After Buddhism was introduced to the throne from the south, the belief of primitive religion still existed. The early Dai ancestors believed that everything in the world, including people, animals, plants and even all inanimate objects, had souls, which were immortal and could exist without things.
Think that disease is a kind of harm to the soul; And death is when the soul leaves the body and never comes back. Out of fear of various diseases and disasters, out of strong desire to conquer diseases and disasters, people try to bring back injured or wandering souls by evoking souls.
It can not only evoke souls for people, but also for livestock, poultry and grain. There are four main ways for Dai people in Xishuangbanna to summon souls for others: Huhuanlong (calling for a big soul), Huhuandong (calling for a small soul), Hufeihuan (changing souls) and Huhuan Nanlang (calling for a black girl's soul).
There are three methods of evoking the spirits of livestock, poultry and crops, namely "calling Huan for the bosom" (calling cattle soul), "calling Huan Gai" (* * * soul) and "calling Huan Hao" (calling rice soul). According to the investigation, there are 8 1 methods of evoking souls of Dai people in Xishuangbanna.
They think that there are 32 GREAT GHOST and 92 imps among human beings. As long as one of the ghosts is injured or leaves the human body, a certain part of the human body will get sick and even die.
In order to cure the disease, one of the 8 1 evocation methods should be used. Among all the methods of evocation, the most famous one is "evocation of Nanlang", which is called the soul of a black girl. It has a long evocation word.
The ritual of evocation varies from region to region: in some areas, Bo Zhan, who is in charge of sacrifice in the village, should be asked to recite evocation words; In some areas, this is done by elderly parents. There are also evocation words for people. For example, the evocation words for "children's souls" are like this: "Today is an auspicious day, and I want to summon souls.
Soul, soul, the soul that parents love, don't mourn alone in caves, don't hide in rivers and shed tears, don't get into Woods and grass trees, and don't get into cattle and horses. The head soul belongs to the head, the tooth soul belongs to the tooth, the ear soul and the eye soul belong to the head, the skin soul belongs to the human body, and the feet soul should not run around.
32 souls will come back today, and 92 souls will come back today! All souls, souls, concentrate today, your parents will tie you up. Sa! The soul is back! "Calling the soul of the valley, the soul of cattle, chickens and ducks all have a set of etiquette, and there are also fixed soul-calling words.
In addition to evocation etiquette, Xishuangbanna Dai people also have a set of funeral etiquette. The traditional burial methods of Dai people are earth burial and cremation, and cremation is more common.
In the past, the Dai people had a strict hierarchy. People of different grades have different names for "death", and different cemeteries have different burial methods. If someone dies at home, the first thing to do is to report it.
If someone in your family dies, you should immediately notify the villagers, relatives and friends in the village. After hearing the news, neighbors, relatives and friends immediately made preparations for various funerals separately.
Family members should take the time to bathe and change clothes for the deceased. If the deceased were male, they should shave their hair. Dress the deceased in two new clothes after bathing, one of which is preferably white clothes and trousers.
Next, please ask the monks in the temple to recite the scriptures for the dead, and their loved ones will be sad. Next is the auspicious day to choose the funeral and cemetery.
The choice of burial place should be based on the identity of the deceased, and the burial place should be determined by throwing eggs at the designated grave hill. Finally, the funeral and cremation will be held on an auspicious day.
On the day of the funeral, the bamboo house should be cleaned. Remove the iron tripod from the fireplace and clean up the ashes.
Then clean up the living things of the deceased, or cremate them or throw them into the river and be washed away by the water. At the same time, a casserole and a cloth bag should be used to load grain seeds and sent to the cemetery, so that the souls of the deceased can sow in the underworld.
At the funeral, monks and monks walked in front to guide the dead, and relatives and villagers lined up behind the body. After arriving at the cemetery, the people carrying the casserole and sandbags quickly returned home, reinstalled the iron tripod on the fire pit and rekindled the pool fire.
The funeral procession should beat gongs and drums and fire guns to show its grandeur. After arriving at the cemetery, most undertakers can return, leaving dozens of adult men to dig holes to bury or cremate their bodies.
After the funeral, monks will be asked to recite a passage from Mangala and give it to their families. At this point, the funeral is over.
If one of the husband and wife dies, there will be a ceremony to sever the relationship between husband and wife: the living will take a white thread tied with betel nut and a pair of wax strips. Hold one end of the thread by yourself and tie the other end to the coffin or corpse board of the deceased.
When the elders cut the white line in the middle, it means that the relationship between husband and wife is cut off. After that, men can remarry, and women can remarry without restraint.
The wedding of Dai people is a monogamous individual family, which is generally composed of two generations of parents and children, and three generations of grandparents and grandchildren. When children grow up and get married, they will separate from their parents and form another family.
Most parents live with young children or young women, and family property is inherited by young children, who are responsible for supporting their parents; Separated children can also get some property, very little. Men and women in the family are equal and economically independent. The woman began to have personal savings before marriage, and the property of the man's family can be taken back to her family once divorced. If the relationship between husband and wife breaks down during the man's visit to the woman's house, the man can also take his things back to his parents.
Widows can remarry or invite men to their homes. If the man is away from home for several months, the woman can find another spouse.
When a husband and wife die, no matter how old they are, they must go through divorce procedures. The procedure is simple. Putting a pair of candles on the coffin of the deceased means divorcing the deceased. There are many taboos in Dai sacrifice.
There are guests, elders and men living next door, and women don't go upstairs in the morning. Women are not allowed to wear clothes and tools used by men.
Daughter-in-law can't communicate directly with her father-in-law and uncle. When things need to be handed over, the daughter-in-law should put them on the table or in a suitable place, and then let her father-in-law and uncle get them. When men and women meet, women make way below.
Lu Yu's in-laws and daughter-in-law should tighten their skirts and bend down to make way. On the Dragon Boat Festival, foreigners can't take part in festivals. Participants in the festival are not allowed to smoke, speak foreign languages, do farm work, or bring branches or leaves into the village.
You can't rely on the pillar in the middle of the house. When you enter the Buddhist temple in the upper, middle and lower villages of Pu 'er in Mengla, you must take off your shoes and don't touch the young monk's head.
Guests on the bamboo building are not allowed to sit above and opposite the fireplace and cannot enter the master's bedroom.
2. How to write the word "drum" for drumming? Stroke: horizontal, vertical, horizontal, vertical, horizontal folding, horizontal, dot, skimming, lifting, horizontal, vertical, horizontal/horizontal hook, licking. "
A detailed description of the drum "
Pinyin: g incarnation
Radical: drum
Meaning:
1. percussion instruments, mostly cylindrical or oblate, with a hollow center and one or both sides covered: waist to waist. Hands. Flowers ~.
2. Like a drum in shape, sound and function: stone. Frog. Ears ~
3. Let some musical instruments or things make sounds; Knock: ~ Qin. ~ palm.
4. Use bellows and other fans (wind): ~ wind.
5. start; Cheer up: ~ move. ~ excitation. ~ dancing. ~ summon up courage.
6. Highlight; Swelling: He kept silent for a long time. The veins stood out on my forehead.
7. The description is highly prominent: the wallet is very ~. Pockets are full of ~ ~.
8. Last name.
Composition: encourage drumming, drum music, fish drum, drum, drum, horn, bronze drum, etc.
Attached to the classical Chinese version of "Shuo Wen Jie Zi: Drum", Guo Ye. When the vernal equinox rings, everything comes out of the shell, so it is called a drum. From the branch, it looks like hitting it with your hand. There are six kinds of drums in Zhou Li: eight kinds of drums, six kinds of drums, four kinds of drums and two kinds of drums. All drums belong to drums.
In the vernacular version of Shuo Wen Jie Zi: drums and musical instruments are wrapped in leather bags. Drum is the music of the spring equinox, and everything comes out in one shell, so it is called "drum". The glyph takes the "branch" as the side, and the "branch" is on the right side of the glyph, as if playing drums with a vertebral rod.
Zhou Li said that there are six kinds of drums: the thunder drum has eight sides, the spirit drum has six sides, the road drum has four sides, and the drum, the drum and the golden drum have only two sides. All characters related to drums are bounded by "drums".
Extended data
words explanation
1, encourage: use language, writing, etc. To stimulate people's emotions and make them act; Flapping wing
Lu Xun's "The End of Jiejieting's Essays: A Record of the Soviet Print Exhibition": "His romantic color will inspire the enthusiasm of our youth."
2. encouragement: encouragement; encourage
Yao's Li Zicheng, Volume 1, Chapter 9: "Encouraged by this, ten thousand enemies are braver."
3. Encouragement: Cheer up and enhance confidence or courage.
Mao Dun's pursuit 1: "How many things make people happy and how many things make people cry."
4. Noisy: In ancient times, it was pointed out that beating gongs and drums and cheering in wartime was a powerful momentum. Today generally refers to shouting.
Chapter 4 of Ba Jin's Snow: "So everyone stopped shoveling and quarreled."
5. Applause: Clap your hands to show happiness, approval or welcome.
Bing Xin's "To Young Readers" XIX: "Passing by our building, we applaud them."
3. How to write Dai composition Dai folk customs
Fifty-six constellations, fifty-six flowers, fifty-six brothers and sisters are a family, and fifty-six languages are combined into one sentence. Fifty-six flowers bloom together, each with a different folk custom. Dai people attract me the most.
For an amateur like me, the first thing to do is to taste the bamboo tube rice, a unique snack of the Dai people. Cut off fresh bamboo joints, put glutinous rice into the bamboo joints, soak in water for several hours, plug the nozzle with banana leaves or clean sugarcane leaves, put it on the fire, then put the bamboo tube on the flat plate, tap gently, and peel off the thin skin of the bamboo tube to get a cylindrical rice. Dai people's delicious bamboo tube rice recipe, glutinous rice baked in a bamboo tube, blends glutinous rice fragrance with bamboo fragrance, which is the most ethnic flavor food with good color and fragrance.
Dai people are a nation rich in bamboo, so apart from bamboo rice, even the houses they live in are bamboo houses. Bamboo is used because it can protect against heat and moisture.
If you visit the Dai people in April of Gregorian calendar 13 to April of 15, you should be careful, because this is the Dai people's New Year-the Water Splashing Festival, so if you are not careful, you will become a "drowned chicken"! On the day of Songkran Festival, Dai men, women and children dressed in festive costumes and carrying clear water first came to the Buddhist temple to bathe the Buddha, and then began to splash water on each other. You splash me, I splash you, and the water blooms in the air, symbolizing auspiciousness, happiness and health. Everyone threw water at each other, and there were baptisms, blessings and songs everywhere. The Water-Splashing Festival has become a string of laughter, and the Water-Splashing Festival has become a sea of joy! Dai people can sing and dance well, so dancing is indispensable for the water-splashing festival. Peacock dance is graceful, elegant and lyrical, and peacock dance is the soul of Dai dance. Dancing is based on various postures of peacocks, and in the process of beauty re-creation, it embodies the aesthetic purport of Dai children. There are also many dancers who are addicted to their own improvisation. Some dance and sing, and some even drink while dancing. They are crazy and eclectic, and it seems that they will not be tired after dancing for several days.
Although the Dai people are ethnic minorities, I was deeply impressed by their enthusiasm and simplicity. Exquisite costumes decorate this land and the happy life of the Dai people.
4. How to write the Dai Water-splashing Festival? Thousands of miles are different, and the festivals of ethnic minorities are also different. The Torch Festival of the Hani people, the Snowdon Festival of the Tibetan people and the Nadam Festival of the Mongolian people are even more famous. I want to write about the Dai people's Water-splashing Festival. Songkran Festival is the biggest festival of Dai people, and it is also the most influential festival with the largest number of participants in ethnic festivals. The next day, the Dai language is called "angry day" (empty day); The third day is the New Year, called "Overlord Horse", which is actually the first day of the year. People think this day is the most beautiful and auspicious day. In the early morning of the festival, Dai men, women and children put on festive costumes, took clean water, went to the Buddhist temple to bathe the Buddha, and then began to splash water on each other to wish each other luck, happiness and health. People are dancing and shouting "water! Water! Water! " The sound of gongs and drums resounded through the sky, and blessed water splashed everywhere. The scene is really spectacular. During the Songkran Festival, there will be dragon boat races. The competition will be held on the Lancang River. Groups of dragon boats dressed in red and green will break the waves in the sound of gongs and drums in the "hall" and the whistle of "Hi, Hi, Hi", attracting thousands of Chinese and foreign tourists to the Lancang River, adding a lot of tension and joy to the festival. The activities of the Songkran Festival are more colorful. Songkran Festival is held in Xishuangbanna and Dehong every year. You can fly directly to the west from Kunming. On April 6th, Premier Zhou Enlai attended the Xishuangbanna Water-splashing Festival. Since then, the scale of the Songkran Festival has been growing year by year.
5. How to write in the composition that Dai women's clothes are the most beautiful in the world, just like smug, colorful and breathtaking beauty, while Dai men generally wear collarless double-breasted or large-breasted small sleeve shirts, long-sleeved trousers, white cloth, blue cloth or crimson cloth to cover their heads, and some wear tweed hats, which look chic. Of course, the dances of the Dai people are also beautiful and deeply loved by the Dai people.
Peacock dance often performs at festivals. In the past, men who were authorized to perform were required to wear peacock-like decorations, a white pointed bodhisattva mask on their faces, a female mask for solo dancing and a male and female mask for duet dancing.
Dancing imitates various movements of peacocks, forming a set of relatively fixed procedures such as nesting, downhill, dancing, looking for water, taking photos, drinking water, bathing, spreading wings and flying. He has strict footwork, orientation and action combination, and is good at sculpture and dance, which embodies the gentle, light, beautiful, kind and elegant characteristics of peacock. Peacock dance is equipped with musical instruments such as elephant foot drums and gongs, and its movements are closely coordinated with the drums.
After the founding of New China, peacock dance enriched the dance plot, discarded the bulky props and decorations, and put on a peacock-patterned dress, giving full play to the curve change of dancers' posture and the flexible use of eyes, hands and legs, greatly enriching the expression and content of peacock dance and making peacock dance more lively and beautiful. ? .
6. Today, we came to the Songkran Festival Square in Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, which is located in the south of Yunnan, more than 0/000 kilometers away from Chengdu/Kloc. Xishuangbanna is a tropical rainforest monsoon climate with abundant sunshine and rain. There are patches of rubber forests and sweet pineapples here. The Songkran Festival originated in India and was once a religious ceremony of Brahmanism in India. After being absorbed by Buddhism, it was introduced into the Dai area of Yunnan through Myanmar, and it has a history of 700 years. With the increasing influence of Buddhism spread to the south in Dai areas, the valley study of Water-splashing Festival has become more and more extensive. Songkran Festival is a celebration of the Dai people's New Year, which usually lasts from April 13 to April 15 in the solar calendar. At that time, people will go to the Buddhist temple to bathe the Buddha first, and then splash water on each other to express their sincere wishes. Laughing everywhere, full of festive atmosphere. What we are doing today is a water splashing activity specially developed for tourists, not a real water splashing festival. The splashing place is a bit like a swimming pool. It is round. The water near the shore is shallow, and the deeper the water goes, there are three elephants in the middle. They stand together to form a solid triangular array. They are made of white marble, and their noses are tilted high, spraying beautiful water and scattered on the water. Liu Siyuan and I put on blue national costumes, ready to splash water and be splashed with water. With the host's loud drink, the splashing began. I gave my mother a basin of water first. Then suddenly I saw some children laughing at me, and the water in the basin flew. My heart is barking violently. At such a close distance, the water has been sold out, and there is no escape. I quickly covered my head with a washbasin. Blink of an eye, I saw my own eyes, except water. I quickly covered my head with a washbasin. Bang, bang, bang!' "A few pots of water exploded the happy flowers on my shield, and one child even threw the pot away excitedly. However, I have escaped with a water shield. When I looked up, I was surrounded by 67 children. I fought calmly and quickly defeated them. I was about to attack my mother. My aunt, who specializes in acting, poured a basin of water on me. I simply fought a protracted war with them and finally beat them away. I was about to spread a bigger battlefield when the host announced the end. Ah, I'm so happy today.
7. A new batch of drum teams of the Arts Festival Performance and Composition School will start soon. Seeing the sisters of the senior drum team playing the drums dignified and beautiful, they signed up decisively.
When I first started training, I thought it was easy to play drums. However, when I really study, I find it difficult. Since we should practice basic skills first, we should treat the ground as our own drumhead, kneel down and knock. Because my legs have been kneeling for a long time, my knees are blue, and it will hurt for a long time if I touch them lightly! I haven't recovered yet. There is also a place where the drum stick is sandwiched between the thumb and forefinger, and the cocoon has been ground. Although I was injured, I didn't give up halfway, but I persisted.
Another time, I could not play a simple drum correctly. The teacher saw it and didn't criticize me, but taught me seriously. I also studied hard until the drums were right and the teacher left.
When I come home from school, I will lie on the windowsill, practice on the table, and even play drums before going to bed. My mother said I was possessed. As the saying goes, practice makes perfect. Only by studying hard can we find the trick and play the drum well. It seems that the success of anything has a very difficult process!
8. How to write autumn festival autumn festival autumn festival autumn festival is a large-scale folk festival held by Miao people before the autumn harvest or before beginning of autumn, which is used for entertainment, market exchange, interaction between young men and women and celebration of the upcoming harvest.
About the origin of chasing autumn, some people say it is "the beginning of autumn", while others say it is "chasing swing". According to legend, a long time ago, there was a young man named Baguida in Miao Village, who was brave and good at fighting, upright and admired by everyone.
One day, when he was out hunting and saw a Shan Ying flying through the air, he raised his hand and drew his bow, and an arrow hit him. With Shan Ying falling at the same time, there is a flower shoe.
This flower shoe is exquisitely embroidered. At first glance, from a smart and beautiful Miao girl. Bajdaria is determined to find the owner of this flower shoe.
He designed and built a windmill that can seat eight people at the same time, and named it "Autumn for Eight People". On this day in early autumn, he invited men and women from villages far and near to play autumn games.
Swing was originally the favorite activity of Miao girls, and Bagui thought that the girl who made flower shoes would definitely come. Sure enough, his wish came true.
He found the owner of the flower shoes, the beautiful girl Qi Niang. Later, they established feelings by singing Miao songs, became husband and wife, and lived happily.
Since then, people have followed this example and held such activities every year. In some places, it is said that Shennong sent a man and a woman to the East to look for seeds and plant grains for a bumper harvest. Therefore, Miao ancestors called men and women Qiugong Qiupo, and Autumn Festival was a folk festival held by Miao ancestors to thank Shennong and Qiugong Qiupo.
The Autumn Festival embodies the Miao people's pursuit of bumper harvests and the prosperity and happiness of six livestock.
9. How to write the composition of the Dai Water-splashing Festival When it comes to the Dai people, people will inevitably think of the Dai Water-splashing Festival. The grand occasion can't help but make people yearn! Water-splashing Festival, the Dai New Year, is the most grand traditional festival in Xishuangbanna, which is rich in magical activities and attracts countless domestic and foreign tourists. Songkran usually lasts for three or four days. The first day is New Year's Eve, the day to say goodbye to the old year. There are often traditional activities such as dragon boat rowing and flying high (flying high refers to setting off homemade rockets).
The second day (or the third day) is blank. It does not belong to the old year or the new year, but the empty sky between the old year and the new year. Therefore, people can arrange activities freely on this day (or two days). The third day is the first day of the Dai calendar and the most lively day of the year.
Legend has it that "the day when the king of heaven comes". In the early morning, people dressed up and began to do some Buddhist activities.
At noon, busy women carry water to welcome the dust for the Buddha (that is, "bathing Buddha") and pray for the Buddha to bless the Dai family in the new year. At this point, the joyful splashing activities began.
Water splashing is the most important traditional activity of the Water Splashing Festival. People splash water on each other and bless each other. Dai people often say: "The annual Water-splashing Festival will be splashed on whoever can afford it." Water splashing conveys the sincere friendship and love of young men and women, and it expresses people's mutual blessings. The water that gives birth to muscles washes away one year's hard work, sweat, troubles and sadness.
Sprinkle joy and holy water on distant tourists and passers-by to show respect and welcome to the guests and convey friendship to friends from all directions.
Traditional activities include courtship, peacock dance, majestic elephant foot drum dance, cultural performances, sports competitions, business transactions, material exchange, etc. At night, when you lie on the lawn, you will see lanterns rising slowly from the lawn and flying into the sky with people's wishes.
Songkran Festival is a sacred festival in the hearts of the Dai people, and it is also a happy festival in the hearts of the Dai people! Today's great China is really "a hundred miles with different winds and customs", and each place has different characteristics.