Li Ling is entangled in too many big topics: home country, soldiers and literati, betrayal and grief. Throughout his life, he made difficult choices in the conflict between the country and the individual. His fate is also related to several important figures: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Li Guang, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, Sima Qian and Su Wu.
There is no way to start.
In the autumn of 99 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guang, general of the Second Division, to take up 30,000 troops from Jiuquan to conquer the Huns. At this time, Li served as the riding captain, led 5,000 people in Danyang and Chu, and taught archery in Jiuquan and Zhangye to guard against Xiongnu.
After the fighting started, Li Ling volunteered to lead 5,000 soldiers to leave Juyanhai and go north to Khan Wang Ting. Thirty days later, Li Ling's army met 80,000 Xiongnu soldiers in Xunji Mountain. Li Ling is on the An Lushan between two mountains. Lien Chan won by one to ten, killing more than ten thousand people in ten days. According to the prior arrangement, they fought and retreated, and led Huns Khan to the southern border of China and Hungary. General Rupert is in charge of leading the army to meet the enemy. However, just more than 0/00 miles away from the Han frontier fortress/KLOC-,the Han army was blocked by the Huns and its ammunition was exhausted. In the end, we can only use the short knife spokes as weapons, but the reinforcements are too late.
Li Ling sighed in the sky: "Enough, we can get rid of dozens of arrows." It's a pity that God didn't give Li Ling a chance to turn over. At midnight, Li Ling led a dozen strong men to break through, which was discovered by Xiongnu and pursued by thousands of cavalry. At the last moment, Li Ling shouted, "I have no face to report to your majesty!" So he surrendered to the Huns.
Li Ling led 5,000 soldiers to a decisive battle with 80,000 heroic enemies of Xiongnu, and persisted for more than ten days. Doing your best is neither a miracle nor a failure. However, Li Ling failed to fulfill his promise: "I won't die, but I won't be a strong person." The battle of Xunjishan proved Li Ling's military ability, but in the end he was branded as a traitor.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very angry when he learned that Li Ling had been defeated and surrendered. All the ministers said that Li Ling was guilty. Only Sima Qian said, "Li Ling has always been filial to her mother and has great confidence in soldiers."
He didn't die because he wanted to find a suitable opportunity to repay the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was furious and put Sima Qian in prison. As a result, Sima Qian was convicted of corruption, which is the so-called "Liling Incident".
Walk into a dead end
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was so angry for a reason. In his eyes, Li Ling bears the original sin. The original sin was Li Guang, Li Ling's grandfather.
During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, there was a famous Wu Chu rebellion. Commander-in-Chief Li Guang was ordered to follow Qiu and Zhou Yafu to resist. In recognition of Lee Kuan Yew's heroic performance in defending Guoliang, Liang Wang Liu Wu conferred the rank of General Lee Kuan Yew. After all, Li Guang, who lacks political experience, thinks that Liang is a brother and he is a member of the royal family, so he gladly accepted this award. But Li Guang did not expect that Liang Wang would be decorated privately, and it was a sin to accept his country as the military uniform of Han Jiang. What's more, your majesty wants to spread it to Liang Wang!
From then on, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had a bad feeling towards Li Guang. 1 19 BC, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing led the troops to the Huns, and the war was unfavorable. Wei Qing put the blame on Li Guang. In a rage, Li Guang stabbed himself. Later, Li Guang's son, Li Ling's uncle Li Gan, was shot by Huo Qubing for wounding Wei Qing.
The emperors in the early Han Dynasty were always mean to heroes. Li Zhangong is brilliant, but he can't beat his spouse's running. Therefore, Li Ling's heart is always relieved, eager to make contributions and revive the family style. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very dissatisfied with Li Ling's idea and wanted to give the young man some color to see. Therefore, in this crusade against the Huns, Liang Wudi adopted four strategies, pushing
The first step is to lead. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty specially arranged Li Ling to work for Li Guangli, who was also a consort. Li ling naturally doesn't want to. In order to prove himself, he went to Wang Ting alone. Emperor Wu said, "I won't ride on you"-I won't equip you with cavalry. Li Ling said, "Although you ride a horse, I don't need cavalry." . In the face of Li Ling's impulsive behavior, Liang Wudi, who is proficient in the art of war, did not stop him. Instead, he lied to Lu Bode that he would equip Li Ling with cavalry, and Li Ling refused. In this way, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty undoubtedly handed over Li Ling and his 5,000 soldiers to Khan Tucheng.
Second, it doesn't help. If we use these 5,000 steps as bait, ambush the elite troops in our rear, lure each other into our encirclement and destroy each other's main force, then this military strategy is of course very reasonable. However, the scheduled reinforcements did not appear, and Commander Lubod should undoubtedly be tried by a military court. Strangely, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not punish the land birds. But in the second year, he sent Lu Bode to Xiongnu and asked him to contact Li Ling. Emperor Wu himself said that it was a "traitor" for Lü bode not to save Li Ling, but he sent this "traitor" to pick up Li Ling. It can be seen that it is not a "traitor", but the "traitor" emperor himself.
Third, lead by example. The generals sent by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to greet Li Ling were all carefully selected. In addition to Li Ling's two sworn enemies, Li Guangli and Lu Bode, there is also Gong Shanao. Sun Ao attached to Li Guangli, and naturally had no sympathy for Li Ling. Sure enough, after returning to the army, Gong wrote: "Our army once caught a prisoner. According to the prisoner, Li Ling became the most effective right-hand man of the Huns, teaching the art of war and preparing to invade China, so he could not see him. "
Step four, rest. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very angry when he heard Sun Ao's accusation. Without any investigation, he ordered the killing of Li Ling's family. Li Ling's mother, wife, children and brothers were all killed. The Li family has been loyal for generations, but now it ends with "the scholar-officials in Longxi are ashamed of Li". The family was ruined, and Li Ling's last retreat was completely cut off.
Death is easier than death.
If Li Ling dies or commits suicide, he will become an eternal hero. If Li Ling wholeheartedly joined the Huns and became a "traitor", it would be very simple. But he has embarked on the road of no return, suffering from conscience all day long.
When Li Ling first arrived in Xiongnu, he was "extremely angry and extremely painful." However, Li Ling, who was not tolerated by the Han Dynasty, was treated by Xiongnu Khan, who not only betrothed his daughter to him, but also made Li Ling the son of heaven. In 90 BC, Li Ling was ordered by Khan to lead 30,000 Xiongnu soldiers to pursue the exhausted Han army and came to Xunji Mountain again. However, the heroic elite cavalry are waiting for victory. After nine days of fighting, they finally didn't come back. Isn't it strange that Li Ling's military ability and familiarity with the terrain of Jishan have deepened?
After Zhao Han acceded to the throne, assistant ministers Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie were good friends of Li Ling, so they sent Li Ling's old friends as Li Zheng's special envoys to Xiongnu to persuade Li Ling to return home. Khan hosted a banquet in honor of Ren et al. Li Ling was accompanied by another military commander. Ren can't talk to Li Ling in private, so he looks at each other with his own eyes, often grasping the knife ring and leaning down to hold his feet, which means it's time to go back to Korea. A few days later, Li Ling and Wei Lu hosted a banquet in honor of China's envoys. They all wore khufu's clothes and made their hair into a conical bun. After drinking three rounds of wine, Ren was speechless in front of him, so he had to say by innuendo, "China was very happy that the Han Dynasty implemented Amnesty. The emperor was young and strong, and the two ministers, Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie, were dignitaries who assisted the court. " Li Ling was silent for a long time, stroking his hair and saying, "I'm dressed!" "After a while, taking advantage of the opportunity to go to the toilet, Ren quickly said to Li Ling," Alas! Shao Qing, you are suffering! Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie say hello. Please go back to your hometown and worry about his wealth. "Li Ling looked at his old friend and said," Brother, it is easy to go back, but I am afraid of losing face. " A word completely cut off the possibility of his return to the Han Dynasty.
However, when Su Wu finally returned to China after a disaster, and Li Ling bought wine for him, his inner contradiction was revealed in a lyric: "Travel long distances, cross the desert, lead the troops to be king, and fight for the Huns. The retreat was cut off, the sword and arrow were destroyed, and all the soldiers died. My reputation has been ruined. My old mother died. Although she wants to repay her kindness, where can she go? " It's not that he doesn't want to go home. He is really homeless!
Li Ling's life is a tragedy. He was famous for World War I and also for World War I; After he thought he was loyal, he surrendered; He wanted to beautify the door, but his family was wiped out; Although he lives a rich life abroad, his inner obstacles are always difficult to remove. Li Ling lived alone in Hu Bing until her death in 74 BC.
Li Ling makes people strong and brave, cherishing talents, regretting their failure, lamenting their experiences, angering them for their difficulties in serving the country, their lofty aspirations are hard to be rewarded, and their mouths are hard to argue. Sadly, alas!
Related reading
Li Ling surrendered.
Li Ling is a famous general in the Western Han Dynasty, the grandson of Li Guang, and Li Guang's name is General Fei. Being good at riding and shooting, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought it was the legacy of Li Guang and ordered him to take 800 cavalry to explore the terrain in the desert. After the victory, he was appointed as the riding captain, commanding 5,000 soldiers to be deployed in Jiuquan and Zhangye. In 89 BC, Li Ling took the initiative to lead 5,000 infantry to join forces with the main force led by Xiongnu Khan. Li Ling called a carriage to the barracks. When he went to fight, he "held a halberd shield and crossbow behind his back." The Xiongnu army approached, "thousands of crossbows scattered and fell." The first battle was successful. Xiongnu mobilized reinforcements and continued to attack. Li Ling shot Khan with a crossbow, so that Khan was almost shot by an arrow. Finally, the Xiongnu besieged the Han army in the valley, and all the arrows were shot out, but the Han army had no food, only the "ruler's knife", which could not effectively fight back. Li Ling lamented that if there were dozens of arrows, they could break through. Finally, only a dozen people followed, and Li Ling's deputy Han Yannian died. Li Ling lamented: "I have no face to report to your majesty!" So he laid down his weapon and surrendered.
The news of defeat returned to Chang 'an, but Li Ling's whereabouts were unknown. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty hoped that Li Ling would die heroically, summoned Li Ling's mother and wife, and arranged for the magician to see if their faces were "bloodless" face to face. As a result, the warlock said he didn't see it, and Emperor Wu was very angry. Soon after the news came, Li Ling surrendered to the Huns, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became even more angry. During the trial, the Taishi ordered Sima Qian to defend Li Ling and was castrated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for "false accusation". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent a general named Gong to Xiongnu without success. Gong reported that the captured prisoners said that Li Ling taught the Huns how to deal with the Han army, so the Han army could not win. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Ling's family to "rule the family by family", and their mother, brother, wife and son were all killed. Later, when the Han Dynasty resumed diplomatic relations with Xiongnu, Li Ling asked the envoys of the Han Dynasty why they wanted to kill his family. The messenger told him the reason, and Li Linglian was very wronged. It turned out that Xu Li, another Han officer who surrendered to Xiongnu, was helping Xiongnu train. Li Ling sent someone to assassinate Xu Li to vent his anger and never wanted to go home again. The author told the tragic story in a sympathetic tone.
So is it a crime for Li Ling to continue fighting without surrendering to the enemy? Is there a legal basis for killing Liang Wudi's family? If he was later released by the Huns and returned to his hometown, would he still be investigated?
Laws that forced people to die in the First World War.
According to the laws recorded in the bamboo slips unearthed from Zhangjiashan Han Tomb in Jiangling, Hubei Province, it is known that Li Ling's surrender to the enemy on the battlefield is a capital crime. The unearthed biography of Li Ling in the Han Dynasty clearly stipulates that all soldiers stationed at frontier posts who surrender to the enemy voluntarily in the event of mutiny, or who do not surrender when the enemy attacks, should be treated equally with those who attempt to flee the battlefield in the event of mutiny: "All will be beheaded. His parents, his wife, and the same child have all left the market, and there is no shortage. " I split my waist in half and the whole family took responsibility. In other words, after learning that he had surrendered to the Huns, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty could dispose of his family according to law, and he did not need to rebel or help the Huns train.
The law of stealing unearthed in Zhangjiashan Han Tomb is considered to be the law of the early Han Dynasty and the latter two years, and it is likely to be adapted from the law of the early Han Dynasty. At the time of Shang Yang's political reform, the State of Qin had already legislated that "rapists and beheaders should be rewarded together, while non-rapists and surrenders should be punished together", which shows that surrender on the battlefield is already a felony. It contains a speech of the state of Qin, saying that there is a "Taifu Constitution" promulgated by the king, which stipulates that the crime of "killing one's father with one's son and killing one's monarch with one's minister" cannot be pardoned. Even if the country issues an Amnesty, "it doesn't matter if your son dies in the city."
These laws seem to have been inherited from the Han Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Li Guang, the grandfather of Li Ling, was defeated by Xiongnu and was captured after being injured. Li Guang fled to Han with Xiongnu horses and bows and arrows, and was finally arrested and imprisoned. He was accused of "losing too much" and "being born by Lu" and was sentenced to beheading. Later, he redeemed himself as Shu Ren with his title and Nassau.
So in fact, the laws of Qin and Han dynasties require soldiers to fight to the death for the court. Even if you lose your fighting ability, you must die for your country and never be captured by the other side.
The most famous water droplets: Yu Jin and Pound
The most famous surrender experiences in history are Yu Jin and Pound in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period. In the melee at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao Group was able to rise in chaos. Cao Cao is a man who is good at "rebellion" to a great extent, while Yu Jin is a general who is a prisoner of war. It turned out that he was an infantry of the Yellow Scarf Army. 1993 surrendered to Cao Cao with Qingzhou Huangta Army. Wang Lang, Cao Cao's counselor, admired him and recommended him to Cao Cao, saying that he "has the talent of a general". Cao Cao really trusted him and made great achievements from then on. Pound was Ma Jiajun's general in Guanzhong. He has been following Marten and Ma Chao for a long time. In 25 years, Cao Cao attacked Hanzhong and defeated Ma Chao. Pound also led the army to surrender to Cao Cao.
In 29 years, Guan Yu, the general of Liu Bei, began the Northern Expedition from Jingzhou and attacked Fan Cheng, a strategic place of Cao Cao. Fancheng coach Cao Renpai Yu Jin and Pound respectively guarded the periphery of Fancheng. Guan Yu took advantage of the summer rainstorm to dig the Hanjiang dam and "flooded the Seventh Army". The forbidden barracks were flooded, and Guan Yu's army stormed by boat. I have no choice but to lay down my arms and surrender. Pound's barracks were also flooded. Pound stuck to the dam, and his men suggested surrender, all of which were beheaded by Pound. After a fierce battle, his soldiers either died or surrendered. Pound retreated by boat. The boat capsized and fell into the water. He was captured by Guan Yu's army. Pound's brother is in Liu Bei's army. Guan Yu personally persuaded him to surrender and appointed him as a general. Pound shouted, "I'd rather be a national ghost than a thief." So Guan Yu killed Pound.
Hearing this, Cao Cao shouted, "We have been together for almost thirty years. Although there are difficulties, we are not as good as Pound! " At that time, Cao Cao proclaimed himself emperor in Wang Wei, which was actually a change of dynasty. When he conquered this country, he was "meritocratic" and even attracted "heartless and unfilial" people. Now that things are different, we should set a loyal example for his new dynasty. P
Cao Cao contacted Sun Quan to attack Guan Yu and saved Fan Cheng. Sun Quan's army killed Guan Yu and captured Jingzhou. In order to deal with the attack between Liu Bei and Cao Cao, Sun Quan will wait for Cao Cao's former subordinates to return to Cao Cao. These prisoners arrived in Yecheng, Cao Cao was dead, and Cao Pi succeeded Wang Wei. Cao Pi met Yu Ban, who was "white bearded and haggard". Seeing Cao Pi, he "cried". The seemingly gentle Cao Pi is still regarded as "General Anyuan", but he was ordered to visit Cao Cao's mausoleum first, and painted a mural of Pound's fighting, bowing and surrender in the mausoleum in advance. When I saw this mural, I felt ashamed and died.
Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, said in the Chronicle of Qin Law that when Sima Guang was banned, "he could not die after defeat, but was born in an enemy country." When Cao Pi comes back, he can be abolished and killed, but it is detrimental to the monarch's demeanor to insult him.
A serious crime that disappears from the code
The law of forcing soldiers to die in World War I also lasted for a long time in later generations, especially during the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The warlord's scuffle intensified, and the law adhered to the principle of non-surrender. There are also "ten felony clauses", namely "first, treason, second, treason, third, fourth, descent, fifth, evil treason, sixth, disobedience, seventh, disrespect, eighth, unfilial, ninth, injustice, tenth, civil strife". Those who commit these ten felonies cannot be pardoned, and bureaucrats and nobles cannot enjoy the privilege of "eight-point redemption". "Down" is listed as the fourth felony, second only to the crime of direct rebellion and rebellion.
But in the Sui Dynasty, the "Ten Serious Crimes Law" of the Northern Qi Dynasty was adapted into the "Ten Evil Laws", while the "Tang Law" was deleted. Tang law inherited the "ten evils" of the Sui Dynasty, among which there was no word "decline". The felony of "defecting to the enemy" is not clearly defined. In addition, most of the official codes of the later court did not have specific provisions on "demotion".
The reason for this legislative improvement is not difficult to find. Judging from the historical lessons, the harsh laws of Qin and Han dynasties did not actually prevent soldiers from laying down their weapons when there was no hope of war. Because in the laws of the same period, the provisions on accepting surrender and not killing surrender are also very clear, especially in wartime, when armed groups "surrender to accept rebellion", surrenders will draw out their swords to help as a reward. If you turn yourself in and go back to your original department, you will be severely punished. Especially punishing relatives will strengthen the determination to surrender and help the enemy fight to the end. Therefore, after accumulating enough historical experience, the rulers after Sui and Tang Dynasties deleted this charge from the official code.
However, the rulers of later generations still wanted their soldiers to serve them, or they needed to use the death penalty to force their soldiers. Therefore, this crime is classified as a "military order" system. When the ancient army went out to war, the generals had considerable freedom of disposal and could issue "military orders." Wei Ce, the Warring States Policy, clearly stipulates that military orders are not bound by Zi Zhi Tong Jian. "Every military order is temporary and not bound by general laws." Soldiers who violate military orders can be directly punished by the commander-in-chief. Only after the "return of the army" will illegal and criminal acts be stipulated by the law itself and will be punished by the law; If there is no provision in the law, it is "the crime of non-cooperation". Another strategy is to stipulate it in some special laws and regulations, sometimes even exceeding the severity of Qin and Han dynasties. For example, the military order issued in the fourteenth year of the Ming Dynasty stipulated: "Anyone who surrenders to the enemy will be beheaded and have no property."