, commented on Zhang Heng: "Such an all-round development figure is rare in world history, and it has been admirable for thousands of years."
Later people called Zhang Heng a wooden saint. Zhang Hengzi Hirako. Nanyang County (now Nanyang, Henan Province) is a native of Xi 'e County. Born in the third year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 78); Yonghe died in the fourth year (AD 139). Astronomy, mechanical technology, seismology.
Zhang Heng was born in a famous family. His grandfather, Zhang Kan, was called a holy boy since childhood, and once gave his nephew a family heirloom worth millions. After Emperor Guangwu acceded to the throne, he recommended Zhang Kan to worship the official. Gongsun Shu used to be the prefect of Shu County, and together with Fu Han, he crusaded against Shu County and made great contributions. Later, he led the troops to crusade against the Huns and worshipped Yuyang (now near Beijing) as the satrap. Thousands of cavalry used to break the Huns' attack. Since then, during his tenure, the Huns have never dared to intrude. He also taught the people to farm and cultivated 8000 hectares of rice fields, which made the people rich. Therefore, some folk songs praised him, saying that "Junwei Zhang politics was overjoyed" and Zhang Kan was an honest official. When attacking Shu, he was the first to attack Chengdu, but he got nothing from the mountains of treasures left by Gongsun Shu. Shu County is known as Tianfu, but when Zhang Kan was transferred from the magistrate of Shu County, he took an old car with only a roll of cloth and a quilt.
Like his grandfather, Zhang Heng studied hard since childhood and was very literary. /kloc-left home to study abroad after 0/6. He first went to the then academic and cultural center Sanfu (now Xi, Shaanxi). The magnificent mountains and rivers in this area and the magnificent ruins of the ancient capital of Qin and Han dynasties provided him with rich literary creation materials. Later, he went to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. There, he went to imperial academy, the highest institution of learning at that time, met Cui Yuan, a young scholar, and became close friends with him. Cui Yuan was a student of Jia Kui, a scholar and astronomer at that time. He was also proficient in astronomy, calendar and mathematics. In the 12th year of Yongyuan (A.D. 100), Zhang Heng was asked by Baode, the magistrate of Nanyang, to be the master book, in charge of clerical work. Eight years later, Baode was transferred to the capital and Zhang Heng resigned to live at home. During his stay in Nanyang, he devoted himself to astronomy, Yin and Yang, calendar calculation, etc., and repeatedly studied Xuan Jing by Yang Xiong in the Western Han Dynasty. His fame in these aspects attracted the attention of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the fifth year of Yongchuan (A.D.11), Zhang Heng was called to Beijing and became a doctor.
In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1 14), the merchants moved. The following year, I moved to Taishi Order. Later, he was transferred to other posts, but five years later, he was reinstated as Taishiling. In short, he held this position for 14 years, and many important scientific research work of Zhang Heng was completed during this period. In the second year of Yangjia in Shun Di (AD 133), he was promoted to assistant middle school. However, he was soon slandered by eunuchs. In the first year of Yu Yonghe (A.D. 136), he was transferred to Beijing as the photograph of Hejian Wang Liu Zheng. Liu is an arrogant and extravagant person who does not abide by the central code. Many local strongmen violate the law with him. After Zhang Heng took office, he was strict in law and discipline and cracked down on the strongmen, which made everyone respect him. Three years later, he asked Shun Di to retire, but the court made him an official. This is a bit strange, because the official rank of Shangshu is much lower than that of Shi Zhong or Xiang, and it is not clear in history whether he applied or not. This year (Yonghe four years, that is, AD 139), he died.
Zhang Heng is a versatile scientist. His achievements involve astronomy, seismology, mechanical technology, mathematics, literature and art and many other fields.
Cai Lun is respectful. Guiyang County Leiyang (now Leiyang, Hunan Province) people. Born in Yongping four years in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 61);
He died in the first year of Jianguang (AD 12 1). Paper making.
Cai Lun's hometown is located in the Leishui River Basin, a tributary of Xiangshui (now Xiangjiang River) south of the Yangtze River, and is the hometown of rice. He was born in
Home of ordinary farmers, farming with their elders since childhood. Emperor Liu (56-88 AD) acceded to the throne and sent people to various places.
Counties choose smart young children to enter the palace. In the 18th year of Yongping (AD 75), Cai Lun was elected as an official in Luoyang Palace.
He is about 15 years old. At that time, young officials had to learn Chinese characters to study. Cai Lun was awarded the title of "Reading Ceremony" in the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 200)
76 years) Ren Xiaohuangmen. Since then, as an assistant minister of Huangmen, he has been in charge of official business inside and outside the palace, conveying and guiding the kings to meet each other.
Seats, etc. When Cai Lunchu entered the palace, Emperor Zhang Difei and Liu Qing, son of Song Gui, were made princes. Liang guiren the following year
Liu Zhao was born again (AD 79- 105). Queen Dou had no children, so she ordered Cai Lun to frame Song Guiren.
"Evil charm" drove her to commit suicide, and Liu Yuxin Qing was demoted to the king of Qinghe. Dou Hou also ordered people to vote for "flying books."
(Anonymous letter) framed Liang Guiren, took Liu Zhao as his adopted son and made him a prince. Liang Guiren was worried to death. Zhang Di died (AD 200).
88 years later), Liu Zhao ascended the throne at the age of 65,438+00, with Dou Taihou Lin Chao (89-97 AD) in charge of politics. Cai LUN yin di
After Dou, he tried his best to handle affairs, that is, he was promoted to middle-level waiter, accompanied the young emperor Liu Zhao, prepared consultants and managed documents.
You can enter and leave the palace by issuing imperial edicts or imperial edicts. This authority is extremely powerful and can participate in the maintenance of the army.
Rank salary 2000 stone, equal to nine Qing. In the history of China, eunuchs intervened in state affairs, which began here.
Dou Taihou ignored the young emperor and became more and more arrogant. Yongping died of illness in the ninth year (AD 97), took charge of the throne and abolished the Empress Dowager.
Your honor. In the 14th year of Yongyuan (A.D. 102) and Emperor Deng Sui (A.D. 80- 12 1 year) became queens, and Cai Lun immediately voted.
Damn Queen Deng. After seeing Deng, he liked dancing and writing on paper, so he invited himself to be Shang Fangling. The party ordered it to become a small family.
The official, with a salary of 600 stone, is in charge of the royal sword and other vessels, which is not commensurate with the high position of the middle servant. Cai Lun voted for Deng.
When you're done, condescend to this position. In the first year of Yuanxing (A.D. 105), the emperor and Empress Deng gave birth to a 100-day baby.
A little. Less than two little emperors died again, and the Duke of Deng succeeded to the throne of Liu Hu (94- 125 AD), the nephew of 13 years old, for peace.
The emperor. Liu Hu is the son of Qing Liu, the king of Qinghe. At the beginning of his reign (A.D. 105- 12 1), Empress Dowager Deng was in charge of state affairs, so Cai Lun.
Have to be reused again. He is not only a regular waiter in China, but also named Long Tinghou by the Queen Mother. Today, he has 300 food cities and fiefs in Shaanxi.
Yangxian county has since entered the ranks of nobles. Shortly after the seal of marquis, in five or six years (A.D.118-119), Cai.
Aaron was promoted to Changle's servant, equivalent to 1000 years. Since then, he has become the chief assistant of Empress Dowager Deng. His specialty
His special position enabled him to be close to the emperor, the empress and the empress dowager at any time, and to be served by the Qing Dynasty.
Bear. At the height of his power, Empress Dowager Deng died in the first year of Jianguang (A.D. 12 1). After Andy took office, because
Cai Lun was instructed by Dou Hou to participate in persecuting his grandmother Song Guiren to death and depriving his father Liu Qing of the right to inherit the throne.
It is an imperial edict for Tingwei to interrogate Cai Lun. He killed himself because he knew when he was going to die. Cai Lun has been an official in the palace for 46 years. First of all,
Later, he served four little emperors and took refuge in two queens, but he still rose steadily. He was honored as Jiuqing, living in the ranks, but miserable.
Death ends. He was humiliated in this respect, but when he was in charge of fashion, he was promoted by handicraft industry.
Exhibition and can stay in the future. During Cai Lun's administration, he was "the supervisor of secret swords and various instruments, all of which were excellent."
Forced work is the law of later generations. "This passage is proved by modern archaeological excavations in the Biography of Were Cai Lun.
The artifacts made at that time, whether in quality, performance or appearance, were indeed exquisite and dense, and future generations could imitate them. Explain that Cai Lun is
I tried my best when I worked part-time. The purpose of ordering this job is to make him interested in industrial technology. As long as he is free,
That is, refuse guests behind closed doors, and go to the site for technical inspection and master relevant industrial technology knowledge. His innovative spirit.
God played an important role in the development of metal smelting, casting, forging and machinery manufacturing technology at that time. this
The steel knives made at that time were made of fried iron and forged into steel many times. But his greatest contribution to science and technology.
In papermaking. In the pre-Qin period, China used bamboo slips, wooden slips and silk books to write chronicles. But bamboo slips are huge and made of silk.
Things are expensive and inconvenient to use. With the development of social economy and culture, new materials with low price and easy access are needed.
Instead, people have made various explorations for this.
As early as the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD), it was made of discarded hemp rope ends and rags.
Made of hemp fiber paper. 1986, hemp paper with a map was unearthed from the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Fangmatan, Tianshui City, Gansu Province.
The years are Wendi and Jingdi respectively (BC 179-BC 14 1 year). Xi 'an 1957 Baqiao was unearthed no later than.
Linen paper of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 1465438+ BC 0-87). In addition, the west has also been unearthed in other places in Shaanxi and Gansu.
Hemp paper can be used for packaging and writing, and is an ideal substitute for bamboo slips and silk. After the capital of Luoyang was established in the Eastern Han Dynasty,
The hemp paper technology in the Western Han Dynasty continued to develop. Because of her love of literature, history and paper and ink, Queen Deng once ordered all counties not to pay tribute to treasures.
"It's just paper and ink that was paid tribute in A.D. 102", indicating that there were already tributes of hemp paper in various places before A.D. 65438. Fandi and Hou like it,
Cai Lun is refining oil. When he was in charge of the court documents and files, he also felt that "silk is expensive and simple, which is inconvenient for people."
So he decided to make better paper than Western Han paper. To this end, he summarized the technical experience of the previous generation and contemporaries in making hemp paper.
Inspect and organize the production of high-quality hemp paper. Empress Deng praised her ability, and since then hemp paper-making technology has been further promoted in various places. Cai
When Lun presided over the development of paperback books, he completed the technical breakthrough of papermaking with wood bast fibers and expanded the raw materials.
Purchasing and innovating papermaking technology. The appearance of leather paper is a major technological innovation, and Cai Lun is the initiator of this innovation.
Who?
Papermaking is one of China's four great inventions, which has played an important role in promoting the development of world civilization. About Cai Lun and
There are two different views on the relationship between papermaking today. The first view is that he is the inventor of papermaking, and the second view is that
Some people think that paper has replaced Jane in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun is just an innovator of papermaking. Now it seems that the second opinion is
Correct, because as early as 200 years ago, in On Cai, hemp paper was used to write in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. Cai Lun's contribution is group.
The production and meticulous work of weaving and popularizing high-grade hemp paper promoted the development of papermaking, but "the original intention is to use bark."
For paper, it may be Cai Lun or his subordinates. Leather paper is made of bark fiber, and its technical difficulty ratio is
Hemp paper is bigger. Cai Lun's contribution lies in the development of leather paper production in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Hemp paper and leather paper were made in the Han Dynasty.
In the past 1200 years, China culture, the two pillars of China paper, developed rapidly with the supply of these two kinds of paper.
In the Jin Dynasty (4th century), paper finally replaced silk as the main writing material. Cai Lun is selling hemp paper and leather.
Paper production has played a great role. Although he is not the inventor of papermaking, he is a technical innovator and organizational promoter.
Guangzhe's historical position should be affirmed.
In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1 17), Empress Dowager Deng issued a letter to Confucian scholars.
Dr. Jason Wu and others revised it in Dongguan, and made Cai Lun overseer. Dongguan is the place where Luoyang Palace collects books and works.
Cai Lun led this group of scholars to revise it in order to provide the standard text of Confucian classics for the whole country. This revision of scripture
This work was the beginning of the imperial court providing the king James Bible. Since the copied copies will be sent to local officials after completion,
Thus, the climax of copying Confucian classics on paper on a large scale was formed, and paper books became the most powerful tool to spread culture.
With. In the 20th century, papers from the Eastern Han Dynasty were also unearthed in the northwest of China. China papermaking began in the Western Han Dynasty, in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Period to lay a solid foundation, to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (3rd-6th century) development, and began to spread abroad. Eastern Han Dynasty
It is a connecting link in the history of papermaking, and it is at this historical stage that Cai Lun became the promoter of papermaking.
Key figures.
Name: Bi Sheng.
Country or region: China.
Subject: Inventor
Invention: inventor of movable type printing
Bi Sheng (? -105 1) China ancient inventor. Huizhou (now Shexian County, Anhui Province) people. On the basis of the invention of block printing in Tang Dynasty, Bi Sheng, a citizen of Song Renzong (104 1- 1048) in Qing Dynasty, created movable type printing. This is another great contribution of China to the development of world civilization. Bi Sheng carved a single reflexive word with a fine cement, one word at a time, and the stroke height of the word was as thick as that of a copper coin. After the words were carved, he put the inkpad in the fire and burned it hard. Then take an iron plate, coat a layer of fixative made of turpentine, yellow wax and paper ash on it, put an iron frame on the iron plate, arrange the words to be printed one by one in the iron frame, and arrange the words to be printed one by one in the iron frame. The iron shelf covered with words is a version, baked on the fire. When the fat wax melts slightly, press it on the text with another flat iron plate, and the text will be flattened. After cooling, the clay movable type sticks together and becomes a movable type version. This type can be printed with ink and paper. After printing, bake, remove the movable type and use it again.
China was the first country to invent printing technology. The early printing method was to engrave pictures and texts on wooden boards and print them with ink. At present, this method is still used in the watermark painting of wooden boards, which is collectively called "engraving printing technology". The predecessor of block printing is the popular seal cutting in BC and the rubbings of inscriptions that appeared in the fifth century. After the emergence of production technologies such as papermaking and ink making, rigid printing was gradually invented. By the Tang Dynasty, rigid printing had become very popular in China, and spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Iran and other countries, affecting Africa and Europe. After 1 1 century, with the development of social production, there have been many major reforms and inventions in printing. During the Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 104 1), Bi Sheng initiated the clay type edition, which made the printing of books more convenient. According to Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan, Bi Sheng invented lettering on a piece of cement, one word at a time, which became movable type after hard burning. Before typesetting, coat a layer of paper ash mixed with turpentine and wax on the iron plate with iron frame, arrange the movable type on it in turn, heat it to melt the wax slightly, and flatten the words with a flat plate. Because the clay characters are on the iron plate, they can be printed like engraving. In addition, he also studied the typesetting of wooden movable type. Movable type can be used many times, which is more economical and convenient than full-page carving.
Zhang heng
Zhang Heng (78- 139) was born in Xi, Nanyang (now stonebridge, Nanyang County, Henan Province). He was a great astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty and made an indelible contribution to the development of astronomy in China. In mathematics, geography, painting and literature, Zhang Heng also showed extraordinary talent and extensive knowledge.
Zhang Heng is one of the representatives of Huntian theory in the middle of Eastern Han Dynasty. He pointed out that the moon itself does not shine, and moonlight is actually a reflection of the sun's light; He also correctly explained the cause of the solar eclipse and realized the infinity of the universe and the relationship between the speed of planetary motion and the distance from the earth.
Zhang Heng observed and recorded 2,500 stars, created the world's first leaky ball that can accurately perform astronomical phenomena, the first instrument to test earthquakes-the waiting wind seismograph, and also made a South Locomotive, an automatic drum car, a wooden bird flying to Wan Li and so on.
Zhang Heng * * * is the author of 32 scientific, philosophical and literary works, among which astronomical works include Ling Xian and Ling Xian Tu.
In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's achievements, people named the crater on the back of the moon as "Zhang Heng Crater" and the asteroid 1802 as "Zhang Heng Asteroid".
Guo Moruo, a famous writer and historian in China in the 20th century, commented on Zhang Heng: "Such an all-round development figure is rare in world history, and it has been admirable for thousands of years."
Later people called Zhang Heng a wooden saint. Zhang Hengzi Hirako. Nanyang County (now Nanyang, Henan Province) is a native of Xi 'e County. Born in the third year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 78); Yonghe died in the fourth year (AD 139). Astronomy, mechanical technology, seismology.
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Cai LUN
The name of Cai Lun, the inventor of paper, may be little known. Compared with his great inventions, his cold shoulder in the west is really noticeable. Some encyclopedias don't even mention him in a short article, and his name is rarely mentioned in standard history textbooks. Because the importance of paper is obvious, the lack of historical materials about Cai Lun will make people think that his character is pure fiction. But after careful study, it is obvious that Cai Lun really exists. He was an official in the Chinese Palace and presented the pattern to the emperor in about 105. China's account of Cai Lun's invention appeared in the official history books of Han Dynasty, and the information was accurate and credible, without any mystery and legend. People in China always attribute the invention of paper to Cai Lun, whose name is a household name in China.
People don't know much about the life of Cai Lun. China's history books mentioned that he was a eunuch and that the emperor was overjoyed at his invention, so he was promoted to fame and fortune. But because he later participated in the palace coup, he fell into a trough. Some historical books describe that Cai Lun put on the most beautiful clothes and drank deadly poison as soon as he was dismissed from his post.