Cracow (also known as Cracow)

brief introduction

The largest industrial city in southern Poland. The capital of Krakow province, a municipality directly under the central government. Located on both banks of the upper reaches of the Vistula River. The population is about 740,000. Founded about 700 years ago, it is one of the oldest cities in Central Europe and the hometown of the Viswa people. They ruled little Poland until the 10 century. 1320 ~ 1609 was once the capital of Poland, and/kloc-0 declined after the Swedish invasion in the 8th century. 1795 ~ 1809, 1846 ~ 19 18 was ruled by Austria twice, and 19 18 was returned to Poland. During the German occupation in World War II, it suffered heavy losses. All the teachers of Jagalon University (the oldest university in Poland, founded in 1363) were killed, and 55,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps. After the war, it was rebuilt and became the third largest industrial city in Poland. Now it is a land and water transportation hub and industrial center. The steel industry is particularly important. The Xinhua Tower in the east of the city has the largest steel joint venture "Lenin Steel Works" in China, with an annual output of 6 million tons of steel and other metallurgical products. Coking chemistry, building materials (cement, refractory and reinforced concrete prefabricated parts), machinery (rolling stock, agricultural machinery), food processing and other industries are also very developed. Next to the cultural and educational center in Warsaw, there are universities with a long history (founded in 1364), comprehensive industrial universities and art colleges, mining and metallurgy research institutes and atomic physics research institutes. There are historical sites such as observatory, museum, Wafer Palace (which collects ancient art treasures), castles and churches (with more than 60 famous ancient churches). There are textile, food processing, chemical industry, stone cutting, metallurgy and other industries, and the new Huta in the eastern suburb of the city has the largest steel joint venture in China. An important railway hub in southern Poland. There are many historical buildings in the city, and international art exhibitions have been held there regularly since 1966.

Krakow is the third largest city in Poland and the old capital of Poland in history. During the Renaissance, Poland was the most prosperous and powerful country in Eastern Europe. Poland has long maintained its reputation as the most advanced country in Europe, because it has acquired advanced knowledge of Mongolian and Central Plains culture from Lithuania and Russia. Krakow is the center of European culture and science. Copernicus, a famous astronomer, was educated at Cracow University.

Before Germany occupied Poland, Krakow was one of the earliest and most open areas for Jews on the European continent. As early as the15th century, Casimir the Great issued a coin decree, allowing Jews to do business in Krakow. Since then, the genius of the Jews has made great efforts for the economic development of Krakow. After the death of Augustus II, Poland declined, and Krakow and Warsaw also ended their status as big cities. Poland was divided up three times in 1770, 1774 and 1792, and Krakow was assigned to Austria. 19 18 After Poland became independent, Krakow once again became an important city in independent Poland.

history

The ancient city of Krakow is located on the left bank of the upper reaches of the Vistula River in southern Poland, about 250 kilometers away from Warsaw. It is an ancient medieval capital, the third largest city in Poland, an important railway hub, and famous for its historical city and cultural center. Krakow is the largest center of culture, science, industry and tourism in Poland, and was once the capital of Poland. Krakow was built in the 7th century. Before Krakow was incorporated into the national territory of Poland at the end of 10, Duke Wisva built his capital here. Krakow became the capital of Poland from King Kazimir (1034 ~ 1058). From 1320, Krakow was crowned king. 1794 Koshichushk Uprising centered on Krakow. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, the ruling dynasty moved its capital to Warsaw. This beautiful city of nearly 700 years was forgotten. After Poland was divided, Krakow belonged to Austria; During World War II, Krakow was incorporated into the "Governor's Jurisdiction" of German territory, when Krakow was one of the largest resistance centers in Poland.

Krakow is an example of European capital in the Middle Ages. It has developed from a single castle to two dynamic emerging cities, which is Krakow's unique urban development characteristics. The classical buildings in the city are filled with medieval customs and are known as the most beautiful city in Poland. The old city is centered on the ancient city square, and it is only a 20-minute walk from the railway station. In the center of the square is Sukenis Market, which was built in16th century. There are various souvenir shops on the lower floor of the market, mainly wood products, embroidery and leather, and the National Museum is on the upper floor. To the east of the square is St. Mary's Church, and its bell tower honks every hour. On the south side of the square, you can go directly to Wavel castel on the mountain through Grodka Street. The castle is the palace of the Polish king, and the cathedral is where they are crowned and buried. The market square is the key location of the block, and countless streets extend from here to the foot of the city wall. The center of the city changes with the development of history, and finally returns to the ancient city and market square established by 1257. Red bricks and red stones are widely used in various buildings. The scenery of the old city is colorful: the big market, including famous clothing stores, is surrounded by churches, monasteries, bell towers and square towers; The city is surrounded by a series of rich houses built in 17 and 18 centuries; In other parts of the city, the spires of churches are covered by Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque houses built by the middle class.

Krakow has always been called "New Prague" by travel magazines. This city has a strong literary flavor. After seeing so many famous European squares, they are always crowded with boutique restaurants to attract tourists. However, just south of Rinekroni Square, there is a four-story Enpik Bookstore, which is really hard to come by, showing Krakow people's love for reading. There are 1 1 institutions of higher learning in the city, among which Jagelong University is the most famous. It is also the place with the most concentrated historical sites in Poland and one of the largest tourist cities in Poland, with more than 2 million tourists every year.

Chopin museum

The Muzeum Fryderyka Chopina is located between the Baroque ostrovsky Palace and the Knights of Krakow. The museum attracts Chopin music fans at home and abroad. The museum collects Chopin's last piano, as well as more than 2,500 related materials and photos. The museum's permanent exhibitors collect personal letters written by Chopin to friends and family, music written by Chopin himself and portraits of Chopin himself and his family.

University of Aguilon

Jagron University in Krakow is a school with a long history of more than 600 years. Founded in 1364, it is the oldest university in Europe, ranking sixth. The school has 56 teaching and research fields and 13 colleges, all of which can award bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and can also enroll undergraduate and postgraduate courses; Doctoral degree and postdoctoral degree, these colleges are: School of Law and Administration: Ancient Roman Law; The history of canon law; Common law history; Polish law and historical law; Administrative history; European jurisprudence; Internal politics and law; Private international law; Agricultural law; Internal litigation; Commercial and commercial law; Criminal law; Criminology; National defense and public safety; Criminal proceedings; Administrative law; Environmental protection law; Public commercial law; Finance and fiscal law; Administrative litigation; Labor law and social security; Constitution; Sociology of law; Public international law; Legal principles and philosophy; Economics; Economic policy; Human rights. School of Philosophy: Department of Philosophy; Branch of psychology; Pedagogy branch; Religious branch. School of History, Sociology Branch: Archaeology Branch; Anthropology branch; History section; Department of literature history; Judaism; Musicology branch. Language Institute: Classical Literature Branch; English department; German branch; Asia branch; Polish branch; Latin branch; Slavic language family; Eastern Slavic language family; Hungarian; Indo-European language; School of Mathematics and Physics; Mathematics discipline; Physics branch; Computer science division. School of Biology and Geography: Botany; Division of Environmental Science; Division of Geography and Space Sciences; Geological science branch; Zoology branch; School of Bioengineering: Department of Analytical Biochemistry; Department of Physical Biochemistry; Department of Macrobiochemistry; Department of Microbial Chemistry; Department of biophysics; Microbial system; Department of Plant Physiology and Evolution; Department of immunology.

square

Rynek Glowny in Krakow claims to be the largest medieval square in Europe and the most exciting place in Krakow. It is warm, energetic, exquisite and simple, and many people come to Krakow to experience the authentic Polish customs. The textile hall in the center of the square has now been transformed into a shopping center and a museum, with stalls selling amber, wooden tableware, Polish dolls and other Polish folk handicrafts.

wieliczka salt minev

Victoria Yerika Salt Mine, located in the suburb of Krakow, has been mined since13rd century and is still being excavated. This is one of the oldest salt mines in Europe and is still being mined. There are many works of art, altars and statues carved with salt. Yelika Salt Mine is the crystallization of medieval labor art. wieliczka salt mine became one of the mining cities from14th century, reaching its peak in15 ~16th century, and the salt mine began to expand in18 ~19th century, becoming a famous salt capital in Poland. 1976 is listed as a national monument in Poland, and 1978 is designated as one of the world cultural heritages by the United Nations. The salt bed is 4 kilometers long, 65438 0.5 kilometers wide and 300 ~ 400 meters thick, and the roadway is more than 300 kilometers long. Up to now, 9 floors have been mined with a depth of 327 meters, and 20 million cubic meters of salt has been mined. In order to facilitate inspection and visit, as early as 1744, the stairwell was built in the mine. On the salt road more than 30 meters deep from the ground/kloc-0, a rare tourist attraction in the world was built. There are museums and entertainment halls, which preserve the original salt lakes, prayer halls and miners' labor scenes. There are many statues and decorations in it, all carved with salt. Famous sculptures include Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper. Salt mines are not only for tourists to visit, but also for patients with certain diseases to come here for treatment. 1964 set up a sanatorium for allergic diseases at the depth of 2 1 1 m in the fifth mining area of the salt mine, 1974 set up a sanatorium under the mine for patients with respiratory diseases.

Opening hours: April 16 to 10/5 from 8: 00 to18: 00; The rest time is 8: 00 ~ 16: 00. The travel time of English tour guides is 10: 00, 1 1: 30, 12: 30, 13: 45, 15: 00, which will also change according to the season and the number of people.

Transportation: The transportation from Krakow to Victoria Yerika is quite convenient. There is a mini bus next to the bus stop in Krakow, which runs every 20 minutes very frequently. Just get on the bus and pay the driver directly. After getting off, turn to the hillside and walk for about 3 minutes. There is a gate similar to a radio station on the right. Go straight ahead and you can reach the service center and the ticket gate.

Florian Gate

/kloc-Krakow in the 0/5th century was surrounded by trenches and two city walls, and there were eight gates in the city. During the Second World War, the whole of Poland was plunged into war, only Krakow survived, and Guanghua, the medieval old city, was completely preserved. Therefore, UNESCO listed the old town of Krakow as one of the world cultural heritages in 1978.

After coming out of Krakow station, you can enter the old town of Krakow through the underground passage after passing some vendors selling fruits and bread. Along the city wall, you can enter the largest city gate at that time-florian Gate, which is also the main entrance. People named it after the patron saint of Krakow. This gate was built in 1307, and there are two golden statues on both sides of the gate. The dark city walls are covered with many colorful paintings, watercolors, oil paintings and sketches. Scenery, people or still life, Krakow's art and culture suddenly show up.

Florian Street, just opposite the gate of florian, is the busiest street in Krakow. There are restaurants, hotels, cafes, clothing and art shops. It is not only a constant stream of tourists, but also a paradise for street performers. Every few steps, performers show their talents, where people can buy the works of Krakow artists.

Krakow ancient city

In ancient times, it was the center of Krakow and was called the "main market". /kloc-In the 4th century, merchants handled all kinds of woolen goods here and built a special handicraft trading hall in this spacious and beautiful square. It was rebuilt during the Renaissance. At present, the first floor of the hall is a souvenir shop, and the second floor is the National Museum Gallery, which houses the works of 18 to 19 century painters. Next to it stands a Gothic tower, which used to be a city hall, but now it is a history museum. There is also the famous Maria church in the ancient city. This is one of the most beautiful Gothic ancient buildings in Poland, with a height of 8 1 m. Many precious works of art were exhibited, such as the famous General's Altar (built from 1477 to 1489), the cross carved by the famous bronze artist stouch and stained glass paintings. In addition, every hour, the trumpeter in the church bell tower will blow the trombone. According to records, it was handed down to commemorate a bugler who was loyal to his duties and stuck to his post in the Middle Ages.