(1) Changes in material life and social customs since the Opium War, profound changes have taken place in China society: the self-sufficient natural economy began to collapse, Chinese national capitalism emerged and developed, and there was a trend of industrialization; Politically, western capitalist ideas of constitutional monarchy, civil rights and equality have been introduced, and there has been a trend of democratization; Ideologically and culturally, he opposed traditional Confucianism and advocated learning from the West, resulting in the trend of scientific democracy. After the founding of New China, we are gradually moving towards modernization, material civilization, spiritual civilization and political civilization. With these changes, great changes have taken place in the social life of modern China. (1) Clothing: People's clothing basically reflects the economic outlook and modernization of a country or region. Before the Revolution of 1911, many people with lofty ideals took the lead in cutting off the braid symbolizing the Qing Dynasty and expressed their determination to oppose feudal autocracy. After the Revolution of 1911, the Nanjing Provisional Government issued a braid cutting order. In a few years, most men in the country cut their braids. The change of clothing is the appearance of tunic suit and cheongsam; At the same time, the bad habit of foot binding, which was harmful to women's physical and mental health, was abolished. For a long time before the reform and opening up in New China, people wore the same gray Chinese tunic suit or blue liberation suit, which was described as "blue (gray) ocean". At that time, people had to buy clothes with cloth tickets. After the reform and opening up, with the development of economy, clothing styles gradually diversified. Mainly men's suits and jackets, women's styles are more. Jeans are the favorite style of boys and girls, and they are also the most popular. Fashion shows showing novel styles will continue one venue after another, and the ever-changing fashions are dizzying. (2) Diet: Eating habits have strong national heritability, and are also greatly influenced and restricted by the natural environment and production methods. For example, the staple food in rice-growing agricultural areas in the south is rice, while the staple food in dry farming areas in the north is oats and millet. During the Republic of China, there were new changes in the diet structure. In some coastal cities, western food has gradually become a fashionable food. Cigarettes from abroad crowded out tobacco and hookah in China to a great extent. These phenomena have changed the traditional food industry in China. But in the vast rural areas, poor farmers still eat chaff and swallow vegetables, and there is no market for western food at all. From the late 1950s to the 1960s, the state rationed food for urban residents. With the development of economy, especially since the reform and opening up, the diet structure of most people is changing. Mainly due to the diversification of diet, the proportion of staple food has gradually decreased, and the proportion of non-staple food and fruit has gradually increased. The content of staple food is also changing. Rice, flour and other flour are staple foods, and the number of people who eat corn flour and sorghum flour is gradually decreasing. Meat food, all kinds of fresh aquatic products, fresh vegetables and drinks can be bought everywhere. (3) Housing: In terms of housing construction, there were still a large number of old-fashioned houses in cities and thatched houses in rural areas during the Republic of China. In coastal cities, some wealthy businessmen and bureaucrats built "foreign houses". In urban houses, there are electric lights and running water, which brings convenience to the lives of ordinary people. Since the founding of New China, especially since 1980s, residents' housing has been continuously improved. Not only has the per capita living area expanded, but the interior decoration and living environment have also improved significantly. (4) OK: Traffic improved to some extent during the Republic of China. Sedan chairs and carriages are gradually decreasing, and rickshaws and bicycles have become common means of transportation. There are asphalt roads, buses and trams in the city. Road and railway traffic has also developed. After the founding of New China, great changes have taken place in traffic. Many new railways have been built. Besides buses and trams, there are taxis in urban transportation. Some big cities have begun to own subways. Bicycle is the main personal means of transportation for urban and rural people, so China is called "Bicycle Kingdom". Civil aviation has developed rapidly since the reform and opening up, and now all the people can fly. Making use of holiday tourism is a great change in the life content of many people in China since 1980s. People gradually broke the closed living environment in the past, leaving their families, their hometowns and counties, and traveling abroad. (2) Development of modern transportation and communication: (1) 19 At the end of this year, great powers competed to invest in the construction of railways in China, such as the Middle East Railway, Ji Jiao Railway, Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway and Yunnan-Vietnam Railway built by Russia, Germany, Britain and France respectively. The great powers gained high profits by building roads, controlling large areas of land and resources along the railway and transporting troops. Wherever the railways controlled by the great powers extend, their power extends. (2) The first railway built by China people themselves was the Jing-Zhang Railway built by Zhan Tianyou. (3) The traffic was developed during the Republic of China. (4) After the founding of New China, the people's government reformed the old railways, rebuilt many new railways and highways, and formed a brand-new network transportation pattern. For example, in 1950s, more than 30 railways including Baocheng and Xia Ying were built, Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was built, and Kangzang, Qinghai-Tibet and Xinzang highways were built. Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway was built between 1957 and 1966. During 1966 ~ 1976, chengdu-kunming railway, Hunan-Guizhou Railway and Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge will be completed. Since the reform and opening up, Daqin Railway and Beijing-Kowloon Railway have been built. The Ningxi Railway and Qinghai-Tibet Railway under construction are important measures to support the development of the western region. (5) In the early days of the founding of New China, the development of civil aviation was very slow. After the reform and opening up, the restrictions on flying have been gradually relaxed, and more and more people travel by plane. There are dozens of airlines now, and the number of routes and flights is still increasing. At present, there are air routes in big cities and some medium-sized cities in China, and there are direct air routes between big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai and many countries. Communication: Modern communication is influenced by the second scientific and technological revolution. In the late Qing Dynasty, it was introduced to China. During the Republic of China, the postal service, telegraph and telephone, which were only used by the government, developed to a certain extent and gradually became the main way for people to communicate with each other. In 1950s and 1960s, communication mainly referred to the delivery of letters. Now, in addition to the traditional ordinary mail, registered mail and airmail, there are also express mail and express mail items. Since 1990s, people have started to use fax machines or networked computers to exchange emails with relatives and friends thousands of miles away. Telephone has basically spread to villages and towns, and more and more people use pagers and mobile phones. Since modern times, newspapers, movies, radio, computer network technology and other mass media have gradually spread, further enriching people's spiritual and cultural life. For example, digitalization characterized by the Internet is changing the world. I was born in the countryside of Qingdao, Shandong. It should be said that 30 years ago, I was not very poor in the country. I have witnessed many changes over the years:

First of all, the living standard has improved. Clothes: You can't wear new clothes until the Spring Festival. Of course, buying sweaters and pants in summer is another matter. Now the children in their hometown are almost dressed like those in the city. Food: I used to eat badly. I told my children that sweet potatoes were the staple food in winter when I was a child. When the children say that you are really happy, I really have mixed feelings. Now children in my hometown can often eat seafood. Life: When I was a child, I lived in a house with rammed earth walls. Many people in the village live in buildings now. Ok: I lived in the town government residence 30 years ago. I only have two buses to the county every day. Now every village has running water. Entertainment: Thirty years ago, there was a color TV in a middle school in a nearby town. It is put on the playground in summer, and everyone in the surrounding village goes to see it. Work: There have been only two tractors in the village for 30 years. Now almost every family has agricultural machinery, and the level of agricultural mechanization has been greatly improved.

Second, the ideological outlook has not improved much. Farmers who were backward and ignorant 30 years ago are still backward and ignorant today. Although the illiteracy rate is very high now and nine-year compulsory education has been popularized, people's ideological level has not been greatly improved. Instead, the land temple, which was extinct 30 years ago, has been rebuilt in every village.

Third, the increase of income mainly depends on working. My parents used to farm with their backs to the loess. Now young and middle-aged people have entered the factory and earned hundreds of dollars/month by simple mechanical labor. Excluding the price factor, the income in the fields has not changed, but they used to have to pay for growing grain and did not make money. Now they are tax-free and earn a little, and their agricultural income has increased very little.

Fourth, village officials may be the most unsupervised leading cadres. People used to say, "Don't treat village officials as improper cadres." Now village officials are really great, especially the village party secretary who is located in the urban-rural fringe and affected by the national real estate sales! This may be the biggest corrupt collective! There are various specific means, but the phenomenon that collective property is transferred to village officials is not a case. For example, if a company is established in the village, a group of people from the two committees of the village will become the "executives" of the company. Through the black-box operation, the wealth in the village became the assets of the company, and the people of the company did not have any shares. The change is really too great.

I can't speak clearly in a few words.

All aspects of food, clothing, housing and transportation have changed, and it is not an exaggeration to describe it as "earth-shaking". To be honest, I don't know much.

It is estimated that the change is amazing, and the change is amazing!

Supplement: The change is amazing. Needless to say, Shenzhen should be the first choice (This is no longer a fishing village)

I think what is more amazing is those that have not changed much or remain the same.

This morning, I watched the green space program, which tells the life of villagers in the mountainous area of Nujiang River basin. I'm surprised that they haven't changed for decades. I saw Liu Suo, an eight-year-old girl, walking to school twice a day alone. Several people lost their lives because of Liu Suo. . . .

Today, I watched the TV program of 15 that abducted women have been locked in caves, and once again lamented the amazing changelessness in the countryside! It seems that only the deterioration of the environment and people's cruelty and indifference have changed. This year is 30 years of reform and opening up. Everyone in China knows the truth of standing at the age of 30. In the past 30 years, China has made great achievements in reform and opening up:

Since the reform and opening up in China for 30 years, the annual per capita net income of farmers in China has increased from 134 yuan to 4 140 yuan, and the living conditions and quality of life have been greatly improved. The memory and statistics of farmers have witnessed great changes in their clothing, food, housing, transportation and use.

Change 1: From "not having enough to eat every day" to "not farming but eating well"

Comparison between the past and the present: "Before the big contract, there were five people in my family, and the production team distributed food every season, so they could take it home with jackets and often went hungry." Qian Yanyong, a native of Qianxi Village, Pancun Town, mingguang city, Anhui Province, worked as a cadre in the village in the 1980s and began to engage in aquaculture in the late 1980s. Now he is a farmer entrepreneur. He said: "People who used to farm every day were full, but now they are not only full, but also full."

Figures and comments: From "not enough to eat" to "eat well", it reflects two major changes in farmers' life: from poverty to food and clothing, and from food and clothing to a well-off society. Before 1980s, the life of farmers in China was generally poor, and the Engel coefficient was as high as 70%. Since 1980s, with the general development of household production quotas, farmers in China have crossed the subsistence line in one fell swoop, and the Engel coefficient has dropped to 60%. After entering the new century, especially with the implementation of a series of policies to benefit farmers, including the abolition of agricultural taxes, farmers' lives have continued to improve, and the Engel coefficient has dropped to 50%, reaching a well-off line.

Change 2: from "one dress for multiple seasons" to "multiple clothes in one season"

Comparison between the past and the present: "In the past, children could wear clothes, and several children had to wear one dress. After the elder brother put it on, he passed it on to his younger brother. Unlike now, children's beautiful clothes may have a big box. " Na Zhibang, an 8/kloc-0-year-old Hui old man from Najiahu Village, Yanghe Town, Yongning County, Yinchuan City, Ningxia, said that at that time, everything was lacking, and food stamps were needed to buy food, clothes were made by themselves, and cloth tickets were needed to buy cloth.

Figures and comments: "New three years, old three years, sewing again and again". This is the memory of many farmers in their previous lives. With the improvement of income level and the change of consumption concept, the clothing consumption of Chinese farmers is changing. Taking Ningxia as an example, in 2007, the per capita living expenses of farmers in Ningxia reached 2,528.8 yuan, of which the per capita clothing consumption was 184.3 yuan, which was 5.4 times higher than the 28.8 yuan in 1983.

Change 3: from "dry shop" and brick house to "villa building"

Comparison between the past and the present: "When I was a teenager, the houses in the village were all dry-paved, and I never dreamed that I could live in a building one day." Qiu, 54, from Shangwan Natural Village, Qingjiang Township, Wuning County, Jiangxi Province, said this. In recent years, 3 1 households in Shangwan Village, with the support of the government, have all demolished old buildings and built new ones, and built small buildings with 2-4 floors. Every building has running water and water to flush the toilet, while outside the building are hundreds of acres of green carpet-like hanging melons. The whole village looks like a villa on the outskirts of the city.

Figures and Comments: In the 1970s, the "dry shop", the "brick house" in the 1980s and the "concrete" in the 1990s, farmers began to live in villas in the new century. According to the statistics of Jiangxi Provincial Bureau of Statistics, in 2007, the per capita housing area of farmers in Jiangxi increased from 19801.8 square meters to 36.8 square meters. Among them, the housing area of brick-wood structure and reinforced concrete structure is 34.26 square meters per capita, accounting for 93% of the housing area. Ye Dexiang, director of the Agriculture Department of Jiangxi Provincial Bureau of Statistics, said that 8 1% of farmers' houses in the province have sanitary facilities, of which 14% are toilets.

Change 4: From "going to the market" to "traveling"

Comparison between the past and the present: "It turned out that it was gray in sunny days and muddy in rainy days, and there were yellow mud roads everywhere, so I dared not wear leather shoes." Speaking of the changes in village roads, Liu Shangjia, a 47-year-old villager from Anyi County, Jiangxi Province, talks endlessly. Now the village groups and households are connected by cement roads. In the remote mountainous areas of southern Jiangxi, it turned out that farmers went out to market, and many people rarely went to the county town once in their lives. However, in recent years, several fruit farmers who planted navel oranges in Xunwu County spontaneously organized a trip to the United States to inspect the production and sales of American Sunkist navel oranges.

Figures and Comments: At the end of 2007, the towns and villages in Jiangxi Province basically had asphalt roads or cement roads. The rate of access to oil (cement) roads and roads in administrative villages reached 7 1% and 93% respectively, and nearly a quarter of natural villages were connected to oil-cement roads. The road is good. With the popularity of bicycles and motorcycles, cars began to enter the farmhouses, and farmers went further and further. In 2007, 2% of farmers in Jiangxi Province traveled abroad.

Change 5: From "Old Four Pieces" to "New N Pieces"

Comparison between the past and the present: With government subsidies, Liu Guoping, a farmer in Yushui District, Xinyu City, Jiangxi Province, recently installed a solar water heater. He said: "With a solar water heater, there is no need to burn wood or consume electricity, which is both economical and convenient." Some farmers in Shandong have the habit of keeping diaries. The reporter saw that the diary of Liu Zongshui, a farmer in zouping county, recorded the process of upgrading TV sets at home many times; In the diary of Yang Chunling, a farmer in Pingyuan County, he recorded that his neighbor bought a "home theater" and a computer.

Figures and Comments: In the past 30 years, the durable consumer goods of farmers' families in China have been continuously upgraded, from the "old four" products of bicycles, watches, sewing machines and radios to the "new six" products of televisions, washing machines, tape recorders, refrigerators, electric fans and DVD players, and then to the products of range hoods, water heaters, air conditioners and computers. In Shandong, by the end of 2007, every village in the province had electricity and telephone, and every 100 rural household had 39 refrigerators, 104 color TVs, 6/kloc-0 DVD players, 57 washing machines and 23 water heaters.

Change 6: From "dropping out of school because of poverty" to "going to school for free"

Comparison between the past and the present: Zhou Xuexian, a 0/9-year-old girl from Gaoji Town, dengzhou city, Henan Province, works in Beijing and envies her younger brother who is still in middle school. She said, "Because my family was poor, I dropped out of school in the second grade. My brother caught up with a good time and didn't have to pay tuition and fees for school. " Li Xuefang, aged 5/kloc-0, comes from Qiaoliufan Village, Gaobeidian City, Hebei Province. In 2007, she suffered from severe heart disease and spent more than 40,000 yuan on surgery in Beijing. After returning home, she got a subsidy of 12000 yuan from the "new rural cooperative medical system" management center. He lamented: "As a farmer, I can be reimbursed for medical treatment like a city dweller. I never thought about it before. "

Figures and Comments: In the 30th anniversary of the reform and opening-up, the latest change in farmers' life in China is that they begin to enjoy public services such as culture, entertainment, education and health. At present, all students in rural compulsory education in China are exempted from tuition and miscellaneous fees, benefiting/kloc-0.5 billion primary and secondary school students and their families. With the development of the new rural cooperative medical system, the medical security level of farmers has entered a new stage. By the end of March this year, 2679 counties (cities, districts) had started the new rural cooperative medical system, and 800 million farmers had participated in the cooperative medical system, with a participation rate of 9 1%. They can enjoy the treatment of medical reimbursement like urban workers.