With a population of 55 million, Bantu people account for about 84%. The official language is French. The national languages are Congo, Lingala, Swahili and Balu. Most Congolese believe in animism and Christianity, while a few believe in Kimbanggu, Islam and primitive religion.
Northern Congo (DRC) has an equatorial climate with high temperature, high humidity and rainy weather. The south has a savanna climate, with two seasons a year and alternating dry season and rainy season. The east has a high altitude and a mild climate. The annual average rainfall1500 ~ 2000mm, and the annual average temperature is 27℃.
The coastline is 37 kilometers long, and there are three ports along the coast: Banana, Boma and Matadi. Matadi is the main seaport, with five regular flights to Northern Europe, France, the Mediterranean, the United States and Japan, with an annual throughput of about 800,000 t. Kinshasa Ngjili International Airport connects all continents in the world, including four international airports in Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Kisangani and Goma, 35 ordinary airports, and more than 100 small airports and landing runways. There are six foreign airlines offices in Belgium, Cameroon, Kenya, Angola, Guinea and Ethiopia, and two domestic airlines in LAC and CAL, with an intercontinental route of about 27000km and an African route of about 65,438+. The border city of Diloro is connected with lobito, Kalemie is connected with the port of Das in Tanzania, Sakaniya is connected with Zambia, Goma is connected with Rwanda, Aru is connected with Uganda, Zongo is connected with Central Africa, and Ngobi La Pier in Kinshasa is connected with Brazzaville in Congo (Brazzaville). There are highways 150000 km. In fact, 85% are dirt roads. The total length of the railway is about 5254km, including the Kinshasa-Matadi trunk line, with a total length of 365km. The annual design capacity is 6 million tons, but at present the actual capacity is only1.2000 tons. The total length of rivers in China is 23,000 kilometers, of which15,000 kilometers is navigable 150 ~ 400-ton ships and 2,785 kilometers is navigable for 800 ~ 1000-ton ships. ..
Kinshasa (capital), Lubumbashi (capital of Katanga Province), Kisangani (capital of Orientale Province), Bandundu (capital of Bandundu Province), Goma (capital of North Kivu Province), Bukavu (capital of South Kivu Province), Kindu (capital of Maniema Province), Mbandaka (capital of Equateur Province) and Kananga (capital of Kasai Occidental Province).
The per capita national income is $65438 +027.
Currency:1On June 30th, 998, Congo (DRC) issued a new currency-Congo franc. At that time, the official price was: 1 gunlang = 65438+ million NZ, 1 USD =3 gunlang. Affected by the civil war, the economy went from bad to worse. 65438-0998, the negative economic growth is about-3.5%; 1999, reaching-14%, a record low. By April 2006, 5438+0, the official parity 1 USD =53.5 colons, and the parallel market parity 1 USD =230 colons. The inflation rate broke through the 500% mark.
/kloc-In the 4th century, Bantu people established the kingdom of Congo in the lower reaches of Congo River. From 15 to 18 century, Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain, France and Belgium invaded one after another. /kloc-In the 9th century, the King of Belgium classified it as "private land acquisition". 1956, nationalists launched an independent uprising. 1960 On June 30th, the Republic of Congo was founded. Kasavubu was the first president and Lumumba was the first prime minister. 1965165438+1On October 24th, Mobutu came to power and established the second republic. 197 1 year, the country was renamed zaire. 1May 1997 17, AFDL led by Kabila overthrew Mobutu's regime and established the third republic, renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo.
China and Gang established diplomatic relations: China and Gang just established diplomatic relations on February 20th, 196 1, and the two countries broke off diplomatic relations on September 8th of the same year, and resumed diplomatic relations on October 24th, 1972.
Head of State: President: Joseph Kabila.
Ruling party: Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL).
Political system: According to the third draft Constitution of the Republic of China, the Senate, the House of Representatives and the President's Cabinet system are implemented.
I. Mineral resources
Congo (Gold) is rich in mineral resources, especially copper (which has been evaluated for a long time and needs to be re-evaluated), cobalt and diamonds are among the best in the world (table 1), and other minerals are oil, natural gas, coal, zinc and gold.
Table 1 Congo mineral reserves (gold)
Second, mining production
In the past, the mining output value of the Democratic Republic of Congo accounted for about 25% of the gross national product (GDP). In recent years, Congo (DRC) was affected by the civil war, and the mining production was unstable, which even led to the decline and stagnation of some mineral production. After 1996, the mining output value decreased by about 5% every year on average, and in 2000, the mining output value only accounted for 6% of the gross national product. The output of mineral products since 1997 is shown in table 2, in which the main mineral products are crude oil, copper, cobalt and diamond. Jika Mining is the largest mineral producer in China, which controls the production of coal, copper, cobalt and zinc in China. Due to the production destruction caused by the civil war, Jika Mining has introduced international venture capital mechanism to participate in the exploration and production of national minerals since 1998.
1. oil
According to the report (Oil Gas Journal, 20021February), the crude oil output in 2002 was 1 146000t, which was 43.97% lower than that of 5438+0 in 2006.
Chevron Texaco (50% in the United States), Teikoku (32.3% in Japan) and Unocal (7.7% in the United States/KLOC-0) in the Democratic Republic of Congo are the main producers of Congo (DRC) oil, and the crude oil output of 8 oil wells along the coast of 200/KLOC-0 is about 6,500. In 2002, Chevron Texaco Company of Democratic Republic of Congo developed 1 oil well in Tshiala Oilfield, and completed the cataloging of 5 oil wells, including Libois Oilfield (Libwa, 1), Lukami Oilfield (Lukami, 1) and MiSartor Oilfield (Misato, 65438). Its main refinery, Muanda, has a production capacity of 2.3 million tons/year.
It is estimated that the remaining reserves of Shell's oil fields near the mouth of the Congo River (1980 started production) exceed 4.43 million tons, which are six oil fields: Dongmibalai, Liavinda-Kinkasi and Moanda Banana.
The exploration and transfer rights of other oil companies cooperating with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including Japan National Oil Company, Pan-African Energy Company and Shell Oil Company, have not been approved by the government.
Table 2 Congo (Gold) mineral output
2. Copper and cobalt
Gecamine is the most important copper and cobalt producer in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2002, the copper output was 19495t, which was 5.46% lower than that of 200 1 year in 20621t. The output of cobalt is 2209t, which is 42.99% lower than 3875t of 200 1. In 2002, Societe des Terris de Lubumbashi, a venture capital organization composed of Malta Forest Group, Outukumpu Mining Group and Jika Mining Company, produced 1298 tons of copper and 1930 tons of cobalt oxide. In 2002, Jika Mining and Forrest Metal Group participated in the Lwishishi mineral processing project, with the output of 5597t copper (concentrate metal content) and 5499t cobalt (concentrate metal content); The year of 200 1 is 12236t and 5506t are respectively; The buyer is Otto Kemp Mining Group (OMG). Social and political problems, war and robbery are the main reasons for the decline in mine output. Poor management, lack of funds, lack of energy and outdated transportation facilities lead to overloaded production in mines. Jika Mining has taken some rescue measures, including closing loss-making factories and restoring contact with international institutions. Recently, the World Bank agreed to provide $45 million to help it solve the problem of 1 10,000 redundant employees.
Sodimco of Congo Industrial Association, another major state-owned producer, has encountered similar problems. It is estimated that the reserves of its two copper mines, Musoshi and Kinsenda, are 2.4 million tons with an average grade of Cu3%.
Congo Mineral Development Organization (CMD), a venture capital organization composed of American Mineral Fields Company, Anglo-American Company and Jika Mining Company, plans to use the tailings of Kolwezi mine to produce copper and cobalt, with tailings reserves of1120,000 t and average grades of Cu1.48% and Co 0.
Phelps Dodge Company and Australian BHP Billiton Company have agreed to undertake the exploration work of Tankov Company. The estimated ore reserves are 547 million tons, with an average grade of Cu3.5% and Co0.27%. Once mined, the production capacity can reach 65438+ 10,000 tons/year of copper and 7000 tons/year of cobalt.
First Quantum owns 565,438+0% shares in the tailings dams of Likasi and Kingamiambo mines. It is planned to develop Di Kurus copper-silver mine, with an estimated ore reserve of 654.38+900,000 tons, with an average grade of 8.6% and silver content of 266 g/ton. Initially, it was sent to Mufulira concentrator in Zambia to produce concentrate.
3. Zinc
On June 5438+ 10, 2002, American Mining Company and Zincor Company reached an agreement. Inkor Company is a resource company in Kumba, formerly known as Iscor Company, and * * * resumed the production of Kipushi zinc mine with the management. The mine started production on June 5438+0929. The productivity research report shows that the productivity of producing zinc concentrate can reach 10t/a (metal quantity) and the service life is 20 years. The ore reserves in the horizontal section of the mine1150 ~1500m are170,000 tons, with an average grade of Zn 16.7% and Cu 2.23%. The ore reserves in the horizontal section of 1500 ~ 1800 m are 9 million tons, with an average grade of Zn23.3% and Cu 1.93%.
4. golden
Gold deposits are distributed in many areas, mainly in Upper Congo. The government did not control the mining and production of gold because the rebels controlled the eastern part of the country. There was no output report in 2002.
Sajima Company (1997), previously controlled by Banro Canada, was established, with 93% property rights (including gold, tin and tantalum mining rights) in the controlled area, and 7% is controlled by the government. The control area includes 1027 1km2, 10 licensed mining areas and 47 transferable areas. Due to the war, the gold mines in the southwest of Bnkavu in Kivu province, including Kamituga-Mobale, Lugushwa, Namoya and Twanziga, were forced to close at 1997. Banro Resources Canada filed a lawsuit, but the government lost. On April 8, 2002, the 100% equity of Banro Resources Company in Kamituga, Luguishiva, Namoya and Tiwanzijia was returned, and the production practice for 30 years was resumed.
Venture development companies such as South Africa's Anglo Gold Company and Canada's Barrick Gold Company control the exploration right of 57000km2 Kilomoto gold field in Bunia, northern Democratic Republic of Congo, and no exploration work was carried out in 2000 ~ 200 1 year due to the war.
5. diamonds
According to the report (Mining Journal Ltd, 2003), the output in 2002 was 265,438+0.7 million tons, which was 65,438+0.9.23% higher than that in 2006, with a value of 396 million dollars.
Congo (DRC) is one of the important diamond producers in the world. The largest diamond producing areas are distributed from Mbuji Mayi in Kasai Oriental province to Chikapa in Kasai Occidental province and Kisangani in Upper Congo. Menear's main mining company, Miniere du Bakwanga (MIBA), is 80% owned by the state and 20% by Belgian Sibeka. Miba began negotiations to restore 35% ownership of the Jason mine, which is estimated to have 35 million ct reserves. In addition, there are some small-scale miners and operators. The government recently approved seven trading places and introduced the international rules for finding kimberlite cones to carry out anti-smuggling work in war areas.
6. Trade in mineral products
Congo (DRC) joined GATT on 197 1 and became a member of WTO on 1995. We have signed bilateral economic and trade agreements with 44 countries in the world (including China), and participated in 9 regional organizations such as Central African countries' economies, as well as 4 international and multilateral economic and trade organizations such as the International Tin Industry Association and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP)/KLOC-0. The main trade targets of mineral products are the United States, Belgium, France, Germany, Japan and South Africa.
Three. Mining policy
1. mining method
In order to further promote the development and utilization of mineral resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the government promulgated a new mining law on July1KLOC-0/2002. The main contents of the exploration license are:
(1) The exploration permit has a term of 2 years and can be renewed for 3 times, with a maximum of 2 years each time.
(2) In general, no more than 20 exploration licenses shall be obtained by the same person.
(3) If the following conditions are met, the exploration license may be renewed: (1) It proves that the relevant contracts have been complied with in the previous exploration period; (2) Submit the technical report of the preliminary exploration work with detailed maps and materials; (3) Submit the preliminary work and the corresponding cost plan; (four) the approval letter of the person in charge of the technical report and work plan.
(4) Within the scope of the exploration license, the permit holder has the right to obtain a mining license or a transfer license after fulfilling the relevant provisions.
The main contents of the mining license are:
(1) The mining license allows the licensee to engage in all exclusive rights of exploration, survey and mining of mineral resources granted by the license within a fixed ground area and unlimited depth.
(2) The mining license also grants the holder the right to engage in all mineral-related activities, such as mineral processing, smelting, processing and chemical treatment.
(3) The mining license has a term of five years, and can be renewed after fulfilling the legal and prescribed obligations within the previous validity period, and can be renewed for up to three times, each with a term of five years.
(4) No mining license shall be issued under any of the following circumstances: (1) No exploration license shall be executed, or the obligation to determine the scope stipulated in the mining license shall be fulfilled; ② No exploitable deposits have been found; (3) Failing to submit the production and investment plan corresponding to the deposit scale, failing to submit the activity plan of the development goal formulated by the Executive Committee, and failing to determine sufficient technical and financial means for implementing the plan.
2. Investment encouragement law
Congo (DRC) Investment Law came into being in 1986. This law is currently being revised. Investment laws and regulations stipulate three preferential systems: ① General preferential system. Among them, the investment is not less than 654.38+million ZAC (the amount is old ZAC, the same below). According to the change of purchasing power, it can be adjusted appropriately. If the investor is a foreigner, 80% of the total investment comes from abroad, and the investment loan is less than 70%, he can apply for the general preferential system, and he can be exempted from the registered proportional tax or fixed tax, dividend income tax (tax exemption period is 5 years), land occupation tax (tax exemption period is 5 years), import duties on equipment, materials, spare parts, and payroll tax (tax exemption period is 5 years) 1 ~ 5 years. Foreigners who help to localize cadres are exempted from personal income tax (tax exemption period is 5 years), export duties are exempted for export products that are conducive to balancing international payments, and local taxes are exempted for foreign enterprises located in other provinces (tax exemption period is 5 years). (2) Preferential agreement system. Any investment that meets the provisions of the above general preferential system can apply for preferential agreement system if it is of great significance to the development of the country and society, and the investment amount is particularly huge (more than 500 million zlotys). In addition to the above general preferential treatment, the Democratic Republic of the Congo can also reduce or exempt various direct taxes, indirect taxes and other additional taxes within 65,438+00 years. See Congo (DRC) Investment Law for details.
3. Tax Administration Law
Congo (DRC) takes tax policy as one of macro-control measures, aiming at increasing national treasury revenue and reducing budget deficit. Congo (DRC) tax revenue is roughly as follows:
Direct tax:
(1) Property tax
① Land tax (under revision); ② Land tax in mining area, forest area and petroleum area (to be determined); ③ Vehicle tax (under revision).
(2) Income tax
① Rent tax (35%); ② Real estate tax (20%); ③ Occupational activity tax.
A. Corporate profit tax (40%) B. Freelance fixed tax (35%) C. Wage income tax (35%) D. Special tax on foreigners' wages (33%)
Indirect tax:
(1) tariff
① Import tax 5%-30%(+ import business tax 3%- 13%+ statistical tax+market tax+fine, etc. ); ② Export tax is 0.7%- 10%(+ export business tax is 0.25%-3%+ statistical tax+penalty).
(2) Business tax
① Sales business tax (ranging from 3%+ 13%); ② service business tax (ranging from 6%+ 18%); ③ Business tax on building construction (18%).
(3) Industrial promotion tax
(4) Municipal taxes, etc.
4. Industrial and Commercial Registration Law
To form a company in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the following procedures are required: ① notarization of the articles of association in the notary department of the city under its jurisdiction; (2) register the business registration number in the court under its jurisdiction; ③ When registering the business registration number of a foreign company, it is also required to open an account in a designated commercial bank and freeze the deposits in the account; (4) When a company is established or reorganized, it must publish its articles of association in the government's daily bulletin, and pay fixed or proportional taxes and newspaper publishing fees; (5) If it is a joint stock limited company, it shall be reported to the President for approval, and a deposit shall be paid; 6. Handle the national identification number in the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; ⑦ Register the list of importers and exporters with the Central Bank of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; (8) Handling environmental protection permits and other documents in the Ministry of Environmental Protection.
5. Labor Management Law
Congo (DRC) labor law came into being in 1967, and was significantly revised in 1989, which stipulated the relationship between enterprises and workers from the beginning of employment to the termination of contracts. The main contents of the labor law are: ① determining the wage level; (2) Procedures for hiring and dismissing workers; (3) Duration of vacation and personal leave; (4) Provisions on the period of termination and advance notice of the contract; ⑤ Safety in the workplace; ⑥ Medical expenses, transportation expenses and housing subsidies. With regard to wages: the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo protects the minimum wage stipulated by laws, and workers receive wages according to the prescribed wage level, while the wages of foremen and cadres are implemented according to contracts signed between enterprises and individuals. The salary does not include the transportation expenses, housing subsidies, settling-in expenses and medical expenses that the owner should bear. Regarding the employment of foreigners: The laws of the Democratic Republic of the Congo obviously protect the employment opportunities of its own people. Foreigners must obtain a work permit to get employment. There are many conditions for obtaining a work permit, and the employer will pay taxes ranging from $250 to $750 for the licensee. With regard to social insurance, the Labor Law stipulates that the employer must register with the social insurance agency and pay the employee's retirement or accident deposit. The deposit is 7.5% of the employee's monthly salary, of which 4.5% is borne by the employer and 3% by the employee himself. With regard to vocational training, enterprises that employ more than five workers must pay a deposit to the national vocational training school every year as a workers' vocational training fund. The amount is 65438+ 0% of the total salary of the enterprise in the last quarter.
Fourth, important events.
(1) Since Kabila came to power, tribal wars have continued. In the war that broke out in August 1998, the armies of seven African countries were involved successively. Rwanda and Uganda sent troops to support the anti-government armed forces "Democratic Alliance of Congo" and "Movement for the Liberation of Congo" respectively, while Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia sent troops to support the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Congo (DRC) has become the scene of a large-scale armed conflict in Africa, which has killed about 3 million people and made more than 2 million refugees. At the same time, the war affected neighboring countries and their stability and development. International organizations such as the United Nations and many countries including South Africa have been conducting diplomatic mediation to end the war at an early date. On April 6-5, 2002, another tribal conflict broke out between Duran and Hema in the northeast of the country for land and natural resources. On July 22, 2002, under the mediation of South African Vice President Zuma, representatives of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda finally reached a peace agreement after five days of negotiations in Pretoria. However, in June 2003, fierce armed conflict broke out again in Bunia, the capital of Ituri County, Dongfang Province, by militias of Durun and Hema tribes. From midnight on March 27th to noon on March 28th, 2004, a group of militants raided several military targets in the capital Kinshasa in an attempt to launch a military coup.
(2) According to the relevant provisions of the United Nations and with the approval of the State Council and the Central Military Commission, China sent peacekeeping troops to the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the first time in April 2003 to participate in United Nations peacekeeping operations. On June 38, 2003+February 3, 2003, China sent the second batch of peacekeeping troops to the Democratic Republic of Congo to replace the first batch of peacekeeping troops.
(3) At the beginning of March 2003, the relevant departments of the Democratic Republic of the Congo government seized a batch of smuggled nuclear materials in the capital Kinshasa. This is the fifth time in four years that smuggled nuclear materials have been seized. These smuggled nuclear materials can not be used to make nuclear weapons, but can only be used to produce radioactive "dirty bombs" and create radioactive pollution. Intelligence agencies have taken measures to curb the trafficking of nuclear materials on the mainland, especially in major cities such as Kinshasa, Kisangani and mineral-rich Katanga Province.