(A) the social background of the emergence and development of early seafarers
1. The development of water traffic before Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The development of water transport is the basic background of seafarers' development. This paper introduces the two lines of waterway transportation and maritime trade: from the "flying grass holding millet" in Qin Dynasty to the excavation and prosperity of the Grand Canal in Han Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties, the inland river crew gradually became a system; From the exploration of overseas trade in Shang and Zhou dynasties to the opening of ocean-going routes in Qin and Han dynasties, to the exchanges between the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern Dynasties and overseas neighbors, and to the establishment of sea-going routes in Sui and Tang dynasties, the ocean-going crew system was initially formed.
2. Manufacture and development of navigation tools
The evolution of navigation tools and the progress of shipbuilding technology are the basic conditions for the development of seafarers. From the canoe in primitive society to the appearance of galleons in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, from the tall ships in Qin and Han Dynasties to the world-leading ships in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the scale of shipbuilding has gradually expanded, the navigation tools have become more advanced, the demand for seafarers has increased sharply, and the division of labor has become clearer, creating conditions for the growth of seafarers.
3. The accumulation and progress of navigation technology
From the perspective of navigation technology, although this stage is in the fuzzy navigation stage, with the gradual maturity of astronomy, geography, hydrology and navigation and the continuous accumulation and summary of related knowledge, the navigation area is gradually expanding, and the technical crew responsible for navigation can be separated from the general crew and play an increasingly important role. The accumulation and progress of navigation technology has become an important driving factor for the professional development of seafarers in China.
(B) the initial establishment of the traditional seafarer system
1. The earliest ship art and crew.
Early ships were powered by manpower, and primitive ship skills such as rowing, pulling poles, pulling fibers, sailing and steering were the main means of ship progress, resulting in the earliest crew.
2. Ship operators have a clear division of labor.
With the continuous development of navigation tools and shipbuilding technology, on the basis of the original ship art, the ship handling technology is also increasing and updating, so the division of labor of crew is more clear. Take the division of labor of the crew of the large-winged warships of the State of Wu during the Warring States as an example. They were employed as soldiers, stout, long-hooked spearmen, officials and servants who shot long guns.
3. The gradual formation of seafarers' professional system.
From primitive society to Sui and Tang Dynasties, the seaman system played an important role in the traditional navigation era&the development of seamen, pole builders, boatmen and helmsman.
(3) The navigation activities of China seafarers in the fuzzy navigation era.
In the era of fuzzy navigation, the brilliant achievements made by China crew showed the valuable spirit of the early crew who dared to explore despite difficulties under the condition of weak technical support.
1. Overseas immigrants. Primitive ancestors moved to the South Pacific Islands, Yin people sailed to America, and Xu Fudong sailed to Japan.
2. Overseas experience. During the Warring States Period, Vietnamese crossed Taiwan, Qin Huang Hanwu patrolled the East China Sea, and Chen Ling attacked Liu Qiu in the Sui Dynasty.
3. Overseas contacts. In the Three Kingdoms, Athena Chu, Kangtai and Jian Zhen Du Dong in the Tang Dynasty all made missions to Nanyang.
4. Uprising at sea. Lu Mu Uprising in the Western Han Dynasty, Chamberlain Uprising in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sun En Uprising in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Lu Xun Uprising and so on. It also reflects the development of folk navigation and crew.
Second, the professional development and refinement of China seafarers in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
(A) the background of seafarers' career development
1. Prosperity of overseas trade.
The Song and Yuan governments formulated policies and laws conducive to overseas trade, and set up shipping agencies to manage overseas trade. Since then, Chinese sailboats have spread all over the world, and the Maritime Silk Road has become an important channel for East-West trade. Not only has the number of seafarers increased sharply, but their occupations have also been developed and improved.
2. Development of inland river shipping.
In the Song Dynasty, on the basis of changing the general program from the Tang Dynasty to the general program, Zhili class was added, and inland river shipping was very developed.
3. The development of the trough in Yuan Dynasty.
The development of the trough in Yuan Dynasty was a great change to the traditional inland river transportation, and the offshore transportation mode produced a group of trough crew.
4. Improvement of shipbuilding technology.
Ships in Song and Yuan Dynasties were advanced in technology, complex in structure and huge in volume, requiring more crew members and finer division of labor than the previous generation.
5. Breakthrough progress in navigation technology.
The application of navigation compass made the ancient navigation in China move from fuzzy stage to quantitative stage, and the navigation area was farther, the safety was greatly improved, and the influence and role of China crew was greater.
(b) Maritime trade and water transport are the centers of seafarers' professional improvement.
1. Song Dynasty overseas trade crew.
It is divided into trading business and ship operation business, with the group leader, deputy group leader, chores and fire chief as the center. There are various sources of crew members, and the recruitment method of "shareholding" has formed a unique interest group, which is conducive to the stability and development of crew members.
2. River workers in Song Dynasty.
The democratic movement system under the leadership of low-level officials has strict laws and regulations, and high-level workers, hands and heads share the responsibility.
3. Yuan Dynasty ocean crew.
It inherited the crew system of maritime trade in Song Dynasty, developed and added some new crew duties, and laid the foundation of the ancient crew system.
4. Cao Hai crew in Yuan Dynasty.
Officials and supervisors hired civilian ships and smuggled them, resulting in a group of semi-professional sailors.
(3) Navigation achievements and main navigation figures in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
The Song and Yuan Dynasties was the first peak of China's ancient navigation. Not only inland navigation is developed, but more importantly, maritime trade is prosperous. Major navigators and sailors played an important role in creating these maritime achievements. Including:
1. Maritime communication between Song Dynasty and Korea.
2. Maritime communication with Japan during the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
3. The opening of sea routes in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
4. The main navigators in Song and Yuan Dynasties: Xu Jing went to Korea, Zhu Qing and Zhang Xuan opened a trough, and Yin Ming opened a new route slightly, which was also lost in South Asia.
Third, the improvement of the traditional sailing sailor system in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties (middle and early period)
(A) the early Ming Dynasty witnessed unprecedented prosperity in navigation.
1. The prosperity of shipbuilding industry and the progress of navigation technology.
The background of the peak of navigation in the early Ming Dynasty was that Guanjian Shipyards were all over the country, and the offshore area was near the river. There were Bao Shipyard, Huang Shipyard, Longjiang Shipyard, Ma Shipyard and Fast Shipyard in Nanjing alone, with a complete range of ships and advanced technology.
2. Zheng He went to the Western Seas in the early Ming Dynasty.
Highlight the role and value of the crew in Zheng He's voyage to the West.
3. The crew of Zheng He's fleet and its management.
The number of crew members of Zheng He's western fleet; Organization and composition of crew; Division and management of crew; Zheng he's contribution to the improvement of the crew system.
(B) the development of seafarers in the Ming Dynasty under the "no sea" policy
1. The influence and restriction of "no sea" policy on folk navigation.
Zhu Yuanzhang's "striking the city to apply for a sea ban"; While preparing for the official flight, Judy "imitated Hongwu to ban civil aviation"; From the early years of orthodoxy to the fifth year of Zheng De, "prohibition and opening" wavered; The strict maritime ban lasted from the sixth year of Zheng De to the end of Jiajing, on the grounds of preventing Japanese pirates; Qin Long's limited ban.
2. Smuggling trade and the formation and development of maritime commercial groups.
Small-scale bulk merchants and large-scale smuggling groups; Smuggling activities represented by Wang Zhi, Wu Ping, Zeng Yiben, Lin Daogan, Patricia Lam Fung and Zheng Zhilong; The vast areas covered by civil navigation trade; Highlight the development of civil shipping trade and crew.
3. Military grain transportation and "grain transportation" management.
In the Ming dynasty, the military management of grain transportation was carried out, which was under the jurisdiction of the central grain transportation department. The organization adopts the guard system and armor system and fights in groups to ensure the smooth and safe transportation of grain. Genting became the first professional sailor in fact. In order to maintain the number of active troops, the Ming government formulated the principles and measures for recruiting and replenishing troops. At the peak, the number of troops transported by water reached100000.
4. seafarers' contribution to preventing seawater from invading Japan.
In War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the Ming Dynasty, ordinary crew members played a great role. The standard configuration of warships in Qi Jiguang is "catching thieves, steering, flaunting hands, soliciting, fighting, fighting hands, using armor five, each armor ten". All kinds of ships have various configurations, and the crew members perform their duties and work together to ensure the war of resistance.
(3) the improvement of the traditional sailing sailor system in the middle and early Qing Dynasty.
1. Forbidden sea and opening to the outside world in Qing Dynasty.
In the early Qing dynasty, in order to prevent the Zheng group from moving to the sea; The restrictions on non-governmental trade after Kangxi lifted the ban: ① restricting people from going to sea; (2) restrictions on export commodities; (3) restrictions on ships going to sea; (4) restrictions on ships equipped with weapons; Outdated foreign trade policy.
2. Folk shipping and the tortuous development of seafarers.
Zheng Group's Southeast Asian trade, the prosperity of non-governmental trade with Japan and Southeast Asia after Kangxi's ban, and the coastal sand boat transportation.
3. The development and change of Caoyun Banner.
In the Qing Dynasty, grain transportation inherited the Ming system and implemented militarized management, maintaining the scale of nearly 100,000 professional sailors. In order to survive, these people formed various gangs, the initial purpose was obvious mutual assistance and economic benefits, but after the middle of the Qing Dynasty, they gradually turned to exclusivity and destructiveness, which brought quite serious harm to the vast areas on both sides of the canal.
4. The establishment of water diversion system and the emergence of full-time pilots.
Pilotage has a long history in China. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a "trick" on the Chuanjiang River to guide the course. The Yuan Dynasty set up a "finger-lifting collar" in Jiangyin to guide the channel for ships carrying "grain" and avoid reefs and shoals; According to the regulations of the Ming Dynasty, all tribute ships going to Nanjing should first dock at the Six-Country Wharf in Taicang after entering the Yangtze River, and then sail to Nanjing under the guidance of the "Precondition Order" after being inspected by China officials. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou became the main port for economic and trade between countries all over the world and China. There are many foreign ships entering and leaving Guangzhou Port, and there are a number of groups providing pilotage services for foreign merchant ships entering and leaving the port. The ancient water diversion system was established. The appearance of full-time pilots enriched the seaman system.
5. The important role of civil seafarers in military navigation and official navigation.
The allocation and role of technical personnel in military navigation: political navigation, such as the role of crew in the closure of ships in Ryukyu and other countries.
(D) China ancient seafarers' education
1. Seafarer education originated from military navigation.
In the Ming dynasty, the navy was stationed in key coastal and inland areas. "If there is police, it will be chaotic, and if there is no police, it will be taught separately"; The military navigation education in Qing Dynasty went further, forming the institutionalization of regular naval exercises and the specialization of "teaching and learning".
2. "Apprenticeship" education for folk seafarers.
From the late Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, many families engaged in shipping and maritime trade for generations appeared in the southeast coast, and passed on their skills or business by recruiting apprentices, adopting sons-in-law or adopting sons-in-law.
3. The educational concept and value of "boat owner".
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Lin's Ink of the Sailor Master was the most important work with the nature of a reference book in navigation education. The main content consists of six parts, among which "Catch Thieves" and "Soldiers" are about military technology education, while "Steering", "Flaunting Hands", "Fighting Hands" are about navigation technology education.