Miao nationality has a long history and a large population in China. Mainly concentrated in the border areas of Qiandongnan, Xiangxi and Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces. Hainan Province and Guangxi are also distributed. Linguistically, Miao people can be divided into three dialect areas, namely, the eastern dialect area, with Xiangxi as the main distribution; Central dialect area, that is, southeast Guizhou is the main distribution area; Western dialect areas are mainly distributed at the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces and in central Guizhou. This is the Miao people who speak the central dialect and live in southeastern Guizhou. Miao people call themselves Miao families, mainly living in Danzhai, Leishan, Taijiang, Jianhe, Kaili, Majiang, Shibing and Huangping counties and cities in southeastern Guizhou. Topographically, it is mainly distributed in Miaoling area, north to Qingshui River basin and south to Duliujiang River basin. This is a beautiful and rich area in Guizhou Province, which was developed by the Miao people through long-term hard work. The climate here is mild, and the average annual temperature is between 13 degrees Celsius and 20 degrees Celsius. Terraces can be seen everywhere in southeastern Guizhou, which is a very suitable place for rice growth. The main peak of Miao Ling is Leigong Mountain, which is a famous forest area in China.
Miao people are closely related to "Jiu Li", "San Miao" and "Nan Man" in ancient legends. The name "Miao" was gradually separated from the mixed name "Man" of several ethnic minorities after the Tang and Song Dynasties, but the distinction was not clear. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, other ethnic groups living with the Miao people were usually called Miao, such as Miao Yi, Zhongjia Temple, Dong Miao, Shuijia Temple and Luoluo Temple. In fact, Miao Yi and Zhongjia Temple are today's Buyi people. Dong is today's Dong people; Shuijia Temple and Luoluo Temple are today's Shui people and Yi people respectively. So in that era, "Miao" became the collective name of ethnic minorities living in the southwest of China. This is a misunderstanding of history. People who really belong to the Miao nationality are the same, and it is often difficult for the world to distinguish them because of their different costumes, customs and regions. Therefore, people in the world often call them "red seedlings", "white seedlings", "black seedlings", "green seedlings", "long skirt seedlings", "high slope seedlings" and "waterfront seedlings" according to their clothing characteristics. It was not until the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) that the state respected the wishes of the Miao family and unified the national names into Miao.
In terms of internal self-appeal, Miao people in Qiandongnan mainly include two kinds of self-appeal. One calls himself Meng (Hmub in Miao language) and the other calls himself Gan 'ao (Ghab nes in Miao language). They are two different groups, which can be said to be two branches of Miao nationality in southeastern Guizhou.
The distribution or living areas of Mongolia and Gan 'ao are different. Mongolians are mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas of Taijiang, Ping Huang, Jianhe and Kaili. Judging from the overall distribution range of Miao nationality in southeastern Guizhou, it is mainly distributed in Qingshuihe River basin, especially in the eastern and northeastern parts of southeastern Guizhou near Hunan. There are two possible explanations for the meaning of Hmub: one is to follow the name claimed by most Miao people; The second one is from Hmengb. The second statement may be more true, because in Hhakdet Mangxingul, an ancient Miao song circulating in southeastern Guizhou, it is said that Bangmeiliu, the ancestor of the Miao nationality, was born from the heart of a maple tree. Bangmei stayed and laid twelve eggs. The ancestor of mankind is one of the twelve eggs. Therefore, calling yourself Hmub is the phonetic change of Hmengb, which means that you are a descendant of sister Bangmei Liu, because the tree heart is the birthplace of sister Bangmei Liu.
Another Hmong who calls himself Ghab nes mainly lives in Danzhai, Leishan, Majiang and Zhou Xi in the west of Kaili. Judging from the overall distribution of Miao people in Qiandongnan Prefecture, they live in Leigong Mountain in the west of Qiandongnan Prefecture and Duliujiang River Basin near Guangxi in the south. Ga (Ghab) is just the prefix of Miao language, which plays the role of Pinyin Festival and has no meaning in itself. And "Nes" means "bird". The most credible statement is that this branch of Miao ancestors worshipped birds, so it called itself "Ghab nes".
Another important difference between the two schools is that the festival of Hmub is Ghab nes, but the festival of Ghab nes is Hmub in turn. Under these two Miao people who claim to be different, they also have their own small branches. Although they all call themselves Hmub or Ghab nes, their costumes are still different. For example, in Danzhai County, although all Miao people in the county call themselves Ghab nes, there are still seven different kinds of costumes. This shows that these seven Miao people with different costumes may be seven small tribes under the great branch of Ghab nes. To sum up, Hmub and Ghab nes claimed by Miao people in southeastern Guizhou are two different sources, which are the two main branches of Miao people in southeastern Guizhou today.
Under these two propositions, there are many small branches. For example, there are seven Miao branch secretaries in Danzhai County. Although they all claim to be noisy, the clothes are completely different. The Miao people in these seven costumes may be descendants of seven small tribes below Gan 'ao.
Miao women living in Wu Yang, Admiralty, Changqing, Longtang, Shaocha and Longquan all wear short coats. The Miao people tied around them were called Tuan Skirt Miao in ancient times, commonly known as "Bazhai Miao", while the Han people were called "Miao Shan" and "Fangbuyeer". There are two sources. One is that ancestors migrated from zeex eb deil seet (a beach near the water). First settled in Rongjiang (which is the same as recorded in the Miao ancient song "Crossing the Mountain and Crossing the Water"), and then settled in Kaili area. Later, it was moved from Kaili to Danzhai, and it was not completed once. All the way is a temporary residence, so many place names are named like this on the way from Kaili to Danzhai. Finally, eight ancestors settled in Longquan to Wu Yang and built eight villages called "Bazhai". Later, in the Qing Dynasty, it was named after Bazhaitang. After the founding of the Republic of China, it was renamed Bazhai County and Danzhai County. Another way of saying it is: Some Miao people in Bazhai went up the Liujiang River and first lived in the present Dangzao area. Later, the "You" tribe living in what is now Wu Yang was driven away and settled in this area, so it was called Fang You, that is, the place where "You" lived.
Miao people living in Nangao, Daxing, Yan Ying and Xinhua used to be called "Skirt Miao", commonly known as "Zhou Ximiao". It moved in from Kaili and Zhou Xi. Miao women living in the area of Wengcheng River in Xingren are called "Nan Fang" and call themselves "ghab nes niel". Some of them moved from Kaili and some from Sandu River. Among them, Meng moved in from Longquan Zhanliang.
Miao women living in Kong Qing wear the same clothes as Xijiang, a famous Miao village in Leishan, and are called "long skirt Miao" in China. Miao women living in Fuxing area wear white-collar workers, which is called "white-collar Miao" in Chinese. They are good at batik. They made Danzhai batik famous at home and abroad. Miao women who mainly live in Fangsheng, Paidiao, Jia Pei, Wu Yang and Panjiazhai, Wangshao, Wu Yang and Dangzao in Kong Qing wear short skirts, which are called "short skirt Miao" or "Gaopo Miao" in Chinese (because they live on high mountains), and they also call themselves "ghab nes". At the same time, there are also Miao people who assimilate with the Han nationality. They mainly live in Jia Pei, and Yahui's Long surname, Tian surname and surnamed tang call themselves Miao or "Red Miao".
Miao people live between green mountains and green waters, and their costumes are inseparable from their living environment, customs, ancient inheritance and aesthetics. Colorful costumes reflect Miao women's pursuit of beauty.
There are seven branches and seven kinds of clothes. Miao women's clothing is divided into married and unmarried. In the past, all the girls wore a bun, topless hats, gowns and straight pants made of adobe cloth. Nowadays, there is almost no difference in the dress of girls in Han Miao, so how to dress is the fashion. Mainly talk about the clothing differences of married women. Let's talk about Bazhai Miao first. Married women of the Miao nationality in Bazhai wear blue jackets, flat buns, Nazi party emblem and tremella slices. It is embroidered with brocade. Wear wide pants, tie blue leg wraps, press cotton ribbons, and tie the front and back parts together.
Women of Miao nationality in Zhouxi wear blue cloth double-breasted blouses with big collars, colored striped handkerchiefs around their waists, hand-embroidered yarn tubes, and sun-shading double-forehead high buns. Below the knee, wear an evergreen pleated skirt, tie flowers and wrap your legs, weave cotton or pink stockings on your coat, and wear embroidered cloth shoes.
Miao women living in Xingren wear sky-blue robes, put batik square towels or towels, hang ear tags, and married women shave their temples.
Kong Qing Miao women, who are the same as Xijiang Miao costumes, are elderly women, wearing long clothes with large rows of buttons on their right hands, pleated skirts reaching to their ankles and blue aprons; Middle-aged women, on the other hand, wear a light blue right lapel dress, embroidered edges along the shoulders and cuffs, waist, trousers, high bun, comb and flower ornaments, tremella.
Women with short skirts wear tight green double-breasted tops, pleated skirts one to seven inches long, wrapped in dumpling skin, hung with wide ribbons, and tight pants or leggings inside. Add the area and take a shawl with flowers. Hair style is high forehead and high bun, bracelet earrings.
The "white-collar Miao" women living in Fuxing area hold a snail-shaped bun in their hands, tie a batik cloth towel into a spire, and hold the towel belt above their heads. A tassel with beads on its tail hangs behind its head. The top is a blue right-handed shirt, and the inside is a white-collar shirt, wide pants and embroidered cloth shoes. Dress up without the number one handkerchief, wear silver ornaments such as horns and finches, tie silver flowers, wear several sets of ancient costumes, and batik shawls on your left hand. Wear pants, batik apron and embroidered cloth shoes.
The women in the Red Temple wear double-breasted coveralls, ankle-length pleated dresses, white chicken feathers at the foot of the skirt, a silver or copper cigarette case hanging on the skirt and a bronze medal hanging around their necks.
Clothes everywhere are decorated with silver ornaments. The most expensive ones are Nangao and Yan Ying, which are worth ten thousand yuan. Most of the silver ornaments on the head are silver horns and silver tapirs; Most items are collars; There are also silver arhats on children's hats, and some women also have silver waist chains, silver waist chains and silver bracelets, which can be described as a nation wrapped in silver.
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