Drama (drama)

[drama; Play used to refer to traditional operas in China, and later it was used as a general term for traditional operas, dramas, operas, ballets and poetic dramas in China.

Greek theatre

Drama refers to the general name of stage performance art that achieves narrative purpose in the form of language, action, dance, music and puppet. The concept of drama in literature refers to the script created for drama performance, that is, the script. There are various forms of theatrical performances, including drama, opera, ballet, musical, puppet show and so on.

Specific meaning

A comprehensive art has two meanings: in a narrow sense, it refers to a stage performance form that started with ancient Greek tragedies and comedies, first developed in European countries, and then became popular all over the world. Drama in English and drama in China. Broadly speaking, it also includes the traditional stage performances of some countries and nationalities in the East, such as China's operas, Japanese kabuki, Indian classical dramas, and Korean singing operas.

Drama essence

In the 4th century BC, Aristotle expressed his understanding of the essence of drama in Poetics. He believes that all art is imitation, and drama is imitation of human behavior. Two centuries later, India's first drama theory work, Dance Theory, also pointed out: "Drama is imitation." /kloc-after the 0/9th century, there have been different opinions about the essence of drama, including audience theory, conflict theory, radical change theory, situation theory and laboratory theory.

The audience said: identifying with the audience is a necessary condition and the essence of drama. French drama theorist F. Sasay is the representative of this concept. He asserted that no matter what kind of drama works, it is for the audience. "Without the audience, there would be no drama", therefore, all the organs of drama must adapt to the audience's appreciation.

Conflict theory: represented by the French drama theorist Brent. At the end of 19, Bruntel pointed out that the stage is the place where people's conscious will is exerted, and the exertion of characters' conscious will is bound to encounter obstacles, and the subject must fight against them in order to overcome them, which constitutes a "will conflict", and the essence of drama lies in this. J.H. Lawson, an American drama theorist, attributed the essence of drama to "social conflict in which consciousness and will play a role". He believes that because drama deals with social relations, people's conscious will is bound to be restricted by social inevitability, so the real drama conflict must be social conflict. This concept can be expressed in one sentence: "There is no drama without conflict."

Disaster theory: British drama theorist W Archer denied Brent's "conflict" theory. He compared the novel with the drama, thinking that the novel is a "gradual" art, while the drama is a "crisis" art, and the drama deals with the dramatic changes in people's fate and environment, which is the essence of the drama.

Situation and Laboratory Theory: As early as18th century, the French philosopher D Diderot regarded "situation" as the basis of drama works. When Hegel talked about the characteristics of drama, he also linked "situation" with "conflict" and emphasized the ontological significance of situation. The existentialist philosopher and playwright J.-P. Sartre called his drama "situational drama" and described the object of the drama as people's choice in the situation. B Brecht regards drama as a scientific method and thinks that drama is a laboratory to test human behavior in a specific situation. This concept also defines the essence of drama from a specific angle.

Dramatic form

In ancient Greece, art was divided into music, painting, sculpture, architecture and poetry, and drama was classified as poetry. The real drama art should include poetry (literature), music, painting, sculpture, architecture, dance and other artistic elements, so it is called comprehensive art.

Every art has its own special means of expression, thus forming the external form of image. Drama, as a comprehensive art, combines various artistic expressions, and their direct and external manifestations in the complex are as follows: ① literature. Mainly refers to the script. ② plastic arts. Mainly refers to scenery, lighting, props, clothing, makeup. ③ Music. Mainly refers to sound, episode, music, etc. In theatrical performances, there are also tunes and vocals in operas and operas. ④ Dance. Mainly refers to the dance elements contained in the art of dance drama and opera, which are transformed into the performing art of actors-the action art in drama.

Various artistic factors in drama play different roles, and their status in the whole is unequal. In the drama complex, the actor's performance art is in the center and dominant position, and it is the noumenon of drama art. The means of performance art-body movements and lines-are the basic means of drama art, and other artistic factors are melted by noumenon. Script is the basis of drama performance, which directly determines the artistry and ideological content of drama. As a literary form, although it can be read by people like novels, its basic value lies in its performability. A script that can't be performed is not a good play. The value of musical elements in drama performance, whether it is interlude, soundtrack or sound, mainly lies in the synergistic effect of actors shaping the stage image. The plastic arts elements in drama performance, such as scenery, lighting, props, costumes, makeup, etc., also play a specific auxiliary role in shaping the stage image of actors from different angles. Taking the actor's performance art as the noumenon, it absorbs and integrates various artistic elements to form the external form of drama art.

Drama as literature

Dramatic text (namely "script") is the basic element and premise of a drama.

The most important thing about the script is that it can be put on the stage. Drama text is not the completion of art, and it is not the presentation of the final art until after the stage performance (that is, "performance text"). Some scholars in the past dynasties wrote plays that were not suitable for stage performance or even impossible to perform at all. This kind of drama text is called desk drama (also called study drama) (such as Wilde's poetic drama Salome). There are also examples of scriptless performances in modern dramas.

The literary version of drama can be enjoyed as an independent literary style when it is not being performed.

Drama as a performing art

With the practice of modern western drama in the training system of directors and actors, drama theory has gradually expanded from the discussion of drama texts to the whole theater, and then new concepts such as "scene scheduling" have emerged. Among them, the famous formulation is the concept put forward by British drama director peter brooke in his monograph "Empty Space" in the 1970s: "An actor walks through an empty stage, which is the whole of a play. 」

China drama province points

Beijing

Peking Opera North Kunqu West Road Pingju Peking Opera

Hebei Province

Hebei Bangzi Pingju Sixian Old Tune Hahahaha Hebei Luantan Wu 'an Flat Tune Wu 'an Luozi West Tune Yuxian Yangge Longyao Yangge Dingxian Yangge Four-string Tang Opera with Seven Tones and Four Tones.

Shanxi province

Bangzi Middle Road Bangzi North Road Bangzi Shangdang Bangzi Gong and Drum Acrobatics Playing Childlike Qiu Shangdang Pi Huang Shangdang Dangzi Yongji Daoqing Hongdong Daoqing Linxian Daoqing Jinbei Daoqing Yangko Huguan Yangko Qinyuan Yangko Qitai Yangko Shuoxian Yangko Xiaoyi Qiang Quwo Qiang Heizi Fengtai Opera.

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Man-Han Banquet Table for Two in Inner Mongolia Yangko

Liaoning province

Haicheng trumpet play, southern Liaoning film, Mongolian play, colorful lotus drop

Jilin province

The two became Ji Opera, Xincheng Opera and Huanglong Opera.

Heilongjiang province

Longjiang opera

Shanxi(Province)

Huang Er Agong Opera, Heyang Dance Opera, Heyang Lined Opera, Meihua Opera, Shaanxi Wan Wan Opera, Shaanxi Old Opera, Shaanxi Duan Gong Opera, Shaanxi Daoqing County Banqiang Shaanxi Ancient Painting Opera, Ankang Heizi Opera.

Gansu: Gannan Tibetan Opera, Gao Shanju Shadow Play and Dragon Opera.

Qinghai province

Qinghai Tibetan Opera Qinghai Pingxian Opera

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Xinjiang quzi opera

Shandong Province

Shandong Bangzi stove Bangzi Laiwu Bangzi East Road Bangzi Opera Lu Opera Liu Qiang Wuyin Opera Liuqin Opera has two strings and four tones.

Jiangsu Province: Kunqu Opera, Huai Opera, Yang Opera, Bronze Opera, Xi Opera, Su Ju Opera, Huaihai Opera, Dan Opera, Dingding Opera, Haimen Mountain Opera and Huaihong Opera.

Anhui province

Huangmei Opera Hui Opera Qingyang Opera Yue Xi Gao Qiang Anhui Mulian Opera Anhui Nuo Opera Lu Opera Anhui Duangong Opera Sizhou Opera Hanging Foot Opera with Bow Opera Wuhu Lihua Spring Opera Wennan Ci Southern Anhui Huagu Opera Fengyang Huagu Opera Huaibei Huagu Opera Pushing Blackspots Opera Hongshan Opera

Shanghai

Shanghai opera farce Fengxian mountain opera

Zhejiang Province

Shaoxing Opera, Wu Opera, Shao Opera, Xinchang Gaokang Ninghai Pingdiao Songyang Gaokang Shenxing Opera, Wenzhou Kunqu Opera, Jinhua Kunqu Opera, Huangyan Opera, Zhuji Ou Opera, Hangbang Opera and Shanghai Opera.

Jiangxi province

Gan Opera Yiyang Opera Xu He Opera Donghe Opera Ninghe Opera Ruihe Opera Yihuang Opera Nanchang Tea Picking Opera Gannan Tea Picking Opera Pingxiang Tea Picking Opera Wanzai Lantern Opera Fuzhou Tea Picking Opera Ji 'an Tea Picking Opera Ningdu Tea Picking Opera Gandong Tea Picking Opera Jiujiang Tea Picking Opera Jingdezhen Tea Picking Opera Wuning Tea Picking Opera Gao 'an Tea Picking Opera

Fujian Province

Puxian Opera, Liyuan Opera, Gaojia Opera, Pingshuo Opera, Min Opera, Common People Opera, Ciming Opera, Big Indoor Opera, West Fujian Han Opera, North Road Opera, Meilin Opera, Right Word, South Jian Tune, Small Indoor Opera, Triangle Opera, West Fujian Tea Picking Opera, South Ci Opera, West Fujian Folk Song Opera, Mi Opera, Dacheng Opera, Ma Zhu Opera, Spring Play and Shoulder Play.

Taiwan Province Province

Gezi opera

Guangdong Province

Cantonese Opera Chaozhou Opera Orthography Opera Bai Zixi Guangdong Han Opera Xiqin Opera Hua Chaoxi Peyo Tea Picking Opera Lechang Flower Drum Opera Lei Ju Yuexi White Opera

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Guangxi Opera, Yong Opera, Sixian Opera, Guangxi Shigong Opera, Caidiao Niuniang Opera, Southern Guangxi Tea Picking Opera, Zhuang Opera, Miao Opera and Dong Opera.

Hainan Province: Qiongju Pro-drama

Hunan province

Xiang opera Qi Opera Changde Han Opera Hengyang xiang opera Baling Opera Changsha Opera Yueyang Opera Changde Opera Xiangxi Lantern Opera Xiangyang Opera Hengyang Ancient Painting Opera Shaoyang Ancient Painting Opera Lingling Ancient Painting Opera Shidao Opera Xiangxi Miao Opera Xinhuang Dong Nuo Opera

Hubei province

Han Opera Jing Hexi South Opera Hubei Yuediaoshan Huang Er Hubei High-pitched Chu Opera East Road Ancient Painting Opera Huangmei Tea Picking Opera Yangxin Tea Picking Opera Yuan 'an Ancient Painting Opera Xiangyang Ancient Painting Opera Jingzhou Ancient Painting Opera Liang Shantiao Yunyang Ancient Painting Opera Sui County Flower Drum Theatre Opera Quxi Hubei West Liuzi Opera

Henan Province

Henan Opera, Henan Yuediao, Nanyang Bangzi Dapingdiao, Henan Opera, Henan Opera, Henan Opera, Henan Daoqing and Yuhua Drum Opera.

Sichuan Province

Sichuan Opera Sichuan Lantern Sichuan Quyi Xiushan Lantern

Yunnan province

Yunnan Drama Yunnan Lantern Kunming Drama Guansuo Drama Dai Drama Bai Drama Yi Drama Yunnan Zhuang Drama

Guizhou Province

Guizhou Opera Guizhou Local Bangzi Guizhou Lantern Guizhou Dong Opera Guizhou Buyi Opera Guizhou Miao Opera Anshun Local Drama

Xizang Autonomous Region: Tibetan Opera

Drama type

Drama literature can be divided into long plays, one-act plays and sketches according to capacity;

According to the forms of expression, it can be divided into drama, opera, poetic drama, ballet, opera and so on.

According to the theme, it can be divided into drama, historical drama, legendary drama, civic drama, social drama, family drama, science fiction drama and so on.

According to the nature and effect of drama conflict, it can be divided into tragedy, comedy and drama.

But the most basic and commonly used categories are tragedy, comedy and drama, in which tragedy appeared earlier than comedy, and drama is also called tragicomedy.