Guizu clothing
The picture on the left shows the jade man in the Warring States period, handed down from generation to generation, and the original is now in the Palace Museum.
In the Warring States period, the white jade portrait wore a crown with tassels hanging down from both sides, tied under the chin, and braided the back of the head and wrapped it in the crown; Wearing narrow-sleeved robes, belts and shoes. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a clothing style called "deep clothes". Deep clothing is a kind of clothing connected from top to bottom, which has great influence on society. Both men and women, civil and military positions, can wear deep clothes. This painting shows an official wearing a crown and wide sleeves.
Robes, Zen clothes, autumn clothes
The picture on the left is a pale yellow silk cotton gown with flowers and plants tattooed on it. Robe length 165cm, collar width 6cm, sleeve width 158cm, sleeve width 45cm, cuff width 45cm, sleeve width 1 1cm, waist width 59cm, hem width 69cm and hem width 8cm. Now it is collected in Jingzhou Regional Museum, Hubei Province.
The middle picture shows a purple silk Zen dress with a tattoo of Yi Long Pan Xiang. The dress has a length of 175cm, a collar width of 5cm, a sleeve width of 274cm, a sleeve width of 48cm, a cuff width of 40cm, a sleeve width of 1cm, a waist width of 65cm, a hem width of 80cm and a hem width of 12cm, and is collected by the Jingzhou Regional Museum of Hubei Province.
The picture on the right shows the autumn clothes, with a length of 45.5cm, a sleeve length of 10.7cm and a waist width of 26cm. 1982, unearthed from Mashan Brick Factory in Jiangling, Hubei Province 1No. Chu Tomb in the Warring States Period.
Khufu
The picture on the left shows an acrobat wearing a short jacket with narrow sleeves. This is a bronze figure in the Warring States period, which has been handed down from ancient times. The original is now in the friel Art Museum in Washington, DC, USA. The middle picture shows a slave wearing a short jacket with narrow sleeves and a Hu suit, and a bronze lampstand was unearthed in Hebei. The picture on the right shows a man wearing a crown and a knee-length narrow-sleeved Hu suit. A bronze man from the Warring States period was unearthed in Shangcunling, Sanmenxia, Henan Province.
There were obvious changes in costumes during the Warring States period, and the most important thing was the popularity of Hu clothes. The so-called Hu fu is actually the costumes of ethnic minorities in the northwest, which is very different from the Bo-Dai Han nationality in Take off your coat, Central China. Generally, short coats, trousers and leather boots are thin and narrow, which is convenient for activities. Traditional costumes since Shang and Zhou dynasties are generally clothes, trousers, deep clothes and skirts, or clothes and skirts; Dress is worn outside the raft, pants and thick clothes. Pants are pants with no crotch, only two legs, which are worn on the calf, also called shin clothes. This kind of clothing is extremely complex, which has a specific aesthetic significance in expressing the dress function of the wearer's status. But it takes a lot of time to wear it, and it is extremely inconvenient for human movement, especially the intensity of war riding and shooting. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhao, located in the northwest, often had military conflicts with two neighboring ethnic groups, Donghu (now southern Inner Mongolia, northern Rehe, Liaoning) and Loufan (now western Shanxi). These two ethnic groups are good at horseback riding and archery, and can haunt rugged valleys. But the Central Plains people used to fight with chariots. Even if they are good at fighting, like Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong, they can only use defensive barriers on the flat ground, but they can't drive their chariots into the valley to fight the enemy. In 302 BC, King Wuling of Zhao decided to carry out military reform and train cavalry to defeat the enemy. In order to develop cavalry, clothing reform must be carried out. The specific way is to learn from Khufu, absorb the military uniform style of Donghu people and Loufan people, abandon the traditional tops and skirts, change the traditional pants into front and rear crotch pants, and connect the trouser legs into one. In ancient times, it was called "poor hip" or "hip hip hip". This kind of trousers is convenient for private drowning and does not sew. In ancient times, full crotch pants with two crotch sewed together were called kūn(kūn). Cut 3 feet of cloth (now about 70 cm) into shorts without sewing. This is called calf nose pleat. Crotch pants can protect the muscles and skin of thighs and buttocks from friction when riding, and there is no need to add skirts to pants when going out, which is a great improvement in function. Zhao Wuling's clothing reform is a great achievement in China's clothing history. However, from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, the upper class of society remained generous and large-scale clothing style because of the traditional aesthetic concept. Only soldiers and working people wear vests alone, without skirts.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the weapons mainly included ge, spear, halberd, sword, etc., and the material was mainly bronze. Among them, long weapons such as Ge and Ji are mainly equipped with chariots, while short weapons such as Jian and Shu are mainly equipped with infantry. Other combat weapons include bows and arrows, crossbows, trebuchets, armor and shields.
(1) Ge was the main assassination weapon at that time. It is a long weapon with a handle that can be hooked and pecked. Its main function is to hook or peck the enemy, so it is also called hook or peck the soldiers. It is usually made of bronze head and handle. ? And other parts. Brother tou also includes aid, internal affairs and Hu. Generally, the handle used in vehicle warfare is longer, while the handle used in step warfare is shorter. An elder with a handle is about twice as tall, but not more than three times as tall as a soldier. In addition to wood, the handle is made of "bamboo", that is, wood is the core in the middle, bamboo is wrapped around the outside, silk or silk is wrapped around it, and paint is sprayed on the surface, which makes Geji not only firm but also elastic.
(2) Spears are straight and sharp stabbing soldiers, whose main function is to stab. It consists of the vibration of the gun head, the handle and the end of the handle. It ranks with Ge, Ji and Guan Gong as the "Five Soldiers". Spears in the Spring and Autumn Period were used in chariots. At that time, the spearhead was mostly bronze, but the shape began to change from a flat body with two convex ridges to a narrow pyramid with three leaves, with a sharper front and enhanced penetration. There are holes in the handle, so that the spear can be more firmly installed at the handle end. The length of spear shaft is generally 270-290 cm. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, in 484 BC (36th week), the army of Qi invaded Lu, and the prime minister in Lu, Ran Qiushuai, took part in the battle with 300 disciples. "He has a spear in his army, so he can join the army." . It can be seen that spears have become effective weapons for infantry fighting vehicles. Later, it became a necessary equipment for infantry. The author also heard that there was a spear array in Qin Jun during the Warring States Period, which was twice the height of soldiers. The battle of the ladle is to trap Zhao with a spear array.
(3) Ji ancient books are also called "spines". It is a combat weapon combined with Ge and spear, which has double functions of hooking and stabbing, and its lethality is stronger than Ge and spear. Ji appeared in Shang Dynasty and was also used in combat in Western Zhou Dynasty, but it did not seem to be common. By the Spring and Autumn Period, halberd had become one of the commonly used weapons.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, a kind of halberd with a handle of about 3 meters and two or three heads appeared in Chu, Sui, Wu, Cai and other countries in the Yangtze River valley, which was called "multinational halberd" and had a good cutting effect. It was an important weapon in car fighting. Because halberd has better killing efficiency than Ge and spear, it was quickly popularized and applied. By the Warring States period, it had basically replaced Ge's position.
④ Hao is also called pestle and Meng. A combat weapon similar to a club, mainly equipped for soldiers. Roughly made of bamboo and wood, with copper caps at both ends, copper? ? . In the Spring and Autumn Period, Shu was one of the commonly used weapons. In the battle of Chengpu, the Jin army cut firewood for soldiers and coffins before the war because of lack of weapons. Sun Wu did the same thing once when he helped Wu attack Chu, breaking the Chu array with a disorderly stick. Because the coffin is a wooden weapon, it is simple and practical to make. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Chu, Sui, Wu, Cai and other countries in the south all had a dagger. It is equipped with a triangular spear-shaped copper shovel head, and the top of the bamboo handle has a copper hoop with sharp thorns, which can be stabbed and smashed. This is a powerful weapon.
(5) Sword This is an ancient weapon that people are very familiar with. It has sharp blades on both sides, and the tip can be cut horizontally and stabbed directly. Simple structure, flexible and convenient use, can attack and defend, can stab and cut, and has two edges. Given the conditions at that time, it did have an advantage.
Although the sword in the Spring and Autumn Period was still bronze, its shape and quality were obviously improved. To meet the different demands of different geographical environments for military equipment, the development of swords in different countries is also unbalanced. Before the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, there were only bronze daggers in the Central Plains, which were mostly used for close protection of the body and had not yet become an important combat weapon. However, by the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the situation had changed obviously. The bronze sword body is lengthened, developing from short sword to long sword, and its shape tends to be unified and standardized. Especially in countries such as Wu Yuechu, which is located in the southeast hilly water network area, the production of swords has developed by leaps and bounds in order to meet the requirements of light and sharp infantry combat weapons. Its sword-casting skills far exceed those of other countries in the Central Plains. Magical sword-casting masters (Ou Yezi, Feng Beard, Ganjiang,) appeared, casting a "sword" called "killing rhinoceros by land and dragon by water", resulting in a well-known sword-casting myth. The unearthed swords such as Guangjian (Zhiyu, Yuanping, Shaanxi), Fucha Sword (Tomb Caipo 12, Xiangyang, Hubei), Prince Fucha (Caijiagang, Huainan, Anhui) and Gou Jian Peijun (Tomb Wangshan, Jiangling, Hubei 1 2) basically represented wuyue's sword-casting skills at that time. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the sword was not only a self-defense weapon for nobles, but also a common armed force, and became the main assassination and combat weapon for infantry.
In addition to the above-mentioned main weapons, the assassination and fighting weapons in the Spring and Autumn Period included beryllium, shotgun and qi. Among them, beryllium consists of bronze beryllium head and long handle. Beryllium head is sharp, straight and flat-stemmed, with strong penetration, which is probably developed from flat-stemmed dagger. It appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and was widely used in the Warring States Period. As for the axe, because its lethality is not as good as that of Mao Ge, its position in actual combat in the Spring and Autumn Period has been greatly reduced. As a symbol of military power, it is mostly used for etiquette and decoration purposes.
(6) The crossbow is a long-range weapon developed on the basis of the bow, which is a more advanced weapon than the bow by taking arrows and pulling the bow. The bow arm and frame are added to the structure. Its advantages are: first, it can increase tension and have a longer range. Secondly, the aiming time can be prolonged and the hit rate is higher. You can also open crossbows in advance and wait for an opportunity to launch multiple crossbows at the same time, so that the enemy is caught off guard. But compared with the bow, the bow is slow and has poor flexibility. Especially when dealing with cavalry, we must pay attention to the array method in order to defeat the enemy.