Question 2: What should be interpreted in text interpretation? One of the tasks of reading teaching is to guide and organize students to read books. What's your understanding of this article? What is the basic task of reading teaching? These problems are obviously related to reading teaching in primary schools. However, at present, many teachers are not clear about these issues, and some teachers don't even want to make it clear. This is a very dangerous tendency, which cannot but arouse our great attention. What to read in primary school text interpretation, what to emphasize every year and to what extent are important issues that every Chinese teacher must pay attention to and study.
1. Re-understanding of the importance of reading involves the requirements of reading teaching for many years. As a Chinese teacher, we must first make clear what to teach. This is because the reading requirements are not clear, and reading will lead to blind people riding blind horses. What should be taught has not been taught, and what should not be taught has been taught with great efforts, and the strength has not fallen on the blade. In this way, it may also lead to the high content of reading teaching, which students can't accept; If senior students continue to teach junior content, senior students will not have enough to eat and waste valuable study time. Therefore, to interpret the text in reading teaching, we must first make clear what should be interpreted in primary school reading teaching and what should be emphasized in this grade. Teach what is the direction problem, and only when you understand what clearly can you talk about how to interpret it. If we don't know what should be emphasized in reading teaching in this grade, we can't control the quality of reading teaching in that year. The quality of reading teaching in each period is even more difficult to control, and the reading ability of students in the whole primary school stage will be difficult to meet the requirements of curriculum standards.
1, from the perspective of Chinese knowledge. Chinese knowledge includes words, sentences and paragraphs, Chinese review and logic. Reading a text requires reading, explaining words, stating sentences, reading paragraphs and learning articles according to the requirements of the textbook; In the process of interpreting these Chinese knowledge, we can learn some knowledge of grammar, rhetoric, logic and literature. Reading teaching in all grades will involve the interpretation of the above knowledge, but the levels and methods of interpretation are different. However, we should pay attention to choosing the key knowledge that meets the requirements of the year as the goal of knowledge teaching.
2. Judging from the requirements of that year. Students' cognitive ability is different in different years. Therefore, it is necessary to meet the requirements of reading teaching in different years according to students' cognitive ability and the law of learning Chinese step by step. Low-level students should be guided to focus on literacy, words and sentences, while middle-level students should focus on interpreting the meaning of natural paragraphs and understand meaningful paragraphs on the basis of interpreting the relationship between natural paragraphs; The high paragraph should focus on the interpretation of the content, structure and expression of the text.
3. Grasp from the perspective of understanding process.
Reading articles should follow the reading process from the whole to the part and back to the whole. That is, through reading activities, first make a basic interpretation of the text content, find out what or who the full text is written, where the scenery or things, that is, understand the main content of the text; Then, express your own unique views on the important language that expresses the characteristics of people, things and scenery, and the thoughts contained in people, that is, make a personality interpretation; Finally, return to the full text, understand the humanistic thought from the content and understand the expression method of the full text. I have to go through the above reading process every year, but who will interpret it every year and to what extent. The first two steps before the next festival focus on the teacher's explanation; Middle school teachers should consciously guide students to get in touch with relevant chapter knowledge step by step on the basis of understanding paragraphs; In the senior stage, students should be guided to participate in all reading activities in the three stages and the whole process of text reading.
Iii. Principles for determining the content of interpretation 1. According to the emphasis of reading teaching in different years, it is determined that reading teaching must involve sentence paragraphs and must be carried out in different years. However, we can't say that all paragraphs of an article should be interpreted one by one and taught one by one. We can only teach them selectively and emphatically according to their respective emphases. For example, in the third grade, we should focus on learning natural paragraphs and understand words and phrases in the study of natural paragraphs. What are the teaching contents of the natural section? It has the method of understanding the meaning of natural paragraphs, understanding the relationship between sentences and forming natural paragraphs. For example, in Lesson 8, Book 2, Grade 3, in addition to the beginning and the end, there are four natural paragraphs describing the characteristics of the underwater world: the seabed is calm, there is sound, there are animal activities, there are landforms and plants, and there are mineral deposits. Among them, there are three natural segments with distinctive construction methods, which embody the total score and question-and-answer construction methods. Then in the teaching goal, we can understand the main content of the text through the understanding of the main natural paragraphs, and take the total score and question and answer paragraph structure as the reading goal of the year. Third grade reading teaching should still attach importance to word teaching ... >>
Question 3: What is a text? The word "western language" comes from the Latin texere, which originally means wave, connection, interweaving and weaving, and from this it derives the meaning of structure, composition, construction or manufacturing. There are many definitions of text, which can be summarized as: a sentence, an event, a person, etc. When recorded in words, it can be regarded as words.
Question 4: What is a text analysis method? We must go deep into the text from the surface to find the deep meaning that ordinary reading can't grasp. There are many methods of text analysis: 1, "new criticism" and "new criticism". These methods are very basic, but also very practical, that is, "reading" the non-daily use of those languages from the text, such as "irony" and "tension". "Close reading" has now become a basic skill including various text analysis. "New Criticism" is very useful for the analysis of poetry and short stories, but I don't know where to start with novels. Only by combining the analysis of narratology can it be easy to get to the point. 2. The analysis methods of narratology mainly include story analysis (including story order analysis and story type analysis). ) and narrative perspective analysis (including the narrator's person, position and credibility; The narrator's voice, narrative speed, etc. Of course, narratology also pays attention to the character's discourse analysis, to see whether he said direct speech or indirect speech, or free indirect speech. Because narratology and semiotics are based on linguistics, analyzing a novel is like analyzing a sentence. The character is equivalent to the subject, the action of the character is equivalent to the predicate, and the nature of the character is equivalent to the attribute or adverbial. 3. Semiotics. Semiotics is actually a rather broad concept. I only refer to the most classic and commonly used semiotic analysis method here, that is, Gremas' method, which mainly includes matrix analysis and actor analysis. Sure, Roland? Bart, todorov and others have many other methods, but the principle is basically the same. The so-called "structuralism" analysis methods are basically these methods. 4. Deconstruction method represented by Derrida, a Frenchman, and Germany, an American? Dude. A basic principle of deconstruction is to enter from the edge of the text, thus subverting the ordinary meaning of the whole text. As the saying goes, the embankment of a thousand miles collapses in the ant nest, and the deconstructionist is like a big ant that subverts the embankment of a thousand miles. 5. Theoretical analysis of intertextuality and dialogue. This method originated from Bakhtin and matured in todorov, Kristeva, Genet, etc. Structuralism has always regarded the text as a relatively closed system, thus ignoring realistic and social factors, while traditional criticism only sees that society ignores the text, which has its own drawbacks. The emergence of intertextuality and dialogue theory has solved this problem well, because the text and the real society are regarded as mutual text and dialogue relationship, so the social factors and rules of the text are analyzed. 6. The sociological method of text is a comprehensive analysis method, which is the product of the combination of structuralism and sociological methods, and is also closely related to western Marxism. 7. Cultural studies. From traditional literary criticism to modern literary criticism, history calls it "linguistic turn", and the turn from literary criticism to popular cultural criticism is called "cultural turn" or "ideological turn". Cultural studies is a very complicated topic. It's a long story. Don't mention it. Just to say two points, first of all, cultural studies have greatly expanded the research objects and research horizons of previous literary studies. In the past, only the so-called classic texts were studied, while cultural studies were more aimed at the current context of contemporary consumer society, mass culture (including television, advertising, entertainment, etc. ) has also been included in the scope of research. Secondly, it pays special attention to ideological analysis, and the theories of Gramsci and Alteg have played an important role. If there is any characteristic of cultural studies, it is "Left", which is basically done by western leftist intellectuals, such as Jameson.
Question 5: How to analyze the same text, but different people have different feelings when reading it, and the same textbook is in a completely different state under the treatment of different teachers. The fundamental reason lies in everyone's different interpretation of the text. Listening to famous teachers in class, we are often amazed at their clever handling of teaching materials and in-depth excavation of the connotation of the text. At first, we always thought that the class was good because of their clever methods, but later we found out that it was actually because of the profound connotation of famous teachers. Therefore, in order to teach a good lesson, the first step is not to study teaching methods, but how to interpret the text. Because the ingenious teaching method itself is based on the accurate interpretation of the text. Then, as a teacher, how should we interpret the text in depth?
In my opinion, to interpret the text, we need to study and read the text in an all-round, multi-level and three-dimensional way with a "reader" attitude. I once read an article by teacher Wang Yizhou, which benefited me a lot. He put it this way: to interpret a text, we should first appreciate the work with the mentality of an ordinary reader who has no teaching task, and gain a natural reading experience and real aesthetic intuition. On the basis of facing the text directly, I will "walk out" from the text and create a text in my heart with my education, wisdom and cultural background. Once I taught Lu You's Tour of Shanxi Village, I accidentally got the text of Lin 'an Mansion Title written by Wang Yizhou, a special teacher, to read carefully. He wrote the 28-word "Lin 'an House" into a word of 1000. After reading it, I was shocked. I didn't expect to read the text like this before reading the text, so I found that my understanding of the word was very superficial. Under the guidance of special education, I began the first text interpretation since I taught. I don't have as profound literary attainments as Mr. Wang. What should I do? In learning, we should consolidate our literary foundation, from the author's brief introduction to his life experience; You should log on to Lu You's special website to learn everything about him and become a "Lu You fan". We should learn the theory of interpreting poetry, such as Zhu Ziqing's On Poetry. It took months to learn these things. On the basis of carefully reading Mr. Wang's text, I devoted myself to studying the text and went to China in disguise. I slowly enlarged this poem in my heart and made it grow into a lush tree, so that I could walk into the classroom with confidence. Borrow two poems from teacher Wang Yizhou to express the feelings of the first text interpretation: the text is silent and laughs, and it is thoughtful to read it carefully. Later, I went on to teach Zhan Tianyou, Swallow Train, painter and shepherd boy in public, and my lesson preparation began with reading the text.
Reading as a student.
Many times, I think many teachers will sigh like me: What did such a simple article teach students? When reading the article Zhan Tianyou, I also expressed this feeling, which may be due to many factors such as knowledge and experience. When I read this passage for the first time, I will naturally see foreigners laughing at China people and Zhan Tianyou for successfully building the railway ahead of time despite all difficulties. I will move from the middle to the outside, and my strong feelings will be like the water of the Yellow River. So in my opinion, the feelings expressed in this article are very strong and easy to understand. But then I thought: If I was a student who didn't even know the historical background at that time, how difficult it was to build the railway, or even the significance of building the railway, what would I read when I read this text? What kind of gains and feelings will there be? Therefore, every time I read a text, I will look at the text from the perspective of students, try my best to find out the familiar places, half-baked places and unfamiliar places between students and the text, and find a balance between students and the text.
Reading as an educator.
Speaking of which, isn't it a little late to read the text as a teacher? Personally, I think it's not too late. Only when you read a text as an ordinary person for the first time, understand it and read it into your heart, I think you can read it and teach it as a teacher, otherwise everything will become passive water and trees without roots.
When I reread as an educator, I will not only carefully read the text, but also carefully read the new words, words and exercises after class, because by doing so, I can grasp the new words and phrases in this class as a whole, grasp the main problems in this class, and then clarify the important and difficult points. For example, in the text "Yuanmingyuan is destroyed", there are six new words after class, which require understanding, that is, knowing, knowing the meaning and using ... >>
Question 6: What's the difference between text analysis and content analysis?
First, let's talk about that concept of data analysis method,
The data analysis method is to guide data analysts to conduct complete data analysis,
it
More refers to
The idea of data analysis is also the pre-planning of data analysis, which guides the development of data analysis in the later period.
According to analysis, the law refers to specific figures.
According to analysis methods, such as our common comparative analysis, cross analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis.
When you submit the data analysis report to the leader,
The leader will ask what is your data analysis methodology? This is very important,
If you ...
The method is
Incorrect or unreasonable, then your data analysis report is worthless. Data analysis methodology is like a guide.
Needle, it is difficult to achieve the goal in the opposite direction.
Yes, the so-called direction is wrong, and efforts are in vain.
Data analysis methodology is like clothing design drawing,
He directed our data analysis work,
And the specific data analysis method is like making
Garment worker
Tools and technologies to provide technical support and support for data analysis.
Second, the content analysis:
Common data analysis methods are
pest
Methodology,
5W2H
, logical tree,
4P
Theory and user behavior analysis
five
Change the contrast.
Classical and practical theory
.
pest
Theory refers to
Zheng.
Governance, economy, social culture and technical environment, it is generally used for macro-environmental analysis, mainly applicable.
Industry analysis;
5W2H
Talk about; involve
five
individual
W
Initial sum
2
Geichi
H
Ask questions at the beginning of English words and solve problems in asking questions.
5W
represent
why
,
while
,
Where? What?
,
Who, 2H?
represent
how
,
number; amount; how many; how much
It is widely used and can be used for user behavior.
Analysis can also be used for professional points of business problems.
Analysis and so on.
Logical tree, also known as problem tree, deduction tree or decomposition tree, is based on a known problem, and then consider this problem and
What are the problems?
Close, find out all related items of the problem, and then solve it. Mainly applicable to the analysis of business problems.
4P
Theory includes product, price, channel and promotion.
four
Mainly applicable to the analysis of the company's operating conditions.
User behavior theory refers to all kinds of behaviors taken by users after obtaining and using goods or services, which generally include cognition, familiarity, trial,
Use, loyalty
Five links, mainly applicable to user behavior analysis.
Data analysis methods mainly include comparative analysis, grouping analysis, cross analysis and average analysis, and each method has its own characteristics.
And scope of application.
In the process of actual operation, you can choose the appropriate method according to your own needs.
Question 7: Introduction to Text Analysis Text analysis refers to the representation of text and the selection of its feature items; Text analysis is a basic problem in text mining and information retrieval. It quantifies the feature words extracted from the text to represent the text information.
Question 8: Why do you want to do text analysis? In my column "Literary Criticism and Theory", there are 1 1 articles, only three of which are about texts. They are the text analysis of Wang Zhaoshan's Happy Poetry Professional Review, Analysis of Broken Chapters and Rape Blossom in Dabie Mountain. The reason for text analysis is mainly based on the impetuous trend in the literary world, and I want to calm down and do something down-to-earth. After the curriculum reform, Chinese teaching and intensive reading in primary and secondary schools are greatly weakened, and extensive reading is greatly increased. Many of the previous intensive reading were not in place, including the selection of articles. There were also some problems in the selection of articles, and reading was often not in place, and the teaching effect was poor in the end. Being unable to read is a big problem brought by education in China. In the literary world, literary criticism often talks about domestic literature in a foreign framework. In addition, some people who do literary criticism may not even read the text. So that kind of literary criticism, criticism and thinking is impossible. There is also a kind of literary criticism, which talks about many new words introduced from abroad, this theory and that theory, and then finds a sentence or two from the works. Hehe, this kind of comment is not flattering. Because of this, our comments simply don't talk about theory, don't talk about any theory, just talk about the works, and make a detailed analysis of the works in easy-to-understand language, and dig for him bit by bit and analyze it bit by bit. This analysis is not beautiful, but it is true. My work rarely changes. It may move at that time after writing, or it may move a few days after posting, and it will often change a word in the future. For example, The Farewell to the Past posted today was written by 1986. It still is. The reason for this is that I am meticulous in writing, and this meticulous foundation, in addition to my usual training, also benefits from reading like stylistic analysis. You can look at the first three items, which are basically the same. In the future, this blog will definitely analyze more people's poems and even essays, and actually analyze the text. In fact, this kind of text analysis is very useful for three kinds of people: first, it is very useful for beginners, or people who want to learn to write because their poems, essays and novels are not well written. The second is the author. Let's not talk about this. Thirdly, it is very useful for middle school students, especially those with low or average reading test scores, to study text analysis with us and improve their grades. Because all our conclusions come from the text, we get them from the text. In addition, here today, I will talk about the poem "Spring Blossoms". The last paragraph of the poem reads: My woman blooms like a flower, and the earth in spring is full of sunshine. Do you remember the flowers in Flowers of the Woman I Love? Do you still remember the day when the sky was as blue as washed, and the flowers overflowed your side? This is the final version. Many friends participated in this poem, and I also heard all kinds of opinions, both good and bad. The final draft is like this. This is a poem I like very much. Why do you make such a decision? Because of the first sentence and the second sentence. They are easy to understand, easy to remember, and everyone remembers them, and they have an impact on everyone's reading from the beginning, so I chose this one. As for the latter, they all serve them and play a role in setting off, supplementing or completing them. In the middle of the poem are the first two sentences. From the writing point of view, as a writer, I think you can do this and that before finalizing it, and it is not easy to say a word after finalizing it.
Question 9: How to interpret the text? I worked as a researcher for a month and attended 3 1 class. I have good classes and bad classes. I compare the pros and cons and think about the reasons. Apart from teachers' personality, level and students' factors, I think the most important reason is that teachers don't pay enough attention to text interpretation and don't do much research. Especially the demonstration class of backbone teachers (my uncle Yu Le in the third grade, who overcharged me, my heart will go) is even more shocking. More than ten years' teaching experience, whether old or new, is still so superficial and even misunderstood. It is really necessary to discuss and think. Let's do some analysis on some existing problems. First, there are various misunderstandings in text interpretation. First, the "proof" interpretation method. According to the existing conclusion, look for paragraphs that can prove this conclusion, and find information and facts that can reflect this conclusion. When reading the article "My Uncle Yule", two teachers asked the students to find out the paragraphs in the article that can reflect that the Phillips love money, selfishness, vanity, mercenary, and love money more than their loved ones. It seems natural for students to find out the reasons that can prove that the Phillips are selfish, vain, face-saving and mercenary in many aspects by comparing their different attitudes towards Yule before and after. The teacher successfully wrote the personality characteristics of the Phillips couple and the theme of this paper: exposing the money relationship between people in capitalist society, and the teaching task of the novel My Uncle Yule was completed, and sometimes a class just ended at this time. The nature class is also carefully designed to reflect students' subjectivity, and a series of student activities run through the whole class: students read the full text aloud and fill in the plot as required; Students work in groups, select the most wonderful fragments from the text to perform role performances, and then demonstrate in large groups to feel the inner feelings of the characters; Students write a paragraph to talk about their understanding of family and money, denounce money, emphasize family, and emotional value is reflected in writing. The students' performance is quite brilliant: reading, speaking, doing and writing are vivid, analysis, perception and induction are in line with the teacher's preset grasp of characters and themes, and the classroom atmosphere is also very active. The second is the interpretation method of "copying mechanically". It is particularly prominent when interpreting the new text of "Soviet Education Edition". The interpretation of the new text has no tradition or experience, and the content of the text is very strange. There are almost no teaching methods that can be used for reference, and the tips in the textbook are very general. In this respect, teachers are even more confused when designing and teaching classroom teaching based on this "foundation". Some jump out of the text and talk nonsense at will, while others take it as saying "Don't say it's random". Some clever teachers interpret it as "parroting" according to the tips on the plate and the requirements of after-class exercises, and copy some tips on the plate mechanically. If a section is "Nostalgia and Patriotism", then all the selected articles in this section are patriotic and homesick, no matter who wrote them or how different they are from other articles. Then the last theme of the whole section is homesickness and patriotism. Even if the author likes flowers and plants, it can prove that he loves the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He misses his hometown when he mentions some things and scenery in his hometown. If the article also suggests that we should seriously think about the philosophy of language. Then, the focus of the class is to let students identify which languages have philosophy. Sometimes students raise their hands in class and say, I don't understand this sentence, and the teacher will say it is difficult to understand, because the sentences in this article are full of philosophical flavor, so the interpretation result of the text is "sentence analysis", and teaching reading the text has become a sentence analysis course, especially for the teachers in the graduating class of Grade Three. They have a special liking for classics, and the methods of telling, inductive strategies and interpreting new textbooks have become skills courses on how to analyze sentences. This blunt interpretation erases the individual characteristics of the text, and students' learning becomes constant repetition, thus losing interest in Chinese classes. The constant interpretation of the text makes students' thinking rigid. The third is the interpretation of "conformity". When the backbone teacher of senior one attended Han Shaogong's My Heart is Going Home, he wanted to guide the students to solve two problems: the author's homesickness; Sentences of analytical philosophy. Regarding the first question, he took "Why does the author not want to stay in France" as the topic, and the result of natural discussion was summarized as patriotism and homesickness. Patriotic and homesick writers naturally don't want to stay in romantic France. On the second question, how to interpret philosophical sentences. Whether the students' questions and teachers' explanations are correct, not to mention the summary of sentence analysis strategies (such as grasping key words, paying attention to the comparison before and after, analyzing the usage of rhetoric, keeping close to the context of sentences, etc.). ) Whether it is effective or not, but saying that the teacher failed to interpret the reason why Han Shao didn't want to stay in France is enough to show that the teacher was careless in interpreting the text ...